183 EP courses

Learn how to design and create your own river table.

Course Introduction Our wound care training course comprehensively covers the various types of wounds, how they occur and how to manage them About this event In this Wound Management course, you will learn about wounds and how they occur, how to manage them and the different types of wounds. We will cover leg ulcers and compression bandaging. You will leave with the knowledge and confidence to complete a competency-based framework document to be used in practice. You need to identify a mentor who will supervise your practice. In order to gain your certificate, you will need to complete the competence-based framework. Aims and Objectives Comprehensively develop knowledge and skills required for safe and effective wound management. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the skin Describe the purpose of the skin Describe the causes of wounds and risk factors Understand complications Understand infection control Be able to assess and classify wounds and apply knowledge when dealing with wounds Understand your role in relation to wounds and wound management including guidelines and boundaries Describe the issues relating to the therapeutics of the relevant dressings and how they work Understand how to apply dressings safely including choice of dressing for the appropriate site and the need for observation of patient post-procedure Understand the need for audit and governance Recognise factors that delay healing Understand how to remove sutures and staples correctly Course Contents Role of the HCA Accountability responsibility guidelines and requirements Legal issues Confidentiality Consent and Capacity Documentation and record-keeping Supervision and competence Anatomy and physiology of the skin and wound healing including: inflammation, proliferation, epithelialisation, maturation Factors that promote and delay wound healing Risk factors Classification of wounds Aseptic technique and infection control What dressing for what wounds? Dressings and how to apply Dressing -selection Wound management Necrotic wounds Granulating wounds Leg Ulcers Compression bandages Recognising signs of infection and deterioration Includes All course materials and certificate of attendance AB Health Group awards CPD points/certificate of attendance for each course. If you would prefer an accredited certificate by our accrediting body Aim Qualifications we can organise this. The charge for the certificate including postage is £30.00. Annie Barr AB Health Group Organiser Description Annie Barr is a leading provider of high-quality, accredited healthcare training. With a selection of engaging healthcare training that has been developed by experts to equip you and your workforce with the skills, knowledge and competence needed to provide compassionate and high-quality care.

Join a Biodiversity collage workshop to learn about the biodiversity crisis and how to tackle it.

GPON and FTTx networks training course description Designed to benefit those requiring an in depth knowledge of the principles and applications of Ten Gigabit and Gigabit Passive Optical Networking and Fibre to the X in NG Networks applications and their associated equipment, its flexibility and function within a modern transmission network. Using an effective mix of 'hands on' equipment instruction and correlation to theory based learning the delegate will gain a complete understanding of the equipment and the tasks to be undertaken in a real life situation. What will you learn Compare PON/FTTx systems. Explain network elements and designs. Support applications and network interfaces. List circuit provisioning and bandwidth requirements. Understand upstream & downstream issues. Describe headend & network elements/OLT-ONT. Perform network testing with OTDR test sets. GPON and FTTx networks training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with GPON and FTTx. Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications and networking. Duration 5 days GPON and FTTx training course contents FTTN, FTTC, FTTH SMF, MMF, Fibre safety and properties (dispersion/attenuation), Fibre reel cables and types, Fibre installation and air blown fibre, Transmitters and receivers - power budget/laser classes. Fibre to the home (FTTH), FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet), FTTN (Fibre to the node) , FTTD (Fibre to the desk), FFTH topologies and wavelengths, Active or passive optical network. WDM equipment and GPON OSP design Wavelength considerations, WDM/DWDM/CWDM, EDFA optical amplification, AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating) splitters , Couplers (splitters) and losses, Optical splitters 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 2x64. PON variants Gigabit passive optical network (GPON), Gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON), Time division PON (TDM-PON), Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps FSAN (Full Service Access Network) NGA (Next Generation Access), Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play. GEPON design GPON OSP centralized and distributed design, GPON PON splitters x4 x8 x32, Fibre splice trays /cassette trays & enclosures, GPON field testing and installation verification, GPON physical layer testing, Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), Optical power source & meter, Optical return loss (ORL), APON/BPON/GPON/EPON comparisons. GPON ITU-T G.984.1 Reference model, terminology & architecture, Access network system management functions. ONT & OLT functional block examples. FTTx scenarios, 4 switching arrangements for external access network backup. GPON ITU-T G.984.2 Physical layer, Enhancement band, Bit rate and wavelengths, FEC and RAMAN. GPON ITU-T G.984.3 Frame structure, GPON encapsulation method (GEM), GTC adaptation and framing sublayer protocol stack, Status reporting & traffic monitoring DBA (SR-DBA & TM-DBA), Transmission container (T-CONT) types, Downstream & upstream multiplexing, GEM port identifier, Media access control and ONU registration, Extended bandwidth assignment model scheduling architecture, PLOAM & alarm messages, Downstream & Upstream FEC, Process order in a GTC transmit flow. GPON ITU-T G.984.4 and G.988 ONT management and control interface (OMCI) Management interface, Reference model, Typical ONT with SCTE 55-1 or SCTE 55-2 compliancy. GPON ITU-T G.984.5 enhancement band Band options, GPON NGA, Wavelength allocation. GPON ITU-T G.984.6 optical reach extension (G.984.re) Reach extension (RE), OA-based and OEO-based reach extenders, Protection, Reach extender with OTDR blocking filters (BF) and bypass (BYP) filters. GPON ITU-T G.984.7 long reach Quiet Window. 10-GPON ITU-T G.987.1 (XG-PON) Scenarios, reference access network architecture, XG-PON with G-PON through WDM1r, G-PON and XG-PON wavelength allocation, G-PON and XG-PON co-existence with video overlay option, RE migration scenarios. G.989 40Gbps XG-PON2 Functional reference architecture, NG-PON2 system coexistence with legacy systems, Definitions of legacy compatibility terminology. GPON issues and standards GPON components GPON OLT / GPON ONT, GPON management, Operational support systems (OSS), Network management systems (NMS), OMCI (ONT Management control interface), RG (Residential gateway), Data and prioritised voice channel product, GPON broadband-forum standards, Broadband-forum , TR-069 and TR-156, HPNA (home phone network alliance), Powerline carrier (PLC), GPON DLNI G.hn or G.9960, MOCA, FTTH council certification standard for network certification. Fibre-connected home badge, Ethernet in the first mile (EFM), GPON frame synchronization to network timing, Direct clock synchronization interface (BITS), Multiservice access platform (MSAP), Software planning tool, Superconnected cities / voucher scheme. Hands on practical assignments Single and multimode fibre recognition, Fibre Cleaning methods, Checking cleaning with an optical microscope, Optical light source and optical power meter referencing, PON splitter and fibre drum testing with an optical power meter, 6km classroom passive optical network testing with an OTDR at 1310/1550nm, Using decibels (dB's) and decibel milliwats (dBm's), Designing networks up to 20km long using vendor specifications (power budget), Fault finding with a visible fault locator.

Our Anaphylaxis and Adrenaline Auto-Injector course is suitable for people who are responsible for caring for others, whether adults or children, who may have serious allergy. The course includes modules explaining allergic reactions, early recognition of symptoms and crisis management. There is an emphasis on avoiding allergens and the need to be aware of the risks that might be posed by allergies in a caring setting.

When it comes to booking a resin course, either for a career in resin flooring, or for your own resin pouring projects, you are in absolutely the best place. Our courses not only provide you with the knowledge and skill you’ll need to work with resin surfaces, but the enthusiasm too. You will leave us full of ideas and a desire to get started pouring the flooring, immediately! Our resin installers are not just resin trainers, we work in the industry, completing regular resin installations for both residential and commercial clients and we pass all of our knowledge through experience onto you, our clients. Our courses will give you both practical and theoretical knowledge in order to understand all aspects of a resin business. Depending on the course you undertake, you will learn about: Health and Safety aspects to working with resin. The benefits of Epoxy Resin Flooring. How to calculate quantities of resin products according to the size of your project. How to prime your surfaces for resin pouring, and which surfaces are suitable. How to apply long lasting top coats. How to deal with potential issues and troubleshooting with resin products. How to use resin to create other stunning surfaces - not just floors! How to effectively cost your epoxy resin projects, whether it's for flooring or any other resin surface. Unique sales and marketing advice for your resin business. We have an expert team of graphic designers, copy writers and website designers, all experienced in the resin industry. Our experts are highly trained and experienced when it comes to resin pouring. We have completed a huge number of installations and trained many people to do the same. Our passion and enthusiasm is infectious and we do not leave you behind once you have finished your resin floor training course.  We offer ongoing advice and support, discount on resin products and resin specific industry business advice. We are also on hand to help you with your own resin installations should you need an extra hand. A brilliant asset to have whilst establishing your own resin pouring company.  Our resin training courses leave you INSPIRED, EDUCATED and RARING TO GET STARTED. We cannot wait to meet you!    1 Day Taster Course – £295 Everything you need to know to start working with resin and create stunning resin floors. You will leave this one day taster session knowing how to successfully install a range of resin products, the maintenance and aftercare. Lunch included. 3 Day Intensive Course – £995 The training programme spans over three days of immersive learning, with both theory and hands-on workshops. The resin course will be held in our training unit where you will have your own individual training bay, enabling you to get a true sense of installing on a real floor. You will work with our industry experts, learning all steps to working with resin products to create visually stunning, long lasting floors.  Full resin floor installation process from preparation through to the finish. Detailed run through of all products used in the creation of resin flooring. Our course teaches you how to create special flooring effects using our resin products. Learn the secrets to creating similar floor designs as seen on our social media pages. Create your own sample board to take home. Lunch provided. Training manuals provided. Advice on costing installation. Full technical support and exclusivity to a range of our resin floor products. 5 Day 1-1 training – £3500 The most advanced course we offer. This 1 to 1 training is in-depth and is a complete journey into the world of resin. Learning 1 to 1 with industry professionals. Completing a full installation process, from preparation through to the finish. In-depth presentation and theory. Learn how to create special flooring effects using our products. Learn the secrets to creating similar floor designs as seen on our social media pages. Create your own sample board to take home. Lunch provided. Training manuals provided. Advice on costing installation. Marketing advice on how to create a successful business. Full technical support and exclusivity to a range of our products. On Site Masterclass – £POA Every so often we bring you the most unique experience by joining us for an on-site masterclass. If you’re keen to learn more, please let us know and we’ll add you to the list! What support do I get after a course? Rest assured we remain on hand to give you any advice you may need. From product choices to technical questions, we remain contactable. We also offer ongoing business support with a range of bespoke packages to get you set up.  We have helped many people start their resin flooring businesses and know what works! We have ongoing support for marketing / graphic design / websites with bespoke packages. Please let us know and we’ll talk you through.

Voice over LTE training course description This course provides a basic understanding of the 3G LTE Air Interface, SAE, as well as Voice over LTE options and LTE Advanced features. Investigating the standards for the EPS , formulated by the 3GPP standards body, the course will set out to examine and explain the 4G environment from user equipment to border gateway and beyond. This course will ensure the delegate has a grasp of all aspects of the current global deployments, the next steps in upgrades and the promise of things to come. What will you learn Describe the complete EPC architecture. Explain the use of QoS within the air interface & core network. Explore the features of LTE advanced. Describe the various methods of supporting voice services with 3G LTE. Describe IMS structure and control entities. Explain an IMS session. Voice over LTE training course details Who will benefit: Any engineers who are assisting in the deployment of voice services within their LTE networks. Prerequisites: Intro to Data comms & networking Telecommunications Introduction Duration 3 days Voice over LTE training course contents 3GPP standards body Release 8 - Release 12, Supported and expected features. The EPC revisited EPC revisited 3G LTE & EPC Architecture, NB, MME, SGW, PDNGW, PCRF, Interworking capabilities, Protocol stack explored, NAS signalling, Default EPS bearer, Slot allocation algorithms, Scheduling algorithms, Quality of Service requirements, Dedicated EPS bearers. VoLTE deployment strategies Common networks everywhere, GSM/WCDMA view, CDMA view. VoLTE system architecture LTE radio, LTE Radio background, LTE radio architecture, Evolved packet core, EPC entities & functions, EPS mobility management, MS entities, Home subscriber server, Policy & charging rules function. VoLTE functionality Radio functionality, Bearers & schedulers, Mobility, Circuit switched fall back handover, Mobility from 2G/3G back to LTE, Power Saving Features, Positioning services, UE radio access capabilities for VoLTE users. EPC functionalities, LTE subscriber identification, PDN connectivity establishment, EPS dedicated bearer setup, IMS identification, IP multimedia identification module, Public user identity, Private user identity, Relationship between public & private identity, identification of users device, identification of network entities, identification of services, identification without ISIM. IMS service provisioning, Enforcement of allowed services, Service triggering information, Selection of the AS, AS behaviour, Service provisioning in action. VoLTE end-to-end & signalling VoLTE subscription & device configuration. EPS attach for CSFB/IMS VoIP & default bearer. IMS registration, Constructing the REGISTER request, From UE to P-CSCF, From P-CSCF to I-CSCF, From I-CSCF to S-CSCF, S-CSCF challenges the UE, UE's response to the challenge, Registration at the S-CSCF, The 200 OK response, Third-party registration to application servers, Subscription to registration event package, Re-registration & re-authentication, De-registration, Related standards. IMS VoIP session, Constructing the INVITE request, Routing, Media negotiation, Media resource reservation & policy control, Charging, Session release. Voice continuity, PS - PS intersystem handover, Single radio voice call continuity. IMS emergency session, PDN Connection setup for emergency session, Emergency registration, Emergency session. CS fallback for EPS call case, Architecture of CS fallback in EPS, Description of SGs interface, Idle mode signalling reduction, Idle mode vs active mode, CS fallback attachment, Mobile originating call using CSFB, Mobile terminating call using CSFB, Call unrelated CSFB procedures, Mobile terminating roaming retry & forwarding. VoLTE Messaging, Native IMS messages, SMS interworking, Multimedia messaging service. Unstructured supplementary services data simulation in IMS. IMS services VoLTE radio performance Coverage, Latency, Capacity. LTE advanced features Carrier aggregation, Coordinated mMulti-point Operation (CoMP), ICIC & eICIC, Relay node deployment & donor eNBs, Improved cell edge coverage, Reduced control plane latency, Heterogeneous networks, HeNB, security gateways, HeNB gateways.

LTE optimization training course description This course gives delegates an understanding of the Key Performance Indicators used within the 3G LTE (4G) network environment. We investigate the 3GPP standards for KPIs (including TR 32.814, TS 32.410 & TS 32.455) these cover GERAN, UMTS & LTE environments. The course details the optimisation procedures and the use of Self optimisation, Selforganising & Self-healing equipment now being deployed across all releases of mobile networks. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE optimization training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE optimization training course contents Introduction to the cellular environment The architecture, 2G (GSM), GPRS/EDGE, The NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Network), media gateway controller, 3GPP Rel99 the 3G introduction, HSPA deployments, 3G LTE (4G). Cellular network procedures GSM/GPRS call setup, GPRS data call setup, 3G UMTS data call setup, Data call (Voice over LTE) in LTE (using IMS), Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB) in LTE, IP packet session in LTE. Introduction to the standards The 3GPP specifications body, The numbering structure for KPIs, 2G KPIs, 3G/UMTS KPIs, 3G LTE KPIs, IMS KPIs. Introduction to the KPI definitions KPI definitions, accessibility KPIs, retainability KPIs, mobility KPIs, utilisation KPIs. In-depth overview of the air Interfaces GSM/GPRS FDMA & TDMA solution, 3G UMTS WCDMA solution, HSPA+ sharing spare power (Codes), The 3G LTE uplink & downlink interface explained, Initial attach procedures explained. Problem analysis Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR), handover success rates, power adjustments, classification of coverage problems, weak coverage & coverage holes, lack of dominant cells, cross coverage, improper tilt settings, uplink/downlink imbalance, signal quality, Azimuths & tilts to reduce interference, Handover failure due to interference, Service drop causes. Mobile RF performance in 2G/3G Performance counters, KPIs, testing & measurement, Drive testing and survey, Data collection and post processing of data, LTE service optimization, bandwidth, poor coverage, Quality, optimization process, KPI optimization, Root Cause Analysis (RCA) applied to RF issues, optimization tools and software. Advanced LTE network planning & optimization LTE UE measurements (RSRP/RSRQ), LTE capacity planning, RF configuration parameters, LTE cell selection/reselection planning, LTE radio network KPIs, LTE user-centric KPIs, LTE network performance KPIs, LTE system utilization KPIs, LTE RF channel performance predictions, LTE channel information processing, LTE channel multiplexing, Physical layer and structure, MIMO in LTE, LTE resource plan LTE and Self-Organizing Networks (SON). Radio network optimization work flow Work flow, the existing network, Optimization team establishment and cluster division, Single site verification, Alarm check, Cell state check, Radio parameters check, Site verification, Statistics analysis, Coverage problem analysis. Mobile internet and QoS issues Cellular QoS reference models. How QoS impact on KPIs and measurements, Introduction to mobile internet, The concept of shared access technologies, Support for QoS in the WCDMA environment, The PDP context model, Supporting end-to-end QoS, EPS bearer concepts, Default EPS bearer, Dedicated EPS bearer, APN-AMBR, UE-AMBR.

4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course description This course is designed to explain the roaming procedures of modern mobile networks, based on the GSMA roaming specification the course explains all scenarios where a mobile subscriber may find themselves whilst visiting a preferred mobile network partner. Interconnection between MNOs and the use of GRX & IPX as an interworking process. The course will work through the registration & authentication procedure, download of the user profile, the APN configuration & DIAMETER process to verify user authenticity. VoLTE roaming and IMS registration procedures for voice support & SMS delivery will be discussed and explained. What will you learn Architecture Models Technical requirements for interfaces - 4G Roaming Scenarios Technical requirements & recommendations for services Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Technical Requirements for QoS support Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interfaces - 5G Scenarios Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interworking & Coexistence with E-UTRAN & EPC Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Services Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations 4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course details Who will benefit: Those working in mobile networks. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days 4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course contents Architecture Models 4G Evolved Packet System 5G Core Network SGs Interface for CSFB& SMS over SGs Technical Requirements for Interfaces - 4G Roaming Scenarios General requirements for inter-PLMN interfaces Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) IAMETER S8 Interface SGW selection PGW selection GTP Transport Layer engineering S9 interface Implementation requirements Guidelines for DIAMETER over S9 S6a & S6d interface Gy interface Guidelines for DIAMETER over Gy Legacy interworking scenarios VPLMN has not implemented LTE HPLMN has not implemented LTE Co-existence scenarios Possible scenarios 2G/3G roaming agreement only 2G/3G LTE roaming agreement LTE roaming registrations Consequences of different APN approaches when roaming Guidance regarding the APN approach when roaming Inter-RAT handover Handover & access restrictions to/from 2G/3G & LTE (Active mode) Access restriction for 2G/3G and/or LTE (Idle mode) Handover of PDN Connections between GERAN/UTRAN & LTE Handover to/from non-3GPP accesses & LTE Bandwidth considerations ARP considerations at handover from LTE to 2G/3G Tech requirements & recommendations for Services SMS SMS over SGs Voice CSFB Roaming retry for CSFB Roaming Forwarding for CSFB Coexistence of Roaming Forwarding & Roaming Retry Recommended procedures IMS Voice Roaming Architecture Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Access Control Addressing APN for IMS based services IMS Well Known APN APN for Home Operator Services Gateway Selection Inter-PLMN roaming handover Data off related functionality Emergency Services Emergency PDN connectivity Emergency Call indicator Security GTP Security DIAMETER Security DIAMTER Roaming hubbing Default APN E-UTRA NR Dual Connectivity with EPC GW Selection for E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity TAC/LAC Restriction Guidelines Technical Requirements for QoS support QoS parameters definition QoS Management in the Home Routed architecture QoS control for IMS APN in the S8HR architecture Support of QoS in GRX/IPX QoS Control in Local Breakout architecture Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interfaces - 5G Scenarios General requirements for inter-PLMN interfaces Transport protocol - TCP/IP Serialisation protocol - JSON Interface Definition language - OpenAPI Application Protocol - HTTP2 Inter-PLMN (N32) Interface N32c N32f ALS & IPX HTTP Proxy SMF & UPF in HPLMN & VPLMN Requirements related to Service Based Architecture Naming, addressing & routing for 5G SA roaming SEPP load distribution SEPP administration, naming convention & routing SEPP HTTP redirections Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interworking & Coexistence with E-UTRAN & EPC Interworking scenarios Coexistence scenarios Inter-RAT Handover Handover & Access restriction between 5GC & EPC Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Services Network slicing Voice, Video & Messaging Location support UE Route Selection Policy Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Access control IP Addressing DNN for IMS based services Emergency PDU Session Emergency Services Fallback Security Steering of Roaming in 5GS Technical Requirements for QoS support 5G QoS model 5G QoS profile QoS Control

LTE Architecture and Protocols course description This course provides a comprehensive tour of the LTE architecture along with services provided and the protocols used. What will you learn Describe the overall architecture of LTE. Explain the information flows through LTE. Describe the LTE security. Describe LTE mobility management. Recognise the next steps for LTE. LTE Architecture and Protocols course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 3 days LTE Architecture and Protocols course contents Introduction History, LTE key features. The 4G ITU process. The LTE 3GPP specifications. Specifications. System Architecture LTE hardware architecture. UE architecture and capabilities. E-UTRAN and eNB. EPC, MME functions, SGW, PGW and PCRF. System interfaces and protocol stacks. Example information flows. Dedicated and default bearers. EMM, ECM, RRC state diagrams. Radio transmission and reception OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO antennas. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and signals. Cell acquisition, data transmission and random access. MAC, RLC, PDCP protocols. LTE spectrum allocation. Power-on procedures Network and cell selection. RRC connection establishment. Attach procedure, including IP address allocation and default bearer activation. LTE detach procedure. Security in LTE networks LTE security features, identity confidentiality, ciphering and integrity protection. Architecture of network access security in LTE. Secure key hierarchy. Authentication and key agreement procedure. Security mode command procedure. Network domain security architecture. Security associations using IKE and IPSec. Mobility management RRC_IDLE, RRC_CONNECTED. Cell reselection, tracking area updates. Measurement reporting. X2 and S1 based handovers. Interoperation with UMTS, GSM and non-3GPP technologies such as cdma2000. QoS, policy control and charging QoS in LTE, EPS bearers, service data flows and packet flows. The architecture and signalling procedures for policy and charging control. Data transport using GPRS, differentiated services and MPLS. Offline and online charging in LTE. Delivery of voice and text messages over LTE Difficulties and solutions for Voice over LTE. Architecture and call setup procedures for circuit switched fallback. Architecture, protocols and call setup procedures in IP multimedia subsystem. Enhancements in release 9 LTE location services. Multimedia broadcast / multicast service and MBSFN. Cell selection, commercial mobile alert service. LTE Advanced and release 10 Impact of carrier aggregation on LTE air interface. Enhanced MIMO processing on uplink and downlink. Relaying. Release 11 and beyond. OAM and self organising networks Operation, administration, maintenance and provisioning for LTE. Self-configuration of base station parameters. Fractional frequency re-use, inter-cell interference co-ordination. Self-optimisation of base station procedures. Self-healing to detect and recover from faults.