773 Other courses in Edinburgh

Every organisation needs leaders who can think and act strategically. This program will help you clarify: Why you exist (strategic purpose) Where you are now (strategic assessment) Where you want to go (strategic development) How to get there (strategic execution)

For pupils aged 14+ | Delivered in UK Schools by Real World App and Games Developers Our new Getting Started with Website Design and Development Workshop is a great way to introduce your pupils to coding. We’ll focus on HTML, CSS and JavaScript throughout a full-day workshop. At the end of the day, they will have a working website, along with notes and support so they are equipped to design an online portfolio for their work, or other project.

5G training course description This course is designed to give the delegate an understanding of the technologies and interworking requirements of the next generation of cellular communications. It is not a definitive set of descriptions but a possibility of the final deployment. During the course we will investigate the 10 pillars for 5G, which will include various Radio Access Technologies that are required to interwork smoothly. Hence we will look at the 4G Pro features and other RATs. What will you learn List the ten pillars of 5G deployment. Explain the 5G Internet and Software Distributed Networks (SDN). Explain carrier aggregation, the mobile cloud and RAT virtualisation. Explain an overall picture of 5G architecture. 5G training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who is looking to work with next generation networks. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 3 days 5G training course contents Drivers for 5G 5G Road Map, 10 Pillars of 5G, evolving RATs, small cell, o SON, MTCm, mm-wave, backhaul, EE, new spectrum, spectrum sharing, RAN virtualisation. 4G LTE advanced features *MIMO, Downlink & uplink MIMO R8, MIMO technology in LTE advanced, Downlink 8-layer SU-MIMO, Downlink MU-MIMO, Uplink MU-MIMO, Uplink transmit diversity, Coordinated multi-point operation (CoMP), Independent eNB & remote base station configurations, Downlink CoMP, * Uplink Multi-Cell Reception. ICIC & eICIC ICIC, Homogeneous to heterogeneous network, eICIC, Macro-pico scenario, Macro-femto scenario, Time orthogonal frequencies. Almost Blank Subframe (ABS). Carrier aggregation Component carriers (CC), * CC aggregation, Intra-band contiguous solutions, Intra-band non-contiguous solutions, Inter-band non-contiguous solutions, CA bandwidth classes, Aggregated transmission bandwidth configurations (ATBC), Possible carrier aggregation configurations (Rel 9, 10 & 12). Enhanced Interference Mitigation & Traffic Adaptation (eIMTA) TDD UL-DL reconfiguration for traffic adaptation, Reconfiguration mechanisms, Interference mitigation schemes, Dynamic & flexible resource allocation. 5G architectures 5G in Europe, horizon 2020 framework, 5G infrastructure PPP, METIS project, innovation centre, 5G in North America, research, company R & D, 5G specifications. The 5G internet Cloud services, IoT & context awareness, network reconfiguration & virtualization support, hypervisors, SDN, the controller, service-oriented API, OpenFlow switches, SDN operation, SDN control for traffic flow redirection, OpenFlow controllers, how SDN works, application, control and infrastructure layers, a programmable network, how SDN & NFV tie together, SDN's downside, SDN orchestration, Mobility, architectures for distributed mobility management, MEDIEVAL & MEDIVO projects, a clean slate approach, mobility first architecture, network virtualization (VNet), INM, NetInf, ForMux, MEEM, GP & AM, QoS support, network resource provisioning, IntServ, RSVP, DiffServ, CoS, aggregated resource provisioning, SICAP, MARA, Emerging approach for resource over-provisioning, example use case architecture for the 5G internet, integrating SDN/NFV for efficient resource control, control information repository, service admission control policies, network resource provisioning, control enforcement functions, network configurations, network operations. Small cells for 5G Average spectral efficiency evolution, What are small cells? WiFi & Femto cells as candidate small-cell technologies, Capacity limits & achievable gains with densifications, gains with multi-antenna techniques, gains with small cells, Mobile data demand, approach & methodology, subscriber density projections, traffic demand projections, global mobile data traffic increase modelling, country level backhaul traffic projections, 2020 average spectrum requirement, Small cell challenges, backhaul, spectrum, automation. Cooperation for next generation wireless networks Cooperative diversity & relaying strategies, Cooperative ARQ & MAC protocols, NCCARQ & PRCSMA packet exchange, Physical layer impact on MAC protocol, NCCARQ overview, PHY layer impact, Performance evaluation, simulation scenario and results. Mobile clouds; technology & services for future communications platforms Mobile cloud, software, hardware and networking resources, Mobile cloud enablers, mobile user domain, wireless technologies, WWAN WLAN and WPAN range, Bluetooth, IEEE.802.15.4, software stacks, infrared, near field communications (NFC), store & forward vs compute & forward, random/linear network coding. Security for 5G communications Potential 5G architectures, Security issues & challenges in 5G, user equipment, mobile malware attacks, 5G mobile botnets, attacks on 4G networks, C-RNTI & packet sequence numbers based UE location tracking, false buffer status reports attacks, message insertion attacks, HeNB attacks, physical attacks, attacks on mobile operator's network, user data & identity attacks, DDoS attacks, amplification, HSS saturation, external IP networks.

PRINCE2® Practitioner : In-House Training Projects fail for a variety of reasons including poor planning, lack of defined quality criteria, poor understanding of the business drivers, inadequate control, and lack of senior management involvement in other words, lack of a structured best practice approach to project delivery. PRINCE2® (6th Edition is the current version) is a structured, process-based approach for project management providing a methodology which can be easily tailored and scaled to suit all types of projects. It is the de facto standard for project management in the UK Government and is also used extensively in more than 150 countries worldwide with in excess of 20,000 organizations already benefitting from its powerful approach. It can be used easily in combination with PMI®'s PMBOK® Guide to provide a robust project methodology, or to augment an existing PMBOK®-based methodology with additional rigor around areas such as Quality, Organization, and Benefits Realization. The goals of this course are to take participants to the next level of understanding and application of the PRINCE2® methodology and to prepare them to sit the Practitioner exam. Using APMG provided sample exam papers and additional project case studies, participants will learn how to apply what they learned during the Foundation course and how to approach the OTE Practitioner exam, which is aimed at testing their ability to apply PRINCE2® in an actual project environment simulated via a case study provided as part of the exam. What you will Learn You'll learn how to: Tailor and apply the principles, themes, process structure, techniques, and management products of PRINCE2® within a work environment, via carefully selected case studies Define the PRINCE2® 6th Edition method at the Practitioner level Prepare for and take the Practitioner exam Getting Started Introductions Course structure Course goals and objectives Tailoring PRINCE2® Tailoring PRINCE2® Adopting PRINCE2® Tailoring PRINCE2® to suit different projects Adopting PRINCE2® in an organizational environment Controlled Start Recap management products Study business case and risk Study activities and responsibilities in: Starting up a project Initiating a project Controlled Progress Study management products and risk Study activities and responsibilities in: Getting work done Monitoring and reporting Issues and escalation Controlled Close Study Activities and Responsibilities in Closing a Project Activities and roles Roles and Responsibilities Principles Exercise Product-basedPlanning Producing a product breakdown structure (PBS) Producing a product flow diagram (PFD) Linking product breakdown structures and product flow diagrams to product descriptions

DevOps demystified training course description This course is an introduction to DevOps. The course emphasizes communication, collaboration , integration, and automation to improve the workflow between developers and IT operations professionals. Improved workflows lead to more opportunities to design software and services in a more agile fashion. This course is a basis for discovering the most important DevOps concepts and to understand the principles and methods behind this. The course will leave you with the inspiration to be the advocate of change. What will you learn Explain DevOps principles. Describe the relationship between Agile , Lean and IT Service Management ( ITSM). Describe methods for automation and technology factors. Describe considerations when changing. Describe challenges, risks and critical success factors. DevOps demystifieds training course details Who will benefit: Non-technical staff involved with DevOps. Prerequisites: None. Duration 1 day DevOps demystified training course contents Why DevOps? From a business perspective From an IT perspective Stereotypes of Dev and Ops: perception and reality What is DevOps? Introduction DevOps Goals DevOps Added value of DevOps Proven Results DevOps for businesses DevOps principles (The Three Ways) DevOps and other frameworks DevOps and Agile DevOps and Lean DevOps and IT Service Management DevOps culture Characteristics of a DevOps culture Organizational Considerations DevOps DevOps stakeholders DevOps roles DevOps teams DevOps organizational structures DevOps methods Continuous Integration Continuous delivery Continuous deployment Value stream mapping Kanban Theory of Constraints Improvement Kata Deming's quality circle ITSM processes DevOps and Automation Methods for DevOps automation Longevity and tools categories DevOps applications Transitioning to a DevOps culture Implementation Challenges, risks and critical success factors Measuring DevOps successes

Complete JavaScript training course description A hands on course covering JavaScript programming. Core JavaScript is covered first, including the basics, arrays, functions, classes, modules and Regular expressions. Client side JavaScript is then covered including JavaScript in browsers, Scripting CSS, the jQuery library and HTML APIs. What will you learn Read JavaScript. Write JavaScript. Debug JavaScript. Complete JavaScript training course details Who will benefit: Anyone wishing to learn JavaScript. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days Complete JavaScript training course contents CORE JAVASCRIPT Lexical structure: Character set, comments, literals, identifiers, and reserved words, optional semicolons.. Types, values and variables: Numbers, text, boolean values, null and undefines, the global object, wrapper objects, immutable primitive values and mutable object references, type conversions, variable declaration, variable scope. Expressions and operators: Primary expressions, object and array initializers, function definition expressions, property access expressions, invocation expressions, object creation expressions, operator overview, arithmetic expressions, relational expressions, logical expressions, assignment expressions, evaluation expressions, miscellaneous operators. Statements: Expression statements, compound and empty statements, declaration statements, conditionals, loops, jumps, miscellaneous statements, summary of JavaScript statements. Objects: Creating objects, querying and setting properties, deleting properties, testing properties, enumerating properties, property getters and setters, property attributes, object attributes, serializing objects, object methods. Arrays: Creating arrays, reading and writing array elements, sparse arrays, array length, adding and deleting array elements, iterating arrays, multi-dimensional arrays, array methods, FCMAScript 5 array methods, array type, array-like objects, strings as arrays. Functions: Defining functions, invoking functions, function arguments and parameters, functions as values, functions as namespaces, closures, function properties, methods and constructor, functional programming. Classes and modules: Classes and prototypes, classes and constructors, Java-style classes in JavaScript, augmenting classes, classes and types, object oriented techniques in JavaScript, subclasses, classes in ECMAScript 5, modules. Pattern matching and regular expressions: Defining regular expressions, string methods for pattern matching, the RegExp object. JavaScript subsets and extensions: JavaScript subsets, constants and scoped variables, destructuring assignment, iteration, shorthand functions, multiple catch clauses, E4X: ECMAScript for XML. Server-side JavaScript: Scripting Java with Rhino, asynchronous I/O with node. CLIENT SIDE JAVASCRIPT JavaScript in web browsers: Client side JavaScript, embedding JavaScript in HTML, execution of JavaScript programs, compatibility and interoperability, accessibility, security, client side frameworks. The Window object: Timers, browser location and navigation, browsing history, browser screen information, dialog boxes, error handling, document elements as window properties, multiple windows and frames. Scripting Documents: Overview of the DOM, selecting document elements, document structure and traversal, attributes, element content, creating, inserting and deleting nodes. Example: generating a table of contents, document and element geometry and scrolling, HTML forms, other document features. Scripting CSS: Overview of CSS, important CSS properties, scripting inline styles, querying computed styles, scripting CSS classes, scripting stylesheets. Handling events: Types of events, registering event handlers, event handler invocation, document load events, mouse events, mousewheel events, drag and drop events, text events, keyboard events. Scripted HTTP: Using XMLHttpRequest, HTTP by <script>: JSOMP, Comet with server-sent events. The jQuery library: jQuery basics, jQuery getters and setters, altering document structure, handling events with jQuery, Animated effects, Ajax with jQuery, Utility functions, jQuery selectors and selection methods, Extending jQuery with plug-ins. The jQuery UI library. Client side storage: localStorage and sessionStorage, Cookies, IE usingData persistence, Applicatioin storage and offline webapps. Scripted media and graphics: Scripting images, Scripting audio and video, SCG:scalable vector graphics, Graphics in a <canvas>. Scripted HTTP: Using XMLHttpRequest, HTTP by <script>: JSOMP, Comet with server-sent events. The jQuery library: jQuery basics, jQuery getters and setters, altering document structure, handling events with jQuery, Animated effects, Ajax with jQuery, Utility functions, jQuery selectors and selection methods, Extending jQuery with plug-ins. The jQuery UI library. Client side storage: localStorage and sessionStorage, Cookies, IE usingData persistence, Applicatioin storage and offline webapps. Scripted media and graphics: Scripting images, Scripting audio and video, SCG:scalable vector graphics, Graphics in a <canvas>. HTMLS APIs: Geolocation, history management, cross-origin messaging, web workers, type arrays and ArrayBuffers, blobs, the filesystem API, client side databases, web sockets.

Business Process Modeling: In-House Training This course is part of IIL's Business Analysis Certificate Program (BACP), a program designed to help prepare individuals pass the IIBA® Certification exam to become a Certified Business Analysis Professional (CBAP®). Learn more at www.iil.com/bacp A process model is a description of a process in terms of its steps or actions, the data flowing between them and participants in the process, machines, systems, and organizations involved. Modeling is a critical business analysis skill. It applies graphical and text communication techniques to describe the actions, objects, and relationships acted upon in the process and the steps that act upon them. This course teaches the technique of process modeling and ties together the core methods of process, behavior, and data modeling to enable business analysts to fully describe business processes in levels of detail from multiple perspectives. What you will Learn Upon completion, participants will be able to: Identify business processes and their components Work with UML diagrams Use process modeling in business diagramming Diagram and model business processes Foundation Concepts The role of the business analyst The IIBA® BABOK® Knowledge Areas Business Process Modeling (BPM) and the business analyst A practical approach to business process modeling The Context for Modeling Business Processes Overview of context for business process modeling Analyzing stakeholder information Modeling best practices Critical inputs for BPM: Business Rules Critical inputs for BPM: Context Diagrams Data Models Overview of data modeling Entity relationship diagrams Object-oriented approach Class diagrams Other data models Process Models - Part I (Non-UML) Overview of process modeling Data flow diagrams Workflow diagrams Flowcharts Process Models - Part II (UML) Overview of UML Process Models UML Activity Diagrams UML Sequence Diagrams Usage Models - Part I (Non-UML) Overview of usage modeling Prototyping options Static prototyping and storyboards Dynamic prototyping User Interface Design and user stories Usage Models - Part II (UML Use Cases) Overview of Use Cases Use Case diagrams Use Case descriptions Use Cases and the product life cycle Integrating the Models Overview of integrating the models General analysis best practices Specific analysis techniques summary Best practices for transition to design Summary and Next Steps What did we learn and how can we implement this in our work environments?

About this Training Subsea pipelines play a critical role in the transportation of hydrocarbons (e.g. oil and gas) from offshore production sites to onshore facilities or other platforms. This course will cover design and construction of subsea pipelines with respect to: design for pressure containment, design for collapse, on-bottom stability, freespans, global (lateral and upheaval buckling), corrosion, materials selection, cathodic protection and coatings. Training Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to understand: Issues and challenges in subsea pipeline design Methods in applying pipeline design codes Techniques in how to specify a pipeline Key considerations in the main methods of pipeline construction Methods and issues surrounding pipeline intervention Target Audience The course is recommended for anyone who wish to gain in-depth knowledge and appreciation of the fundamental principles of the design and construction of subsea pipelines, including: Team Leaders Senior Managers (Line and Function) Project Managers Graduate Engineers Pipeline Engineers Senior Pipeline Engineers Subsea Engineers Integrity Engineers Quality Assurance Engineers Key Contractor's Management Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your expert course leader is a subsea pipeline consultant with extensive experience in the design, construction, and installation of subsea pipelines for the oil and gas industry. As a consultant, he provides technical expertise and support to clients on all aspects of subsea pipeline projects, from the initial planning and design phase through to construction and commissioning. He is knowledgeable about industry standards, regulations, and best practices for subsea pipelines, and works closely with clients to ensure that projects are delivered safely, on time, and within budget. He has over thirty years' experience in early concept and front-end studies for the initiation of numerous high value upstream oil and gas projects worldwide. He has worked for both Operating Companies and Consultants managing the FEL process for complex, multi-discipline and technically challenging concepts, combining both his technical and project management skills. He has been working with companies like ExxonMobil, Quantum Power, North Caspian Operating Company, OMV Petrom, Port Meridian, BG Group, and etc. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

Join me for a full immersive day, online and in Edinburgh at the Art and Spirituality Centre, with theory and practice to discover: 🔍What Shamanism is and its origins 🔍How to journey for yourself and another person 🔍How to retrieve a gift 🔍Introduction to healing: extractions and soul retrieval 🔍Power dance Please have with you: 🌟 a blindfold 🌟 your favourite scarf to be used as a magic cloak 🌟 a notebook if you like Shamanism is a spiritual practice that goes beyond every beliefs and culture and is about trying to reach your full potential as you walk on planet earth, so connecting yourselves to the whole. Shamans were described as the first physicians, magicians, artists, storytellers, spiritual beings. But shamans are healers that make changes in invisible realms to help healing in the ordinary reality of the community. Shamans see in the darkness while connecting with the divine outside the time in an altered state of consciousness. The Powerful Benefits of Shamanic Drumming Shamanic drumming can: 🌿 Reduce stress 🌿 Improve concentration 🌿 Open the door to self-acceptance 🌿 Encourage healthier lifestyle choices 🌿 Support cardiovascular health 🌿 Boost your immune system 🌿 Promote deeper self-awareness by synchronizing brain activity and inducing alpha waves 🌿 Help release negative emotions and emotional trauma Lunch is not included Giada's Journey Creative explorer of the human well-being with twenty years’ experience running events, workshops and retreats. Co-author of a non-profit book with other 33 Italian women about their stories in different countries. She has been learning to heal herself supporting a Holistic connection between mind, body and spirit. She has been studying and practicing Buddhist teachings, meditation and the Five Tibetan Rites Yoga in Nepal, India and Italy. Approached the imaginal world and dreams with the psychologist Elio Occhipinti and a regressive hypnosis journey with the vision of the psychiatrist Brian Weiss.  Her studies and practice have helped her become: Shamanic Practitioner and Teacher with the two years formal training at Anam Cara and Teacher Training in Wales  Shamanic and Integral Yoga Teacher, Ikigai Coach, Forest Therapy Guide qualified with Selene Calloni Williams at the Imaginal Academy and part of the Italian-Swiss Association for Counselling and Coaching, Aiscon.  Professional Esoteric Numerologist graduated at The Connaissance School of Numerology Corporate Mental Health Coach achieved with WeFocus Founder of Drink In Art exhibitions of local artists in private flats Founder of School of Shamanism creative and spiritual workshops, classes and therapies Founder of the Art and Spirituality Centre centre for creativity and well-being in Edinburgh By attending to our classes, workshops and retreats you agree to our TERMS AND CONDITIONS Payment  Bookings are non-refundable.  Disclaimer  By booking a class or workshop or retreat or 1-1 session -online or any other venues – with us, you release Giada Gaslini, Invisible Caims/School of Shamanism and any business partners working with Invisible Caims from any liability arising out of any personal injuries, emotional or physical release, death, expectations of results, theft in the venue or damages that may happen to people and objects while attending. We recommend that you consult your GP regarding the suitability of undertaking an exercise programme, if the class you are booking includes it like with yoga or similar, and following all the safety instructions required before beginning to exercise. When participating in an exercise, there is the possibility of sustaining a physical injury. If you engage in this exercise programme, you agree that you do so at your own risk, are voluntarily participating in these activities and assume all risk of injury to yourself. You acknowledge that coaching, shamanic healing and counselling are not to be used as a substitute for psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, mental health care, or other professional advice by legal, medical or other professionals. Our sessions are aimed at inner research, problem solving and personal growth, they do not replace the work of doctors and psychotherapists because they do not consider, treat or aim to solve pathologies and symptoms that are strictly medical. All contracts subject to and governed by English Law and the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of England and Wales according to my current insurance.   Added element of the disclaimer If the class happens in any venue and you are causing any damage to the property, you are taking responsibility of your actions. It is down to the individual to take personal responsibility when participating in physical activity and when entering a space that is used and shared by other parties. Invisible Caims does not take any responsibility about possible risks that may arise but can only advise and enforce guidelines and legal requirements as defined by the Scottish Government and local authorities.   

About this Training Course Time is money in all industries. For the Oil & Gas industry, this is no exception and the ability to maximise return on investment is all related to where the Oil is and how easily and quickly we can get that product to the customer. Whether in a technical, managerial or supporting role, you are a valuable asset in ensuring that project delivery targets are met and profits are realised. As Petroleum Engineering (PE) activities continue to increase, professionals like you must grasp the language and technology of PE operations in order to maximise expenditures throughout the producing life of a well. Petroleum Engineering equipment and procedures have a unique language that must be conquered for maximum benefit. Clear and understandable explanations of rig equipment, completion equipment, operations procedures, and their complex interactions provide an excellent foundation for smooth communication and increased efficiency in inter-department project team efforts. A confident understanding of the technical jargon and a visual appreciation of the various pieces of equipment used provides for an overall 'big picture' of the industry value chain. This serves as an excellent foundation for smooth communication and increased efficiency in inter-department project team efforts. This course can also be offered through Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) format. Training Objectives By the end of this course, the participants will be able to: Define the role of Petroleum Engineering and its interaction between other departments Describe terms used in the Oil & Gas industry such as Surface/Subsurface, Upstream, Midstream and Downstream Describe the Appraisal of Oil & Gas Discoveries, the Cost Estimations, Economics & Reserves Explain what is the Formation, how do we connect to it, and how do we ensure best value Describe how to construct a well, select the equipment & methods, understand the duration that the well is required to perform for Target Audience This course will benefit those in geology, reservoir engineering, equipment and maintenance, and non-petroleum engineering technical professionals as well as forward-looking executives in the following fields who are interested to enhance their knowledge and awareness of the drilling process for increased productivity and contribution to the team that they're supporting: Accounting Administration Business Development Commercial E & P IT Estimation & Proposal Finance & Administration Finance HSE General Management Joint Ventures Legal Logistics Materials Planning Planning & Budgeting Procurement Sourcing Supply Chain Tender Contract Training Drilling Fluids Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your Expert Course Trainer has over 40 years of experience in the Oil & Gas industry. During that time, he has worked exclusively in well intervention and completions. After a number of years working for intervention service companies (completions, slickline & workovers), he joined Shell as a well service supervisor. He was responsible for the day-to-day supervision of all well intervention work on Shell's Persian/Arabian Gulf platforms. This included completion running, coil tubing, e-line, slickline, hydraulic workovers, well testing and stimulation operations. An office-based role as a senior well engineer followed. He was responsible for planning, programming and organising of all the well engineering and intervention work on a number of fields in the Middle East. He had a brief spell as a Site Representative for Santos in Australia before joining Petro-Canada as Completions Superintendent in Syria, then moved to Australia as Completions Operations Superintendent for Santos, before returning to Shell as Field Supervisor Completions and Well Interventions in Iraq where he carried out the first ever formal abandonment of a well in the Majnoon Field. While working on rotation, he regularly taught Completion Practices, Well Intervention, Well Integrity and Reporting & Planning courses all over the world. In 2014, he started to focus 100% on training and became the Technical Director for PetroEDGE. Since commencing delivering training courses in 2008, he has taught over 300 courses in 31 cities in 16 countries to in excess of 3,500 participants. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations