347 TC courses

SMTP training course description A hands on course focusing on the workings of email systems and the standard protocols that they use. The course is not specific to any particular implementation, but some vendor specifics are noted. Linux and Microsoft machines are used in hands on sessions to reinforce the theory of major sessions. The course concentrates on troubleshooting and interworking using network sniffing and protocol inspection rather than "which buttons to push". What will you learn Describe and explain SMTP MIME POP3 IMAP PGP, GPG, S/MIME SPF, DKIM, DMARC Configure mail routing Secure email systems SMTP training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff responsible for email systems. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers. Duration 3 days SMTP training course contents SMTP architecture What is SMTP, email before SMTP, SMTP history, the different protocols, clients, servers. Email composition, transmission, delivering emails, storing and reading emails. MUAs, MTAs, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, DNS, webmail. Hands on Setting up MTAs and MUAs and sending a simple email using telnet. The SMTP protocol SMTP protocol stack, SMTP headers, HELO, SMTP mail, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, SMTPUTF8, 8BITMIME, TURN, EHLO, ETRN, 3 digit replies. Hands on Analysing SMTP packets on a network. DNS and SMTP SMTP forwarding, SMTP relays, interoperation, how SMTP uses DNS, MX records. Hands on Setting up mail relays. SMTP headers IMF data, From, to, cc, bcc, sender and recipient headers, message Ids, received trails, in-reply-to, received-SPF, mail list headers. Hands on Using clients to analyse details from mail headers, including true originators and path of emails. MIME Email attachments, MIME versions, content type headers, encoding, base 64, binary data, multi part headers, troubleshooting attachments. Hands on Analysing MIME headers and attachments. POP3 What is POP3, where to use POP3, authorisation, transactions, POP3 commands: USER, PASS, STAT, LIST, RETR, DELE. Hands on Setting up a POP3 server, analysing POP3 packets on a network. IMAP and IMAPS What is IMAP, where to use IMAP, authorisation, mailbox structure, IMAP commands: LOGIN, AUTHENTICATE, LIST, CREATE, Examine (message flags), SELECT, STORE. Hands on Setting up an IMAP server and analysing IMAP packets on a network. Interoperation Mail gateways, addressing, Exchange, sendmail. Email security Basics, Transport level: STARTTLS. Content: PGP/GPG, mail signing and encryption, S/MIME, digital certificates, secure email submission. Hands on Setting up and using a PGP key, configure MTAs to use TLS. Email authentication and spam prevention Mail relays, grey listing, block list & RBL, DNSBL (Real-time Black hole List), White list, SPF, Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM), Author Domain Signing Practices (ADSP), Abuse Report Format (ARF), Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC). Hands on Relay spamming and the blocking spamming.

Total IP multicast training course description This training course provides an advanced three day hands on study of IP multicast technology focusing on architectures, applications and protocols. All aspects of IP multicasting are covered including PC, server and switch implementations. Design, configuration, support and troubleshooting are all covered in the course. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific implementations. What will you learn Design multicast networks. Explain how multicast networks work. Compare and contrast the different multicast routing protocols, such as DVMRP, PIM, MBGP and SSM. Configure PCs, servers, switches and routers for multicasting. Configure multicast routing protocols including: PIM Dense Mode. PIM Sparse Mode BGP SSM Troubleshoot multicast networks. Total IP multicast training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with IP multicasts. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Duration 3 days Total IP multicast training course contents Introduction What is multicasting? Why multicast? Why not multicast? Multicasting vs. multiple unicasts, Multicasting vs. broadcasts, multicasting applications, the use of unicast addressing for setting up multicast applications, multicast use within standard protocols such as OSPF. hands on Example multicast applications. Addressing Layer two multicast addresses, Class D addresses, mapping layer 3 addresses onto layer 2 multicast addresses. Multicast addresses on NBMAs, scoping multicast traffic, Multicast address blocks, GLOP, IPv6 and multicasting, anycasting. hands on Multicast addressing. Multicast architectures Where the different protocols are used, PC to router, router to router, how switches can get involved. hands on Analysing multicast packets. PC to router Configuring Class D addresses, IGMP, packet formats, queries, reports, maintaining groups, enhancements to IGMP (v2 and v3), Leaving a group, querier elections, hands on Analysing IGMP packets. Switches and multicasting Controlling multicast traffic with switches, VLANS, static bridge table entries, IGMP snooping, CGMP. hands on Configuring switches for multicast environments. Router to router MOSPF, DVMRP, PIM Sparse Mode, PIM Dense Mode, MBGP. hands on Simple router configuration for multicasting. Theory behind multicast routing protocols Distribution trees, source distribution trees, shared trees, core based trees. Reverse path forwarding, Multicast routing protocol types. PIM DM: Flooding, pruning, PIM designated routers, hands on configuring PIM DM. PIM Sparse mode Rendevous points, discovering RPs, hands on Configuring PIM SM, using different protocols for different groups. PIM SM with one RP, using multiple RPs, Auto RP. MBGP Multiprotocol routing, how does MBGP work? How MBGP carries multiple protocol information, MBGP and multicasts, MBGP and IPv6. hands on Configuring MBGP for multicasts. Internet multicasting The internet, ISPs, the MBone, tunnelling, Inter domain multicasting, the role of MBGP, Inter domain problem, MSDP, MSDP operation SSM, PIM-SM and shared trees, SSM, PIM-SSM operation, SSM benefits. hands on MSDP configuration. SSM configuration.

DNS training course description This three-day hands on DNS training course studies both the UNIX BIND and the Microsoft (MS DNS) implementations. The course starts with the big picture of how DNS works, then client configuration. Primary and secondary servers are then configured, progressing to DDNS, subdomains and security issues. Hands on sessions follow all sections ensuring that troubleshooting techniques are used throughout the course. Students choose whether to use Windows or UNIX for the hands on sessions. What will you learn Describe the architecture of DNS. Explain how DNS works. Install, configure, maintain and troubleshoot DNS DNS training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff wanting to learn DNS including: Network personnel System administrators. Prerequisites: UNIX Fundamentals (or Windows knowledge). TCP/IP foundation for engineers. Duration 3 days DNS training course contents What is DNS? Hostnames, Name resolution, host files, host file problems, What is DNS? The DNS namespace, TLDs, gTLDs, registering domains, Nameservers, how DNS works. Hands on Testing DNS servers on the Internet. DNS clients Ways to use DNS, dynamic and static configuration, multiple nameservers, domain name, searchlist, resolution issues, testing the configuration. Hands on Client configuration. DNS server software Implementations, Microsoft, BIND, daemons and services, installation, starting and stopping servers. Hands on Setting up a DNS server. DNS zone files What is a zone, Zone file overview, Forward zones, Reverse zones, Resource records, A records, PTR, CNAME, Root hints, local zone file. BIND and Microsoft configuration. Hands on Server configuration files. NS and applications MX records, Mail server load balancing, SPF, SRV records, VoIP and SRV, Microsoft and SRV, NAPTR. Hands on Testing records with dig and nslookup. DNS slaves and other servers DNS server types, Server resilience, Slaves, Zone transfers, SOA records, Serial numbers, recommendations, polling based zone transfers, NOTIFY, AD integration, DNS caching, Negative caching, TTL, Caching only servers. Hands on Masters, slaves and zone transfers. The DNS protocol The DNS stack, DNS port numbers, DNS queries, The DNS header, header section format, question format, other section format. Hands on Troubleshooting DNS with Wireshark. Dynamic DNS DHCP, DDNS, IXFR, WINS integration. Hands on Dynamic DNS. Subdomains Root servers, root server selection, Authority, delegation, NS records, subdomain with and without delegation, reverse delegation. Hands on Delegation, setting up a subdomain server. DNS security Restricting queries, DNS and firewalls, Split DNS, forwarders, internal root servers, the use of proxy servers, DNSSEC, TSIG. Hands on Hardening a DNS server. DNS and IPv6 What is IPv6, IPv6 addressing, IPv6 DNS issues, AAAA, IPv6 reverse delegation. Troubleshooting DNS Problem solving, DNS troubleshooting, Zone file checking, Some common errors, Log files, tools, nslookup, dig, host, DNS design, performance, load balancing. Hands on Putting it all together. Summary Useful books, Internet sites, RFCs. Appendix: ENUM What is ENUM, How ENUM works, NAPTR.

4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course description This course is designed to explain the roaming procedures of modern mobile networks, based on the GSMA roaming specification the course explains all scenarios where a mobile subscriber may find themselves whilst visiting a preferred mobile network partner. Interconnection between MNOs and the use of GRX & IPX as an interworking process. The course will work through the registration & authentication procedure, download of the user profile, the APN configuration & DIAMETER process to verify user authenticity. VoLTE roaming and IMS registration procedures for voice support & SMS delivery will be discussed and explained. What will you learn Architecture Models Technical requirements for interfaces - 4G Roaming Scenarios Technical requirements & recommendations for services Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Technical Requirements for QoS support Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interfaces - 5G Scenarios Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interworking & Coexistence with E-UTRAN & EPC Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Services Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations 4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course details Who will benefit: Those working in mobile networks. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days 4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course contents Architecture Models 4G Evolved Packet System 5G Core Network SGs Interface for CSFB& SMS over SGs Technical Requirements for Interfaces - 4G Roaming Scenarios General requirements for inter-PLMN interfaces Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) IAMETER S8 Interface SGW selection PGW selection GTP Transport Layer engineering S9 interface Implementation requirements Guidelines for DIAMETER over S9 S6a & S6d interface Gy interface Guidelines for DIAMETER over Gy Legacy interworking scenarios VPLMN has not implemented LTE HPLMN has not implemented LTE Co-existence scenarios Possible scenarios 2G/3G roaming agreement only 2G/3G LTE roaming agreement LTE roaming registrations Consequences of different APN approaches when roaming Guidance regarding the APN approach when roaming Inter-RAT handover Handover & access restrictions to/from 2G/3G & LTE (Active mode) Access restriction for 2G/3G and/or LTE (Idle mode) Handover of PDN Connections between GERAN/UTRAN & LTE Handover to/from non-3GPP accesses & LTE Bandwidth considerations ARP considerations at handover from LTE to 2G/3G Tech requirements & recommendations for Services SMS SMS over SGs Voice CSFB Roaming retry for CSFB Roaming Forwarding for CSFB Coexistence of Roaming Forwarding & Roaming Retry Recommended procedures IMS Voice Roaming Architecture Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Access Control Addressing APN for IMS based services IMS Well Known APN APN for Home Operator Services Gateway Selection Inter-PLMN roaming handover Data off related functionality Emergency Services Emergency PDN connectivity Emergency Call indicator Security GTP Security DIAMETER Security DIAMTER Roaming hubbing Default APN E-UTRA NR Dual Connectivity with EPC GW Selection for E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity TAC/LAC Restriction Guidelines Technical Requirements for QoS support QoS parameters definition QoS Management in the Home Routed architecture QoS control for IMS APN in the S8HR architecture Support of QoS in GRX/IPX QoS Control in Local Breakout architecture Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interfaces - 5G Scenarios General requirements for inter-PLMN interfaces Transport protocol - TCP/IP Serialisation protocol - JSON Interface Definition language - OpenAPI Application Protocol - HTTP2 Inter-PLMN (N32) Interface N32c N32f ALS & IPX HTTP Proxy SMF & UPF in HPLMN & VPLMN Requirements related to Service Based Architecture Naming, addressing & routing for 5G SA roaming SEPP load distribution SEPP administration, naming convention & routing SEPP HTTP redirections Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interworking & Coexistence with E-UTRAN & EPC Interworking scenarios Coexistence scenarios Inter-RAT Handover Handover & Access restriction between 5GC & EPC Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Services Network slicing Voice, Video & Messaging Location support UE Route Selection Policy Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Access control IP Addressing DNN for IMS based services Emergency PDU Session Emergency Services Fallback Security Steering of Roaming in 5GS Technical Requirements for QoS support 5G QoS model 5G QoS profile QoS Control

Duration 5 Days 30 CPD hours This course is intended for This course is designed for individuals who have basic computer user skills and who are interested in obtaining a job as an entry-level IT technician. This course is also designed for students who are seeking the CompTIA A+ certification. Overview Install and configure mobile devices Compare and contrast networking hardware Configure internet connections and wireless networking Troubleshoot hardware and networks Install motherboards, RAM, storage devices, CPUs and add-on cards Deploy and configure connected devices Summarize cloud-computing concepts and virtualization CompTIA A+ certified professionals are proven problem solvers. They support today's core technologies from security to cloud to data management and more. CompTIA A+ is the industry standard for launching IT careers into today's digital world. It is the only industry-recognized credential with performance-based items to prove pros can think on their feet to perform critical IT support tasks in the moment. It is trusted by employers around the world to identify the go-to person in end-point management and technical support roles. CompTIA A+ is regularly re-invented by IT experts to ensure that it validates core skills and abilities demanded in the workplace. Prerequisites While there are no prerequisites for this course, please ensure you have the right level of experience to be successful in this training. Lesson 1: Installing Motherboards and Connectors Topic 1A: Explain Cable Types and Connectors Topic 1B: Install and Configure Motherboards Topic 1C: Explain Legacy Cable Types Lesson 2: Installing System Devices Topic 2A: Install and Configure Power Supplies and Cooling Topic 2B: Select and Install Storage Devices Topic 2C: Install and Configure System Memory Topic 2D: Install and Configure CPUs Lesson 3: Troubleshooting PC Hardware Topic 3A: Apply Troubleshooting Methodology Topic 3B: Configure BIOS/UEFI Topic 3C: Troubleshoot Power and Disk Issues Topic 3D: Troubleshoot System and Display Issues Lesson 4: Comparing Local Networking Hardware Topic 4A: Compare Network Types Topic 4B: Compare Networking Hardware Topic 4C: Explain Network Cable Types Topic 4D: Compare Wireless Networking Types Lesson 5: Configuring Network Addressing and Internet Connections Topic 5A: Compare Internet Connection Types Topic 5B: Use Basic TCP/IP Concepts Topic 5C: Compare Protocols and Ports Topic 5D: Compare Network Configuration Concepts Lesson 6: Supporting Network Services Topic 6A: Summarize Services Provided by Networked Hosts Topic 6B: Compare Internet and Embedded Appliances Topic 6C: Troubleshoot Networks Lesson 7: Summarizing Virtualization and Cloud Concepts Topic 7A: Summarize Client-Side Virtualization Topic 7B: Summarize Cloud Concepts Lesson 8: Supporting Mobile Devices Topic 8A: Set Up Mobile Devices and Peripherals Topic 8B: Configure Mobile Device Apps Topic 8C: Install and Configure Laptop Hardware Topic 8D: Troubleshoot Mobile Device Issues Lesson 9: Supporting Print Devices Topic 9A: Deploy Printer and Multifunction Devices Topic 9B: Replace Print Device Consumables Topic 9C: Troubleshoot Print Device Issues

This is a highly interactive programme designed by the communication experts at TCM. The course helps learners to develop essential skills for everyday management. On this programme, delegates learn how to navigate the complex maze of having difficult conversations, managing performance, and giving bad news. Offering a proactive and hands on approach to teaching, the TCM trainers equip delegates with the confidence to have those crucial conversations, to prevent disputes before they escalate out of control and, to be assertive in addressing performance issues to achieve engagement and sustainable outcomes.

HTTP streaming training course description This course looks at the delivery of video streams using HTTP adaptive streaming. Both MPEG DASH and HLS are investigated. Hands on sessions primarily involve using Wireshark to analyse streams. What will you learn Use Wireshark to analyse and troubleshoot HTTP video streams. Explain HTTP adaptive streaming works. Evaluate and compare MPEG DASH and HLS. Use tools to create HTTP adaptive streams. HTTP streaming training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in the broadcast industry. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers Duration 2 days HTTP streaming training course contents What is HTTP streaming? The old way. Progressive downloads versus streaming. Why not UDP and RTP for delivery? Adaptive bit rate streaming. Standards. Hands on Base network setup. Using WireShark for HTTP streams. HTTP protocol stack IP, TCP, IPv6. HTTP. HTTP 1.0, HTTP 1.1, HTTP 2.0, HTTP header fields. HTML 5. Hands on Analysing HTTP. Adaptive bitrate streaming principles Chunks, fragments, segments. Manifest files. Encoding, resolution, bitrates. Addressing, relative and absolute URLs, redirection. When does the client switch streams? Switch points. Hands on Walk through of client behaviours on a stream. HTTP streaming architecture Server components, distribution components, client software. CDN, caching, multiple servers. Hands on Analysing CDN and Internet delivery. TCP and HTTP streaming interactions TCP ACK, TCP connections, unicast only. TCP flow control, TCP and performance. Hands on TCP window sizes. MPEG DASH Stakeholders, DASH architecture and model, codec agnostic, XML, Media Presentation Description, Media Presentation, segment formats. Hands on MPEG DASH analysis. HTTP Live Streaming and others Stakeholders. Media segments, media playlists, master playlists. Adobe HTTP dynamic streaming, Microsoft smooth streaming. Hands on Analysing HLS. Tools mp4dash, mp4fragment, libdash. Apple developer tools for HLS. Hands on Creating segmented content. Security HTTPS, encryption, content protection. Hands on Encryption analysis. Summary Choosing a streaming method. Impact of live versus VoD. Web sockets.

OTT TV for engineers course description This course covers OTT TV by primarily looking at the delivery of video streams using HTTP adaptive streaming. Both MPEG DASH and HLS are investigated. Hands on sessions involve using Wireshark to analyse streams as well as crafting segmented content. What will you learn Explain what OTT TV is, and how it works. Describe the OTT TV architecture. Use Wireshark to analyse and troubleshoot OTT video streams. Explain how HTTP adaptive streaming works. Evaluate and compare MPEG DASH and HLS. Use tools to create OTT TV adaptive streams. OTT TV for engineers course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in the broadcast industry. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers. Duration 2 days OTT TV for engineers course contents What is OTT TV? Brodeo providers vs ISPs. Progressive downloads versus streaming. Why not UDP and RTP for delivery? Adaptive bit rate streaming. Standards. Hands on: Base network setup. Using WireShark for HTTP streams. HTTP protocol stack IP, TCP, IPv6. HTTP. HTTP 1.0, HTTP 1.1, HTTP 2.0, HTTP header fields. HTML 5. Hands on: Analysing HTTP. Adaptive bitrate streaming principles Chunks, fragments, segments. Manifest files. Encoding, resolution, bitrates. Addressing, relative and absolute URLs, redirection. When does the client switch streams? Switch points. Hands on: Walk through of client behaviours on a stream. OTT TV streaming architecture Server components, distribution components, client software. CDN, caching, multiple servers. Hands on: Analysing CDN and Internet delivery. TCP and HTTP streaming interactions TCP ACK, TCP connections, unicast only. TCP flow control, TCP and performance. Hands on: TCP window sizes. MPEG DASH Stakeholders, DASH architecture and model, codec agnostic, XML, Media Presentation Description, Media Presentation, segment formats. Hands on: MPEG DASH analysis. HTTP Live Streaming and others Stakeholders. Media segments, media playlists, master playlists. Adobe HTTP dynamic streaming, Microsoft smooth streaming. Hands on: Analysing HLS. Tools mp4dash, mp4fragment, libdash. Apple developer tools for HLS. Hands on: Creating segmented content. Security HTTPS, encryption, content protection. Hands on: Encryption analysis. Summary Choosing a streaming method. Impact of live versus VoD. Web sockets.

Data comms training course description A hands on training course introducing the concepts of data communications, moving on to covering both LAN and WAN technology. Quizzes are used extensively to ensure material has sunk in and to maximise learning time. Hands on sessions ensure that by the end of the course delegates have made cables, built LANS and WANS, configured TCP/IP, switches and routers. What will you learn Use the seven layer model to classify networking buzzwords. Build and troubleshoot Ethernet, LAN/WAN and WiFi networks Explain the difference between switches and routers. Connect networks with routers. Data comms training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who requires a technical introduction to networks. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days Data comms training course contents What are networks? What is data communications? What are networks? Types of network, LANs, LAN choices, WANs, WAN choices, PANs, SANs, MANs, connecting networks. Internetworks, the internet, clouds. Networks and standards Standards bodies, ISO, ITU, IEEE, IETF, OSI 7 layer reference model, TCP/IP and OSI, ping and the 7 layer model, encapsulation, fragmentation. The physical layer Transmission media: Copper, Fibre, RF, UTP, Cat 5/5e/6/7..., RJ45, straight and cross over cables. Coax, Fibre cable & connectors, SFP, MMF, SMF, radio spectrum, frequencies, ranges, noise and electrical distortion, repeaters. Hands on Cabling, ping. Bandwidth Definition, Bits, bytes, speeds, simplex, half/full duplex, a/symmetrical, aggregation, latency. Calculating bandwidth requirements. The Data Link layer Frames, classifications, standards, LAN/WAN layer 2 technologies (Point to point, virtual circuits). Ethernet What is Ethernet? 802.3, evolution from CSMA/CD, choosing cables, topologies, NICs, MAC addresses. Ethernet frame format. Hands on Analysing Ethernet frames. Ethernet switches Connecting multiple devices, switches work at layer 2, Switches vs. hubs, simultaneous conversations, full duplex, MAC address database, how switches work, switch benefits, loops, STP. Console ports. Hands on Switches and WireShark, configuring switches, broadcast storms, STP. VLANS What are VLANs, why have VLANs. Hands on The effect of VLANs on network traffic. Wireless LANs Type of wireless network. WiFi, 802.11b/g/n/ac, WiFi6, antennae, interference, 802.11 frame format, CSMA/CA, half duplex, Wireless Access Points, security. Hands on Building a WiFi network. WANS WAN architecture, WAN types, service providers, access equipment, DTE, DCE, core equipment, WANs and the 7 layer model, choosing a WAN. WAN access Point to point, multi access, Internet, phone lines, leased lines, xDSL, broadband architecture. DOCSIS, FTTH, PON, SD-WAN. Older technologies (if required): Modems, ISDN, 64k, E1, TDM. Packet switched networks Packet switching, virtual circuits, Hub & spoke, partial & full mesh, MPLS, MPLS and routers, Why MPLS? MPLS -TE, MPLS VPN, Internet VPN. Older technologies (if required). Service provider technologies Transport plane, SDH, SONET, WDM, CWDM, DWDM, DWDM architectures, OTN. TCP/IP Definition, protocols, services, internetworking, the Internet, intranets, IAB, RFCs, IP header, IP addressing, subnet masks, IPv6, TCP, UDP. Hands on IP address and subnet mask configuration. Routers What are routers? Routers vs switches, when to route and when to switch, default gateways, routing tables, static routes, routing protocols. Firewalls, how firewalls work. Hands on Router configuration, tracert. Applications Clients, servers, web, HTTP, Email, resource sharing, IM, VoIP, Video over IP, terminal emulation, ftp, ssh. Hands on telnet

IP addressing and subnetting course description A course focusing purely on IP addressing and subnetting. The course assumes that delegates already have some knowledge of IP addressing. In particular delegates will be able to calculate subnet numbers in seconds without using binary. What will you learn Download and install Wireshark. Calculate subnet numbers in seconds Design IP addressing schemes. Troubleshoot IP address problems. Calculate CIDR prefixes in seconds IP addressing and subnetting course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with TCP/IP. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Duration 2 days IP addressing and subnetting course contents IP addressing review What is an IP address? What is a subnet? Classless IP addressing. The rules of IP addressing. Ways IP addresses are used: On hosts, in packets, in routing tables. Hands on Byte boundary subnetting. Configuring IP addresses Interfaces, Static vs. dynamic configuration. DHCP: Scopes, leases, relays, using multiple DHCP servers. Multihoming. Subnetting Default subnet masks, subnet notations. How to subnet without binary. VLSMs. Hands on Bit boundary subnetting. Address ranges and routing Routing tables, IP address spoofing, host specific routing, subnets in routing tables, supernets in routing tables. CIDR. Impact of choice of routing protocol. Hands on IP addressing plans. Allocations and assignments IAB, IANA, RIRs, RIPE, LIRs and ISPs. PI vs. PA addressing. Hands on Querying the RIPE database. Private addressing and NAT NAT, NAPT, NAT terms, private addresses, NAT operation, NAT architecture, NAT and security, why use NAT? NAT-ALG, Types of NAT, RSIP. Special use addresses Unicasts, broadcasts, multicasts, anycasts. Directed broadcasts. Allowing broadcasts through routers.