1207 Master courses

NTP and PTP training course description This course looks at timing and synchronization as provided by NTP and PTP. Hands on sessions primarily involve using Wireshark to analyse the protocols. What will you learn Recognise the importance of timing and synchronisation. Explain how NTP works. Explain how PTP works. NTP and PTP training course details Who will benefit: Anyone using NTP or PTP but particularly relevant for those in the broadcast industry. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers Duration 1 day NTP and PTP training course contents Introduction Clock drift. Timing and synchronization. Importance in computing. Importance in broadcasting. NTP NTP versions, v0 to v4. Architecture. The intersection algorithm. Accuracy. Clock strata, Stratum 0, 1, 2 and 3. Protocol modes. Hands on NTP configuration More NTP NTP packet header. Timestamps. Variables in the header. Clock synchronization algorithm. SNTP. The Windows Time service. Hands on Wireshark and NTP analysis. PTP PTP v2, IEEE 1588. Architecture. Accuracy. Synchronization with PTP. Offset and delay. Hands on Analysing PTP packet flows. More PTP Ordinary clocks, boundary clocks, masters and grandmasters. PTP specific switch types. Hardware time stamping. SMPTE ST2059-2. PTP packet header. PTP domains. Best master clock algorithm. Hands on More Wireshark and PTP.

OTT TV for engineers course description This course covers OTT TV by primarily looking at the delivery of video streams using HTTP adaptive streaming. Both MPEG DASH and HLS are investigated. Hands on sessions involve using Wireshark to analyse streams as well as crafting segmented content. What will you learn Explain what OTT TV is, and how it works. Describe the OTT TV architecture. Use Wireshark to analyse and troubleshoot OTT video streams. Explain how HTTP adaptive streaming works. Evaluate and compare MPEG DASH and HLS. Use tools to create OTT TV adaptive streams. OTT TV for engineers course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in the broadcast industry. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers. Duration 2 days OTT TV for engineers course contents What is OTT TV? Brodeo providers vs ISPs. Progressive downloads versus streaming. Why not UDP and RTP for delivery? Adaptive bit rate streaming. Standards. Hands on: Base network setup. Using WireShark for HTTP streams. HTTP protocol stack IP, TCP, IPv6. HTTP. HTTP 1.0, HTTP 1.1, HTTP 2.0, HTTP header fields. HTML 5. Hands on: Analysing HTTP. Adaptive bitrate streaming principles Chunks, fragments, segments. Manifest files. Encoding, resolution, bitrates. Addressing, relative and absolute URLs, redirection. When does the client switch streams? Switch points. Hands on: Walk through of client behaviours on a stream. OTT TV streaming architecture Server components, distribution components, client software. CDN, caching, multiple servers. Hands on: Analysing CDN and Internet delivery. TCP and HTTP streaming interactions TCP ACK, TCP connections, unicast only. TCP flow control, TCP and performance. Hands on: TCP window sizes. MPEG DASH Stakeholders, DASH architecture and model, codec agnostic, XML, Media Presentation Description, Media Presentation, segment formats. Hands on: MPEG DASH analysis. HTTP Live Streaming and others Stakeholders. Media segments, media playlists, master playlists. Adobe HTTP dynamic streaming, Microsoft smooth streaming. Hands on: Analysing HLS. Tools mp4dash, mp4fragment, libdash. Apple developer tools for HLS. Hands on: Creating segmented content. Security HTTPS, encryption, content protection. Hands on: Encryption analysis. Summary Choosing a streaming method. Impact of live versus VoD. Web sockets.

Reiki level 1, is the beginners level. Even at this level, you have access to Reiki energy and the ability to use Reiki energy to heal yourself and others. Level 1 is open to anyone. The focus during Level 1 is on opening the energy channels on a physical level, allowing the practitioner to connect to the universal life force energy; you will receive full ongoing support to ensure you feel fully confident and consistent in your practice. I believe this means more practitioners will continue to use reiki daily, rather than be attuned and then never use it again.

Master the latest techniques in AI and drilling optimization with EnergyEdge's specialized course. Take your career to the next level!

ITIL® 4 Specialist: Drive Stakeholder Value: In-House Training The ITIL® 4 Specialist: Drive Stakeholder Value module is part of the Managing Professional stream for ITIL 4. Candidates need to pass the related certification exam for working towards the Managing Professional (MP) designation. This course is based on the ITIL® 4 Specialist: Drive Stakeholder Value exam specifications from AXELOS. With the help of ITIL® 4 concepts and terminology, exercises, and examples included in the course, candidates acquire the relevant knowledge required to pass the certification exam. What You Will Learn The learning objectives of the course are based on the following learning outcomes of the ITIL® 4 Specialist: Drive Stakeholder Value exam specification: Understand how customer journeys are designed Know how to target markets and stakeholders Know how to foster stakeholder relationships Know how to shape demand and define service offerings Know how to align expectations and agree on details of services Know how to onboard and offboard customers and users Know how to act together to ensure continual value co-creation (service consumption / provisioning) Know how to realize and validate service value Customer Journey Purpose of the Module Purpose of Mastering the Customer Journey Touchpoints and Service Interactions Module Topics Mapping the Customer Journey Designing the Customer Journey Measuring and Improving the Customer Journey Customer Journey Step 1: Explore Purpose of the Module Purpose of the Explore Step Module Topics Understanding Service Consumers Understanding Service Providers Understanding and Targeting Markets Customer Journey Step 2: Engage Purpose of the Module Purpose of the Engage Step Aspects of Service Value Module Topics Service Relationship Types Building Service Relationships Building and Sustaining Trust and Relationships Analyzing Customer Needs Managing Suppliers and Partners Customer Journey Step 3: Offer Purpose of the Module Purpose of Shaping Demand and Service Offerings Module Topics Managing Demand and Opportunities Specifying and Managing Customer Requirements Designing Service Offerings and User Experience Selling and Obtaining Service Offerings Customer Journey Step 4: Agree Purpose of the Module Purpose of Aligning Expectations and Agreeing on Services Module Topics Agreeing on and Planning Value Co-Creation Negotiating and Agreeing on a Service Customer Journey Step 5: Onboard Purpose of the Module Purpose of Onboarding and Offboarding ITIL® Management Practices Module Topics Planning Onboarding Fostering Relationships with Users Providing User Engagement and Delivery Channels Enabling Users for Service Elevating Mutual Capabilities Offboarding Customer Journey Step 6: Co-create Purpose of the Module Purpose of Service Provision and Consumption Module Topics Service Mindset Ongoing Service Interactions Nurturing User Communities Customer Journey Step 7: Realize Purpose of the Module Measuring Service Value Purpose of Value Capturing and Customer Journey Improvement Realizing Service Value in Different Settings Module Topics Tracking Value Realization Assessing and Reporting Value Realization Evaluating Value Realization and Improving Customer Journeys Realizing Value for the Service Provider

Why Learn Sketchup and Stable Diffusion Rendering Course? Course Link SketchUp and Stable Diffusion Rendering Course. An AI image creation course designed to explore AI image creation techniques and master the use of advanced AI technology. You'll learn Ai 3D modeling, advanced rendering, and lighting techniques. Duration: 16 hrs. Method: 1-on-1 Online Over Zoom is also available. Schedule: Tailor your own schedule by pre-booking a convenient hour of your choice, available from Mon to Sat between 9 am and 7 pm. The Sketchup and Stable Diffusion Rendering Course equips students with comprehensive skills for visually stunning Ai (Artificial intelligence) 3D models and renderings. Master Sketchup's user-friendly interface, advanced rendering techniques, and stable diffusion rendering. Hands-on exercises and real-world projects enhance learning. Ideal for architecture, interior design, product development, and visualization careers. The Sketchup and Stable Diffusion Rendering Course equips students with comprehensive skills for visually stunning Ai (Artificial intelligence) 3D models and renderings. Master Sketchup's user-friendly interface, advanced rendering techniques, and stable diffusion rendering. Hands-on exercises and real-world projects enhance learning. Ideal for architecture, interior design, product development, and visualization careers. Sketchup and Stable Diffusion Rendering Course (16 hours) Module 1: Introduction to Sketchup (2 hours) Overview of Sketchup software and interface navigation Basic drawing tools and geometry creation techniques Module 2: Texturing and Materials (2 hours) Applying textures and customizing materials Exploring texture mapping and material libraries Module 3: Lighting and Shadows (2 hours) Understanding lighting principles and light placement Creating realistic shadows and reflections Module 4: Advanced Modeling Techniques (3 hours) Creating complex shapes and utilizing advanced tools Working with groups, components, and modifiers Module 5: Stable Diffusion Rendering (2 hours) Introduction to stable diffusion rendering Configuring rendering settings for optimal results Module 6: Scene Composition and Camera Setup (2 hours) Exploring composition principles and camera perspectives Managing scenes and creating walkthrough animations Module 7: Rendering Optimization (2 hours) Optimizing models for faster rendering Using render passes and post-processing techniques Module 8: Project Work and Portfolio Development (1 hour) Applying skills to complete a real-world project Showcasing work in a professional portfolio Optional: Installing Stable Diffusion and Python (Additional 10 hours) Module 1: Introduction to Stable Diffusion and Python Overview of Stable Diffusion and Python's significance Module 2: System Requirements Hardware and software prerequisites for installation Module 3: Installing Python Step-by-step installation process for different OS Module 4: Configuring Python Environment Setting up environment variables and package managers Module 5: Installing Stable Diffusion Downloading and installing the Stable Diffusion package Module 6: Setting Up Development Environment Configuring IDEs for Python and Stable Diffusion Module 7: Troubleshooting and Common Issues Identifying and resolving common installation errors Module 8: Best Practices and Recommendations Managing Python and Stable Diffusion installations Module 9: Practical Examples and Projects Hands-on exercises demonstrating usage of Stable Diffusion and Python Module 10: Advanced Topics (Optional) Exploring advanced features and techniques Stable Diffusion UI v2 | A simple 1-click way to install and use https://stable-diffusion-ui.github.io A simple 1-click way to install and use Stable Diffusion on your own computer. ... Get started by downloading the software and running the simple installer. Learning Outcomes: Upon completing the Sketchup and Stable Diffusion Rendering Course, with a focus on AI image rendering, participants will: Master AI Image Rendering: Gain expertise in using AI-powered rendering techniques to create realistic and high-quality visualizations. Utilize Sketchup for 3D Modeling: Navigate the software, proficiently use drawing tools, and create detailed 3D models. Optimize Renderings: Apply AI-based rendering to optimize model visuals, achieving faster rendering times and superior image quality. Implement AI-driven Lighting and Shadows: Utilize AI algorithms for lighting placement, shadows, and reflections, enhancing realism in renderings. Create Professional Portfolio: Showcase AI-rendered projects in a professional portfolio, highlighting advanced image rendering skills. Note: The course focuses on AI image rendering using Sketchup and Stable Diffusion techniques, empowering participants with cutting-edge skills for creating exceptional visual representations.

About this Training Course In turbulent times for the entire Energy Sector, Oil & Gas E & P segments are coming under tremendous pressure to reinvigorate. Oil Majors like Shell Plc are no longer termed as Oil & Gas Company but also branded as SHELL Energy, with technology at its forefront. The Risks, Scope and Context of Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation and Commissioning (EPCIC) Projects is evolving rapidly. Thus, the success of a project is dependent on the practical 'know how' in scoping, contract drafting, negotiation and execution competencies. Understanding the essential ingredients of contracts and mastering the international contracting principles will equip the participants to identify vague and ambiguous clauses, avoid dangerous and often hidden terms, and better understand the controlling position in a project. In this 3 full-day course, the participants will find out how to negotiate legacy contracts where parties are not allowed to edit any clauses during the bidding process. The participants will learn from the Case Law Reports and analysis to take home lessons learned from bitter experiences of their peers in the industry. It is designed to help those who need a solution to manage current contractual issues or those who execute contracts regularly and want to be more proficient in managing their contracts and projects, with changing contexts. The course is developed with the underlying objectives for the participants to: Enhance their current knowledge of the legal principles governing international Contracts from formation, execution to breaches, redresses and dispute resolution either as a party or as a consortium member or as a coverture. Manage Consortium and Joint Venture Partners inter-relationship and contractual responsibilities. Identify dangerous exposures due to joint and severally liable requirements of consortium-based contracts. Effectively Manage Risks of Projects, with Enforceable Contract Documents, by learning the purpose and potential benefits of maintaining evidence in compliance to the contract clauses. Learn the Contract Enforcement Nuggets of Owners and the Variation Claims Strategies of the Contractors. Allocation of contract management related roles / assignments and WBS within consortium partners for effective project management and profitable results. Use of Contract Terms & Conditions for enhancing project performance, monitoring, reporting, and achieving timely completion, thereby avoiding delays and disputes. This course can also be offered through Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) format. Training Objectives Upon completion of the course, the participants will have learnt: Project management strictly in accordance with the contract and the corporate strategies. How to ensure that Variations Order claims are appropriately managed in turnkey and lump-sum contracts. Manage contemporary challenges and market factors with direct or indirect impact on the contracts. Managing all members of the Supply Chain from vendors to logistics services providers. Cost Engineering and Performance Management. How to manage Consortium Partners, Contractors, and Owner's representatives. When and how to obtain / grant extension of time (EOT) and costs. Ability to identify rights and obligations of each party to a contract instead of making subjective decisions. Ability to be firm in negotiations without violating terms of the agreements. Ability to spot different legal systems, contract laws and arbitration rules. Ability to negotiate and avoidance of disputes and resolution in amicable manner, in accordance with the provisions of the contract. Competency in developing and maintaining documentary evidence and traceability for all works executed during the project. Target Audience This course is specially curated for professionals from International Oil & Gas Industries including Offshore & Marine Sectors. They include the heads of strategic business units, contracts managers, project directors, project managers, general managers, corporate legal counsels, procurements and supply chain managers, lawyers and legal professionals engaged in the EPCIC Segments of the Oil & Gas Industry.   Course Level Intermediate Trainer Principal Management Consultant Chartered Valuer and Appraiser (CVA) FACICA | FAMTAC | FAIADR | M.S.I.D | Member, AIEN LL.M. (IP Law), M. Sc. (Maritime Studies), M. Tech (Knowledge Engineering), MBA, First Class CoC (MCA, UK), B. E. (Elect) Your expert course leader, during the last 47 year period, has worked and consulted in the industry verticals encompassing: Technology, Oil & Gas Exploration & Production, Petrochemical Process Plants and Power Plant Construction Projects, Logistics & Warehousing, Marine, Offshore, Oil & Gas Pipelines, Infrastructure Development Projects (Ports, Offshore Supply Bases, Oil & Gas Terminals and Airports etc), EPCIC Contracts, and Shipyards, in South East Asia, Africa, Middle East, Americas and Europe. He serves as the Principal Management Consultant with a management consultancy in Hong Kong and Singapore, specialising in the fields of corporate management consultancy, international contracts reviews and alternative dispute resolutions services. He undertakes special assignments for conducting audits and valuation of intangible properties involving proprietary processes for licensed production, and licensing of intellectual property rights (IP Rights) in patents, trademarks, and industrial designs. He is frequently engaged for assignments like due diligence, acquisitions, mergers, resolving various operational issues, technology transfer and agency services contracts reviews, cost controls, and enhancement of Supply Chain Management. He has been conferred the credentials of Chartered Valuer & Appraiser (CVA) by SAC and IVAS, in accordance with the international valuation standards setting body IVSC. His consulting experience includes Charterparty Management, Business Process Re-engineering, Diversifications, Corporate Development, Marketing, Complex Project Management, Feasibility Studies, Dispute Resolutions and Market Research. He has successfully assisted Marine and offshore E & P clients in managing contractual disputes arising from various international contracts for upgrading & conversion projects. He continues to be actively engaged in claims reviews, mediation, arbitration, litigation, and expert witness related assignments, arising from international contracts and Charterparty Agreements. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA in General Management, Master of Technology in Knowledge Engineering, Master of Science in Maritime Studies, and LL.M. (IP Law). He also holds professional qualifications in Business Valuations and Appraisers for CVA, arbitration, law, and marine engineering, including the Chief Engineer's First-Class Certificate of Competency (MCA, UK). He is further qualified and accredited as Certified International Arbitrator, Chartered Arbitrator, Sports arbitrator under CAS Rules, WIPO Neutral, Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) Bargaining Code Arbitrator, Accredited Adjudicator and Accredited Mediator (Malaysia). He is admitted to the international panels of arbitrators and neutrals with WIPO, Geneva; ACICA, AMTAC and ACMA, Australia; BVIAC (British Virgin Islands); JIAC (Jamaica); HKIAC Hong Kong; AIAC, Malaysia; AIADR, Malaysia; KCAB, Seoul, South Korea; ICA, Delhi, India; ICC (Singapore); SISV, Singapore; SCMA, Singapore; SCCA, Saudi Arabia; VIAC Vienna, Austria; Thailand Arbitration Centre (THAC), and Mediator with AIAC Malaysia, CMC, and SIMI Singapore. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

Target Audience This course is for people who are either neurodivergent or working with neurodivergent colleagues. It will help you work more effectively by understanding the needs and recognising the strengths of neurodivergence. This will help you develop strategies to support performance and enhance wellbeing in the workplace. Duration 1 Day Course Overview This course is designed for teams with neurodivergent professionals who want to better navigate work environments, build on their strengths, and manage friction in everyday tasks. Through practical tools, reflection, and real-life strategies, you'll gain greater clarity and confidence in how you work best — and how to advocate for what you need to thrive. Participants will explore a range of neurodivergent profiles and learn how to adapt communication, adjust workflows, reduce workplace triggers, and advocate for a fairer and more inclusive culture. This course is designed by highly qualified learning design experts, assisted and guided by a Doctoral & Masters level leadership team. Working closely with subject matter leaders with extensive domain experience, this course is built on sound scientific & academic rigour and applied real world experience. Run in a cohort-based, activity-led format, it goes beyond theory to provide practical methods and frameworks that you can immediately apply in your workplace. Course Objectives Recognise how neurodivergent traits shape focus, energy, and work patterns Develop strategies and adjustments that support strengths and reduce friction Communicate needs and preferences to improve collaboration and confidence High Level Topics Neurodiversity and Workplace Impact Working with Strengths and Challenges Strategies for Everyday Success

Why Choose 3ds Max and V-Ray Masterclass? V-Ray for 3ds Max stands as a proven rendering software, offering unparalleled versatility. From dynamic scenes with thousands of lights to elegant still life compositions, best choice for artists and designers across various 3D industries. Check our Website Training Details: Duration: 10 hrs Method: 1-on-1, Personalized attention and Tailored content. Schedule: Customize your learning experience with our flexible 1-2-1 sessions, available Mon to Sat between 9 am and 7 pm. Module 1: Introduction to 3ds Max and Vray Get acquainted with 3ds Max interface and Vray's user interface. Explore workspace configuration and navigation techniques. Module 2: 3D Modeling Master fundamental shapes and advanced modeling methods. Understand polygonal modeling for organic and inorganic objects. Module 3: Materials and Textures Apply and modify textures, incorporating UVW mapping. Utilize the material editor for custom and Vray materials. Module 4: Lighting Explore diverse lighting techniques and light types. Configure lights for scenes, incorporating Vray lights. Module 5: Cameras Familiarize yourself with camera properties and setup. Create animations using both standard and Vray cameras. Module 6: Rendering Understand rendering basics and Vray Global Illumination. Implement Vray HDRI Lighting and the Rendering Workflow. Module 7: Projects Integrate learned skills in practical projects. Craft interior, exterior, and complex scenes with various objects and materials. Course Requirements: Computer with 3ds Max and Vray installed (trial versions available). Basic computer operation skills. Interest in 3D modeling and animation. Course Goals: Upon completion, you'll have a comprehensive grasp of 3ds Max and Vray, enabling you to create realistic 3D scenes. You'll possess the skills for compelling visual storytelling and be prepared for further advancement in 3D modeling and rendering. Upon completing the course, participants will: Master 3D Modeling: Create intricate 3D models using advanced techniques. Expert Material Application: Apply textures and materials for realistic effects. Advanced Lighting Skills: Set up diverse lighting, including Vray-specific techniques. Camera Mastery: Understand camera properties and animations for visual storytelling. Rendering Proficiency: Utilize Vray's capabilities for stunning visuals. Project Integration: Apply skills in practical projects, from interiors to complex scenes. Job Opportunities: Graduates can pursue roles like 3D Modeler, Texture Artist, Lighting Artist, Visualizer, 3D Animator, or Rendering Specialist in animation studios, architectural firms, game development, and film production. Opportunities exist as freelancers or within creative agencies. What You'll Learn: Comprehensive 3ds Max Mastery: From foundational concepts to advanced techniques, delve deep into 3ds Max's extensive toolkit for 3D modeling, animation, and rendering. V-Ray Expertise: Master the nuances of V-Ray, honing your skills in photorealistic rendering and lighting techniques to bring your creations to life. Portfolio-Ready Projects: Work on industry-aligned projects that enhance your skills and create a robust portfolio showcasing your abilities. Optimized Workflow: Learn efficient workflows, time-saving techniques, and industry best practices from experienced professionals. Career Opportunities: Upon completion of this course, you'll be equipped for various roles such as: 3D Modeler: Create detailed 3D models for gaming, animation, or architectural visualization. Rendering Artist: Specialize in creating realistic renderings using V-Ray for architectural projects or product design. Game Designer: Develop immersive game environments and assets using 3ds Max and Unity 3D. Visualization Specialist: Work in architectural firms, creating lifelike visualizations for clients. Recommended Websites for 3D Models: TurboSquid: A leading marketplace for high-quality 3D models. CGTrader: Offers a wide range of 3D models for games, VR, and architectural visualization. Sketchfab: An excellent platform for finding interactive 3D models for various purposes. 3D Warehouse (by SketchUp): A vast collection of user-created models suitable for architectural projects. Free3D: Provides a vast selection of free 3D models across different categories. Enroll in our course to unlock your 3D design potential and explore the world of limitless creativity! Highly Skilled Instructors: Learn from certified professionals with extensive 3ds Max expertise and real-world experience. Flexible Training Choices: Opt for either in-person or live online sessions tailored to your schedule and preferences. Comprehensive Learning: Master advanced 3ds Max techniques for creating exceptional 3D models, animations, and visual effects. Interactive Learning: Engage in hands-on projects and exercises to reinforce complex concepts and enhance practical skills. Lesson Recordings: Access recorded sessions at your convenience for reviewing crucial topics at your own pace. Lifetime Email Assistance: Receive continuous email support post-course completion, ensuring guidance whenever required. Expert Career Guidance: Access valuable insights and career advice from industry experts to make informed decisions in your field.

LTE Airside training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE airside. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the air interface protocol stack, cell acquisition, transmission and reception of data and of he layer 1 procedures along with layer 2 procedures. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE Airside training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE Airside training course contents Introduction and review of LTE This section describes the requirements of LTE and key technical features, and reviews the system architecture. LTE Architecture, UE, E-UTRAN and EPC. Specifications. OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO antennas This section describes the techniques used in the LTE air interface, notably orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas. Communication techniques for fading multipath channels. OFDMA, FFT processing and cyclic prefix insertion. SC-FDMA in the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna techniques including transmit & receive diversity and spatial multiplexing. Introduction to the air interface This section covers the operation of the air interface, the channels that it uses, and the mapping to the time and frequency domains of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and physical signals. LTE spectrum allocation. Cell acquisition This is the first of three sections covering the air interface physical layer. Here, we cover mobile procedures to start low-level communications with the cell, and base station transmission of the corresponding information. Primary/secondary synchronisation signals. Downlink reference signals. The master information block. Physical control format indicator channel. Organisation and transmission of the system information. Data transmission and reception In this section, we cover procedures used for data transmission and reception on the shared channels, and describe in detail the individual steps. Data transmission and reception on the uplink and downlink. Scheduling commands and grants on the PDCCH. DL-SCH and UL-SCH. Physical channel processing of the PDSCH and PUSCH. Hybrid ARQ indicators on the PHICH. Uplink control information on the PUCCH. Uplink demodulation and sounding reference signals. Additional physical layer procedure This section concludes our discussion of the air interface physical layer, by discussing a number of procedures that support its operation. Transmission of the physical random access channel. Contention and non-contention based random access procedures. Discontinuous transmission in idle and connected modes. Uplink power control and timing advance. Air interface layer 2 This section describes the architecture and operation of layer 2 of the air interface protocol stack. MAC protocol, interactions with the physical layer, use for scheduling. RLC protocol, transparent, unacknowledged and acknowledged modes. PDCP, including header compression, security functions and recovery from handover.