23 Occupational Health & Safety courses in London

Essential CPD to deepen your understanding and develop your skills as a therapist CPD Certificate: 3 hours Length: 9.45am – 1.00pm (GMT) LIMITED PLACES – Feb date now full Join Ros Townsend live online on Tuesday 8th October 2024 for this important CPD course, designed specifically for mental health professionals interested in the human givens approach. BONUS – you will get a recording for 2 weeks afterwards to maximise your learning. There are many occasions when a client presents with an excessive emotional response and it is not immediately apparent why this is happening. Perhaps they know that they are ‘over-reacting’ in some way – getting very angry, very fearful – or are experiencing a driven urge to take a particular action – such as eating or having sex. This live online course will help you gain confidence in working safely and ethically with affect bridges to discover if an unhelpful pattern, in the form of a molar memory or sub-threshold trauma is at the root of their experience, allowing you to then determine collaboratively with your client the best ways of addressing that. During the course, there will be plenty of opportunity to ask questions of the tutor, and to engage in exercises and discussions with your peers and colleagues. Why take this course Whether you are a new HG therapist wanting to develop a clear understanding of how to utilise an affect bridge to determine if a molar memory or sub-threshold trauma is present, and to better understand the protocols for working with these, or whether you are an experienced HG practitioner looking to refresh your knowledge and delve deeper into understanding this valuable skillset, this course will help you gain the skills and understanding you need to do so safely and effectively. In an early article regarding molar memories, Joe Griffin termed them ‘an ancient mechanism that is ruining lives’; and the impact of such driven urges on the lives of our clients cannot be underestimated. Molar memories can, on first encountering the theory, seem complicated and unfathomable, but this course will set them – and sub-threshold traumas and the use of the affect bridge to access both – within a clear framework of understanding, linking back to the way in which our brain perceives things (referencing the APET model) and to RIGAAR (how we structure a good therapy session). During the course, numerous case studies will be shared and used as the basis for exercises, and there will be ample opportunity to link the learning to your own experiences in the therapy room. You will gain a clear understanding of: how to follow the treatment protocols for working with molar memories and sub-threshold traumas – adapting these, of course, to each client’s unique model of reality; how to safely and ethically utilise an affect bridge; and how to avoid the danger of creating any false memories. Ros is a brilliant teacher and presenter. She made the whole course interesting, engaging and informative as well as very supportive. She was also very patient with all our questions!GEMMA ROGERS, COUNSELLOR/COACH What the training covers: How APET and RIGAAR relate to one another Why an understanding of APET is essential when working with affect bridge What an affect bridge is How to use affect bridge safely and ethically within your therapy sessions How to avoid the risk of creating false memories Why we must proceed with caution when undertaking affect bridges when working online The difference (in this context) between ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ The tell-tale patterns of a sub-threshold trauma and a molar memory being present A framework to understand the presentations of both sub-threshold traumas and molar memories How to identify a sub-threshold trauma An understanding of the treatment protocol for sub-threshold traumas How to identify a molar memory An understanding of the treatment protocol for molar memories Why molar memories sometimes present differently in complex trauma How to use the understanding of APET and help clients to utilise affect bridge as a positive tool within their lives Who is this course suitable for? This course is designed for both trainee and fully-qualified HG therapists It is also suitable for any mental health professionals interested in the human givens approach It is recommended to all HG practitioners by the Human Givens Institute (HGI) Timings 9.45 am – Join Zoom 10.00 am – Course session starts 1.00 pm – Course ends In any online training it’s important to build in regular breaks and ensure that every 20 minutes there is a shift in focus of attention to pull the eyes away from the screen. There will be two 10–15 minute comfort breaks during the training and regular opportunities for discussion and exercises in break-out rooms. Meet your tutor Rosalind Townsend Ros Townsend is an experienced psychotherapist and supervisor with busy practices in SW England, where she combines private therapy work with referrals from Occupational Health and the NHS. Read more

The CIEH Introductory Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety provides an awareness of key health and safety issues, and the part that staff should play in keeping themselves and others free from harm at work. This course will give you a basic background in, and understanding of, general health and safety practices and the control measures required to reduce risks in the workplace.

The CIEH Foundation Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety supports businesses in their legal obligations to ensure employees are protected from harm. This course is ideal for those who want to develop their knowledge of health and safety issues in the workplace and of the regulations for maintaining a healthy and safe working environment. This course will focus on common hazards and how to control them. It will help you work more safely and be more aware of how your own actions can affect the health and safety of others.

This course aims to provide managers and supervisors with a thorough understanding of the different aspects of health and safety in the workplace. With a focus on the role of supervision, learners on this course will develop the essential knowledge and understanding to enable them to discharge their health and safety responsibilities and ensure the safety of their workplace colleagues. The programme has a particular focus on:

Using an excavator as a crane is a common practice in certain construction and lifting operations. Using the digger as a crane requires appropriate training and skills However, it’s important to note that excavators are primarily designed for digging and earthmoving, not lifting. Using an Excavator as a Crane involves some inherent risks, and it’s crucial to follow safety guidelines and manufacturer recommendations. To book the NPORS Excavator as a Crane training or test please contact us to schedule your Training Here are some general considerations and steps you might take when using an excavator as a crane: 1. Check Manufacturer Guidelines: Always consult the manufacturer’s guidelines and specifications for the specific excavator model you are using. Manufacturers provide load charts and other essential information to ensure safe operation. 2. Understand Load Capacities: Know the lifting capacities of your excavator at various boom lengths and angles. Exceeding these capacities can lead to instability and accidents. 3. Use Proper Attachments: If your excavator is equipped with a lifting attachment, make sure it is designed and rated for lifting operations. Using inappropriate attachments can compromise safety. 4. Stabilise the Excavator: Ensure that the excavator is on stable ground. Extend the outriggers or stabilisers to provide additional support and prevent tipping. 5. Inspect the Excavator: Regularly inspect the excavator for any signs of wear, damage, or malfunction. Pay particular attention to the boom, hydraulics, and other critical components. 6. Position the Excavator: Position the excavator in a way that allows for a stable lifting operation. Avoid working on slopes or uneven surfaces. 7. Rigging and Lifting Techniques: Use proper rigging techniques, and ensure that the load is properly secured. Lift the load smoothly and avoid sudden movements. 8. Maintain Clear Communication: Establish clear communication between the operator and any ground personnel involved in the lifting operation. Use hand signals or radios to coordinate movements. 9. Avoid Exceeding Reach Limits: Do not exceed the excavator’s reach limits. Lifting loads beyond the recommended reach can lead to instability. 10. Training and Certification: Ensure that operators are properly trained and certified for lifting operations. Holding the NPORS Excavator As A Crane bolt on is essential for lifting operations Operating an excavator as a crane requires specific skills and knowledge. 11. Weather Conditions: Consider weather conditions, especially wind speeds, as they can affect the stability of the excavator during lifting operations. Always prioritise safety when using equipment for tasks it wasn’t originally designed for. If the lifting requirements are frequent or extensive, it may be more appropriate to use a dedicated crane with the necessary capacity and features. Remember, safety is paramount in any construction or lifting operation. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is Excavator As A Crane Training, and why is it necessary? Excavator As A Crane Training provides individuals with the skills and knowledge required to safely and effectively use excavators for lifting operations. Although excavators are primarily designed for digging and earthmoving, this training ensures operators can perform lifting tasks safely, minimizing risks and accidents on job sites. 2. Who should undergo Excavator As A Crane Training? This training is essential for anyone involved in using excavators for lifting operations, including machine operators, construction workers, and site supervisors. Proper training ensures that individuals understand equipment operation procedures, load capacities, and safety protocols. 3. What topics are covered in Excavator As A Crane Training programs? Training programs cover a range of topics, including: Manufacturer guidelines and load charts Understanding load capacities at various boom lengths and angles Proper use of lifting attachments Excavator stabilization techniques Rigging and lifting techniques Positioning and communication strategies Safety procedures and weather considerations Regular inspection and maintenance of equipment 4. Is Excavator As A Crane Training mandatory in certain industries? While not legally mandated in all areas, many employers in the construction and lifting industries require operators to undergo training as part of their occupational health and safety policies. Compliance with excavator as a crane training requirements helps prevent accidents and ensures regulatory compliance. 5. Where can I find reputable Excavator As A Crane Training courses? Reputable Excavator As A Crane Training Courses are offered by various institutions, including industry associations, equipment manufacturers, and specialized training providers like Vally Plant Training. It is important to choose a program that offers accredited certification and covers relevant industry standards and best practices.

NPORS Crusher Training The aim of the NPORS Crusher Training is to provide theoretical and practical training for operators of Mobile Crushing equipment in the workplace. This Crusher training Course Or Test is carried out on your site using your own equipment. Please contact us for a competitive quote The Crusher Training Course is designed to provide candidates with the skills and knowledge required in order to operate a crusher safely and competently in the workplace. NPORS is an approved CSCS Partner Card Scheme, providing evidence that individuals working on construction sites have the appropriate Crusher training and qualifications for the Crusher Operation. Furthermore, training criteria is based on the approved standards of the Construction Leadership Council. Most major contractors should accept the NPORS Crusher card when presented on-site, which displays the silver CSCS logo. This NPORS crusher training meets the statutory requirements of the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 and other relevant statutory provisions and Approved Codes of Practice. NPORS Crusher Test For Experienced Operators Book with Confidence at Vally Plant Training At Vally Plant Training, we guarantee unbeatable value with our Crusher Experienced Test Price Match Promise. When you choose us, you can book with confidence, knowing that we will not be beaten on price. If you find a lower price for the same NPORS Crusher Experienced Worker Test, we’ll match it—ensuring you receive top-quality training at the best possible rate. Click for our terms and conditions Your skills, our commitment—always at the best price. NPORS Crusher Test is for operators who have received some form of training in the past or alternatively has been operating Crusher for a number of years. If you are unsure if you qualify to go down the test route please contact us to discuss this in more detail. Discounts are available for multiple bookings There are two parts to the Crusher Test, a theory section comprised of 25 questions and a practical session operating the Crusher, revision notes are available when booking. Crusher Course Content Crushers are essential equipment in mining, quarrying, and construction industries, tasked with breaking down large rocks and materials into smaller, more manageable sizes. Operating mobile crushers requires specialised skills and knowledge to ensure safety, efficiency, and optimal performance. In this comprehensive course overview, we will explore the essential content covered in a crusher training course, designed to equip participants with the expertise needed to operate crushers safely and effectively in the workplace. 1. Introduction to Crushers: Overview of crusher types: jaw crushers, cone crushers, impact crushers, etc. Understanding the components and operating principles of crushers Different configurations and applications for specific tasks 2. Crusher Safety Procedures: Importance of safety in crusher operation Pre-operational checks and inspections Understanding crusher capacities and limitations Personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements Emergency procedures: shutdown, lockout/tagout, and evacuation protocols 3. Crusher Operation Basics: Starting, stopping, and controlling the crusher, including emergency stops Familiarisation with crusher controls: power source, conveyor belts, feeders, etc. Monitoring and adjusting crusher settings for optimal performance Understanding crusher dynamics: feed size, speed, and throughput 4. Material Handling and Crushing Techniques: Proper assessment of materials: hardness, size, and moisture content Loading and feeding materials into the crusher safely and efficiently Adjusting crusher settings for different material types and sizes Maximising crusher efficiency and product quality 5. Site Safety and Hazard Awareness: Identifying potential hazards in the crusher area Working safely around moving parts, conveyor belts, and rotating equipment Recognising environmental hazards: dust, noise, and vibration Understanding site-specific safety rules and regulations 6. Maintenance and Inspections: Importance of regular maintenance for crusher performance and reliability Daily, pre-shift, and post-shift inspection procedures Lubrication points and maintenance schedules Identifying and reporting mechanical issues and wear parts replacement 7. Practical Hands-On Crusher Training: Moving the crusher in reverse and forwards through obstructions Loading and feeding materials into the crusher using excavator and loading shovels Adjusting crusher settings and monitoring performance for efficiency Emergency response drills: simulated scenarios to test response and decision-making skills 8. Assessment and Certification: Written examination to assess theoretical knowledge Practical assessment of crusher operation skills Certification upon successful completion of the course Conclusion: A crusher training course equips participants with the essential knowledge, skills, and confidence to operate crushers safely and efficiently in various work environments. By covering topics such as safety procedures, operation techniques, material handling, site safety awareness, best maintenance practices, and practical hands-on training, participants can enhance their proficiency and contribute to a safer and more productive workplace. Whether you’re a novice operator or an experienced professional, investing in crusher training with Vally Plant Training is essential for ensuring compliance, reducing risks, and maximising productivity in crushing operations. Frequently Asked Questions About Crusher Training What is Crusher Training, and why is it necessary? Crusher Training provides individuals with the skills and knowledge required to safely and effectively operate crushers, heavy machinery used in mining, construction, and recycling industries. It’s essential for ensuring operator safety, maximising productivity, and preventing accidents on job sites. Who should undergo Crusher Training? Crusher Training is essential for anyone involved in operating or working around crushers, including quarry workers, machine operators, maintenance personnel, and site supervisors. Proper training ensures that individuals understand equipment operation procedures and safety protocols. What topics are covered in Crusher Training programs? Crusher Training programs cover a range of topics, as above, including equipment familiarisation, safety precautions, preventive maintenance, operational techniques, troubleshooting, and emergency procedures. Participants learn how to operate crushers efficiently while prioritising safety and minimising risks. How long does Crusher Training take? The duration of Crusher Training programs varies depending on factors such as the complexity of the equipment and the depth of the curriculum. Basic training courses may last a couple of days, while more comprehensive programs could extend over 1 week to cover advanced concepts and practical applications. Is Crusher Training mandatory in certain industries? While Crusher Training may not be legally mandated in all areas, many employers in the mining, construction, and recycling industries require operators to undergo training as part of their occupational health and safety policies. Compliance with training requirements helps prevent accidents and ensures regulatory compliance along with productivity. Where can I find reputable Crusher Training courses? Reputable Crusher Training courses are offered by various institutions, including industry associations, equipment manufacturers, and specialised training providers like Vally Plant Training. It’s important to choose a program that offers accredited certification and covers relevant industry standards and best practices. Crusher Courses Available 7 days a week to suit your business requirements. VPT have a team of friendly and approachable Crusher instructors, who have a wealth of knowledge of crushers and the construction industry We have our own training centre conveniently located close to the M5 junction 9, In Tewkesbury. With its own purpose-built practical training area to simulate an actual working environment, however, Crusher Training can only be conducted on your sites Our Crusher course and test packages are priced to be competitive. Discounts are available for multiple bookings We can send a fully qualified NPORS Crusher Tester to your site nationwide, to reduce the amount of time away from work and complete the crusher test Our more courses: Polish your abilities with our dedicated Lift Supervision Training, Slinger Signaller Training, Telehandler Training, Cat & Genny Training, Plant Loader Securer, Ride-On Road Roller, Abrasive Wheel Training, Lorry Loader Training and Scissor Lift Training sessions. Learn the safe and effective operation of these vital machines, crucial for construction and maintenance tasks. Elevate your skills and career prospects by enrolling in our comprehensive courses today.

360 Excavator Training Courses From The objective of the NPORS 360 Excavator Training courses is to deliver comprehensive theoretical and practical training, ensuring the safe utilisation of excavators. This course covers the proficient operation of both wheeled or tracked excavators, catering to potential Digger operators. Upon successfully completing the NPORS Excavator Training Course, participants will be awarded the red trained operator card or the NPORS Traditional card, signifying their competence in completing the 360 excavator courses. Book direct with Vally Plant Training Today. This Novice 360 Excavator courses span five days and provides personalised 1 on 1 training, offering participants a focused and tailored learning experience to enhance their skills in excavator operation. Our price is structured to 1 on 1 training helping you to gain the Digger Driver Ticket 360 Excavator courses or testing can be carried out on your site Nationwide or our site in Gloucestershire NPORS Excavator Test Book with Confidence at Vally Plant Training At Vally Plant Training, we guarantee unbeatable value with our Excavator Experienced Test Price Match Promise. When you choose us, you can book with confidence, knowing that we will not be beaten on price. If you find a lower price for the same NPORS Excavator Experienced Worker Test, we’ll match it—ensuring you receive top-quality training at the best possible rate. Click for our terms and conditions Your skills, our commitment—always at the best price. NPORS Excavator Test is for operators who have been using the excavators in the workplace for a few years or that they have had some form of in-formal training in the past. If you are unsure if you qualify to go down the test route please contact our team to discuss this in more detail. If you book this route with us you will receive revision notes for the 25 questions. Discounts are available for multiple bookings NPORS Lifting Operations, Excavator As A Crane is an add on to the excavator operator card to enable the operator to safely pick and carry underslung loads, you can add the excavator as a crane at the same time as your 360 Excavator Training Turn your Excavator red card to blue with our hassle free Excavator NVQ, for more information EXCAVATOR NVQ 360 Excavator Training Course: Mastering Operation, Safety, and Maintenance 360 Excavators are versatile and powerful pieces of machinery widely used in the construction industry for various tasks, from digging trenches to lifting heavy loads with the use of Quick Hitches and Tilt Rotators. However, operating an excavator requires more than just basic knowledge of its controls; it demands proficiency, safety consciousness, and a comprehensive understanding of its capabilities. In this detailed course outline, Vally Plant Training will delve into the essential content covered in an 360 Excavator training course, designed to equip participants with the skills and knowledge needed to operate, maintain, and safely manoeuvre excavators on construction sites. If you’re keen on mastering the art of manoeuvring those heavy-duty machines, the 360 digger training at Vally Plant Training is just what you need. This course is designed to transform you into a pro at operating 360-degree excavators, making you adept at a variety of tasks, from digging to precision handling. The program is tailored to cater to both beginners and experienced operators, ensuring that everyone walks away with valuable skills. For newcomers, there’s an extensive 5-day hands-on 360 digger training where you’ll be immersed in learning the ins and outs of these massive machines, ensuring you get ample time to practice and perfect your technique. The 360 excavator courses for a Novice are 1 on 1 training, this will give you 100% of available time on the excavator learning more than the basics to enable you to pass the NPORS 360 excavator training course first time. Introduction to 360 Excavator Training All Health and safety legislations covered Overview of excavator types and configurations Components and anatomy of an excavator Understanding hydraulic systems and controls 360 Excavator courses Safety Procedures Importance of safety in excavator operation Pre-operation inspection checklist Safe entry and exit procedures Personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements Emergency shutdown procedures 360 Excavator Operation Basics Starting and shutting down procedures Familiarisation with controls: joysticks, pedals, and switches Basic manoeuvres: moving forward, backward, turning, and slewing Operating the boom, arm, and bucket controls Operate Quick Hitches and Tilt Rotators if fitted Understanding machine stability and centre of gravity Excavation Techniques Digging trenches and excavating foundations Sloping and benching techniques for safe excavation Loading dumper trucks and stockpiling materials Precision excavation for utilities and pipelines Lifting and Rigging: Excavator as a crane Overview of Excavator lifting capacities and load charts Selecting appropriate lifting attachments Rigging techniques: using hooks, slings, and chains Safe lifting practices and procedures Excavator Maintenance Importance of regular maintenance for optimal performance Daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance checks Lubrication and greasing points Troubleshooting common issues and repairs Site Safety and Hazard Awareness Identifying and mitigating hazards on construction sites Understanding underground utilities and potential hazards Working safely near power lines and other overhead obstructions Site-specific safety protocols and regulations Practical Hands-On Training Practical exercises in operating an excavator under supervision Manoeuvring in various terrain conditions Excavation tasks: digging trenches, loading trucks, etc. Lifting and rigging exercises with simulated loads NPORS Assessment and Certification Written examination to assess theoretical knowledge Practical assessment of excavator operation skills Certification upon successful completion of the Excavator Course Excavator Variations Micro Excavator up to 1Tons: Excavator Below 10T Excavator above and below 10T Wheeled Or Tracked 180 excavator (3CX) Lifting Operations (additional) Quick Hitch Training Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is 360 excavator operator training, and why is it necessary? 360 Excavator training provides individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to safely and efficiently operate excavators, heavy machinery used in construction, mining, and other industries. It’s essential for ensuring the safety of operators, preventing accidents, and maximising productivity on job sites. All Vally Plant Trainings Excavator Novice courses are 1 on 1 training helping you to gain the digger driver ticket 2. Who should undergo 360 excavator operator training? Anyone who operates or intends to operate excavators should undergo proper excavator training. This includes construction workers, heavy equipment operators, site supervisors, and contractors. Training is also valuable for individuals seeking employment in industries where excavators are commonly used. 3. What topics are covered in excavator 360 course programs? Excavator training programs typically cover a range of topics, including equipment familiarisation, safety procedures, pre-operation inspection, proper operation techniques, trenching and excavation techniques, site hazards identification, and emergency procedures. Our Training programs include hands-on practical training. 4. How long does excavator 360 course take? The duration of excavator training programs can vary depending on factors such as the level of experience of the participants and the depth of the curriculum. Basic training courses may last anywhere from a few days to 2 weeks. Vally Plant Training can also offer shorter refresher courses for experienced Excavator operators. Contact Vally Plant Training For more information 5. Is 360 excavator training Courses mandatory? While excavator training may not be legally mandated,, many employers require operators to undergo 360 Excavator Training as part of their occupational health and safety policies. Additionally, regulatory bodies and industry associations often recommend or require training certification for operating heavy machinery like excavators on site. 6. Where can I find reputable excavator training courses? Reputable 360 excavator training courses are offered by a variety of sources, including vocational schools, community colleges, private training providers, and equipment manufacturers. It’s important to choose a program that is accredited, led by experienced instructors, and covers relevant industry standards and regulations. Additionally, employers may offer in-house training or provide recommendations for external training providers. Call Vally Plant Training for all reputable training including 360 excavator training. How much does a 360 excavator driver earn?A 360 excavator driver earns Approximately between £24,000 and £40,000 pa. This will depend on things like competence, qualifications, skills, and the amount of work you have completed over the years. holding the NPORS Excavator Operator card will give you a better chance of work.How To Apply For 360 Excavator TrainingIf you want to apply for the 360 excavator Training courses in Gloucestershire then please use our contact form to enquire about our excavator courses. Contact us to find more about the other courses that we offer, and any special offers we have running each month. Please give us as much information as possible about the course, like, is this the first time on the machine or have you had previous certification on the plant.. 360 Excavator Training Courses Available 7 days a week to suit your business requirements. VPT have a team of friendly and approachable instructors, who have a wealth of knowledge of the excavator and the Construction & Agricultural industry We have our own training centre conveniently located close to the M5 junction 9, In Tewkesbury. With its own purpose-built Excavator practical training area to simulate an actual working environment. Our 360 Excavator Training Courses and test packages are priced to be competitive. Discounts are available for multiple bookings We can send a fully qualified NPORS Excavator assessor to your site nationwide, to reduce the amount of time away from work to complete the 360 Excavator Training or travel to Vally Plant Training’s Facility in Gloucestershire. Our more courses: Polish your abilities with our dedicated Lift Supervision Training, Slinger Signaller Training, Telehandler Training, Cat & Genny Training, Plant Loader Securer, Ride-On Road Roller, Abrasive Wheel Training, Lorry Loader Training and Scissor Lift Training sessions. Learn the safe and effective operation of these vital machines, crucial for construction and maintenance tasks. Elevate your skills and career prospects by enrolling in our comprehensive courses today. Ever wondered what it feels like to take control of a 13-tonne excavator? Now’s your chance to find out with this thrilling 13T Excavator Digger Driving Experience. For a full two hours, you’ll be in the driver’s seat, operating one of these colossal machines just like the professionals you’ve seen on motorways and construction sites across the country. Under the expert guidance of the UK’s Number 1 accredited training organisation, you’ll learn how to manoeuvre this massive piece of machinery with skill and precision. From loading dumpers and moving dirt around to digging impressive holes, you’ll experience the raw power and versatility of a 13-tonne excavator first-hand. For those looking for a “NPORS Excavator Training near me,” our widespread operations make it convenient for you to access Vally Plant Trainings top-quality training no matter where you are in the UK

This highly-regarded course gives team leaders, supervisors and managers, the training they need...

All employees should be aware of and knowledgeable about health and safety in the workplace. This course is ideal for all staff and employees at all levels, providing them with the underpinning health and safety knowledge that they will require to work safely and efficiently on a daily basis.

Infection prevention and control is essential for all businesses, particularly where the working environment or work activities could put employees and those around them at risk of infection. This includes those working in healthcare, in close contact with people or animals, and those involved in the cleaning of human and animal waste. Infections can be easily spread, but by understanding the correct steps to take, the risk of their occurrence can be both prevented and controlled.