1919 Negotiation courses

About this Training A variety of factors such as prices for crude oil and natural gas, liability exposure, and relations with host countries, present an opportunity for investors looking to acquire assets without taking on elements of exploration and market risk. Conversely, operators want to ensure that they are in the best position to monetise the disposal of interests in their portfolios. The material in this course covers the range of considerations that occur in the sale and purchase of upstream oil and gas properties. They include structuring (asset sale, share transfer, merger, interest swaps, and farm-outs), process (tender, direct negotiation, due diligence, preliminary and final agreements, closing and post-closing adjustments) and how funding is structured (credit agreements and reserve base lending). Training Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: Plan and prepare for the sale or purchase of upstream oil and gas properties Select and structure the type of transaction best suit to the position of the Buyer and Seller Conduct and evaluate the commercial, operational, and legal aspects of due diligence Negotiate and document the terms and conditions contained in sale and purchase agreements for oil and gas properties Conduct post-closing adjustments in the sale and purchase of operating properties Assist in the negotiation of credit arrangements to fund the purchase of oil and gas properties Target Audience This course has been specifically designed for commercial, operating, legal and financial professionals involved in the sale and purchase of upstream oil and gas properties whose roles include: Conducting tenders for the sale of exploration and operating interests Performing due diligence reviews Negotiating preliminary and definitive agreements Arranging credit agreements and other types of funding Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your expert course leader is an international legal expert in petroleum law who is based in Scotland. He received the degrees of Juris Doctor from the University of Wyoming and LLM-Energy Law from the University of Utah. He has been listed in the Guide to the World's Leading Energy and Natural Resources Lawyers. In over 30 years of practice, he has been chief legal officer in petroleum companies, consultant to development banks and aid programmes, and law professor. His private sector experience included positions as General Counsel of the Petroleum Corporation of New Zealand and Chief Legal Officer for Sinclair Oil Corporation in the United States. He has been a consultant to the Asian Development Bank, The World Bank and the European Investment Bank on petroleum sector policy, gas sales agreements, and production sharing contracts. This has included assignments in Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Laos, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Vietnam. Your expert course leader has been an adviser and trainer on negotiations for various petroleum companies including BP, BG Group, Gazprom, KazMunayGas, Perushaan Gas Negera, Pertamina, PETRONAS, Philippine National Oil Corporation, Total, Shell and Statoil. He was appointed by Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as the lead negotiator on behalf of four West African governments for the West African Gas Pipeline Project. His academic credentials include an appointment as Distinguished Visiting Professor for Oil & Gas Law at the University of Wyoming. He is currently Honourary Professor for International Petroleum Law at the University of Dundee Centre for Energy, Petroleum & Mineral Law and Policy. At CEPMLP, he has been the Course Director and principal instructor for seminars on Petroleum Industry Negotiations, Petroleum Service Contracts, Gas Industry Contracts, and Downstream Petroleum Law. He is the course author of International Comparative Petroleum Law. His publications include A Framework for Negotiating and Documenting International Petroleum Transactions and A Framework for Negotiating and Managing Production Sharing Contracts and Related Agreements. His academic work has been published in the Land and Water Law Review, Tulsa Law Journal and Journal of Comparative and International Law. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

Level 1 & 5 Endorsed Diploma | QLS Hard Copy Certificate Included | Plus 5 CPD Courses | Lifetime Access

Global Project Management: Virtual In-House Training In this course, you will dig deeper-and differently-into project management processes, tools, and techniques, developing the ability to see them through the lens of global and cultural project impacts. In today's increasingly global environment, managing a project with customers and support organizations spread across multiple countries and continents is a major challenge. From identifying stakeholders and gathering requirements, to planning, controlling, and executing the project, the basic logistics of a global project present their own standard challenges. However, with additional cultural, language-based, and regional elements, global projects involve more complexities than teams often realize. There are unique communication needs, cultural awareness elements, varying customs and work expectations, and critical legal differences to consider. In this course, you will dig deeper-and differently-into project management processes, tools, and techniques, developing the ability to see them through the lens of global and cultural project impacts. This will leverage you to problem solve differently on global projects, prevent problems, and ensure success. The goal is for you to effectively navigate the challenges of leading projects with multi-regional footprints and globally diverse sets of stakeholders. What you Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Determine when a project meets the criteria of being a true global one Articulate global project needs based on the project grid and framework Identify and analyze global project stakeholders Recognize cultural differences and articulate how they impact project work Determine global project estimating, scheduling, and staffing challenges Assess global project risks and develop problem-solving responses Analyze complex cultural situations and align optimal project communication and negotiation tools and techniques Apply best practices for conducting virtual team work and mitigating virtual challenges Evaluate ways to control for global project scope, cost, and procurement Align customer management best practices with global customer needs Implement key global project closing activities Foundation Concepts What is a global project? What makes a global project different? A global project management framework Initiating the Global Project Launching a global project Respecting cultural differences Identifying and analyzing stakeholders Developing the communications plan Defining the ideal global project manager Crafting a global project charter Planning the Global Project Gathering requirements for a global project Defining the scope, region by region Estimating and scheduling for global projects Staffing the global project Developing the global risk management plan Executing the Global Project Managing global stakeholder expectations Embracing cultural diversity Honing global negotiation techniques Procuring goods and services on a global basis Managing global legal and regulatory issues at the micro and macro level Monitoring and Controlling the Global Project Status reporting Virtual communication Cost control Schedule control Scope control Customer satisfaction Closing the Global Project Contract closure at the macro and micro levels Administrative closure with global reach Lessons learned

OpenSSL for engineers training course description A hands on course covering OpenSSL. The course focusses on the use of OpenSSL from the command line as opposed to using its extensive libraries. Certificate authorities are configured along with key generation, HTTPS and a SSL VPN. What will you learn Describe OpenSSL. Use OpenSSL. Describe and implement: Explain how the various technologies involved in an OpenSSL work. OpenSSL for engineers training course details Who will benefit: Network personnel. Prerequisites: IP security foundation for engineers Duration 2 days OpenSSL for engineers training course contents What is OpenSSL? What is SSL? SSL versions, TLS, TLS negotiation, TLS authentication, What is OpenSSL, Command line tool, SSL library. OpenSSH, OpenVPN. Hands on TLS packet analysis. Getting started with OpenSSL Downloading, source code, packages, installing, versions, configuration, openssl command. Cipher suite selection. Hands on Encrypting a file with openssl. Public and private keys Algorithms, creating keys, public keys, private keys, encrypting the private key. Hands on Encrypting a file with keys. Digital signatures Creating signatures, checking validity of signatures, Self signing SSL certificates. Viewing certificates. Certificate files. Converting between formats. Hands on Securing a web server with HTTPS. Simple PKI with OpenSSL Root CA, signing CA, configuration files, Certificate signing requests. Email certificates, TLS server certificates. Hands on Implementing a simple PKI with OpenSSL.

This 2-day workshop is offered with an internal and external focus. Day 1 will focus on building your internal network and relationships by focusing on your personal network, your brand, influencing skills and perceptions. Day 2 focuses on your external relationships with suppliers, patient groups etc. This will focus on assertiveness, outcome rather than relationship focus, and influencing and negotiating skills. DAY ONE 1 Can you succeed by yourself? 2 Relationship awareness theory 3 The Strengths Deployment Inventory / Your FACET5 profile 4 Building rapport 5 Influencing power bases 6 Active listening 7 Building your personal internal network 8 Perceptions 9 Your brand DAY TWO 3 Preparing for conflict 2 The negotiation conversation 1 Your stakeholders and what they want from you 4 Influencing others 5 Your communication approaches for success 6 Emotional Intelligence 7 The trust model 8 Knowing your outcomes

Duration 3 Days 18 CPD hours This course is intended for The ITMLE Certification class is ideal for seasoned IT Managers and IT Directors (Managers of Managers). Overview Developed by an experienced CIO, and then vetted by a board of senior industry executives, ITMLE certifies that those who successfully complete the ITMLE Final Exam bring credible and validated industry knowledge to the organizations they serve appropriate to a senior-level IT executive. This three-day, fast-moving and highly interactive workshop contains topics specifically designed to prepare mid-level IT executives in large IT shops for higher levels of management responsibility and provide CIOs of smaller IT shops (about 40 people or less) with additional tools to help maximize their business impact. Knowledge, Roles, Methodology, and Change Thinking Like a CIO IT?s (and Your) Four Roles in the Organization Living in a Waterfall, Agile, Wagile World IT as an Agent of Change Process, Productivity, and Governance IT Strategic Planning and Thinking IT and Organizational Productivity IT and Data Governance Innovation, Staff Growth, and Negotiation Fostering IT Innovation Coaching, Mentoring, and Team Development IT Project and Vendor Negotiating

Give a compliment to your career and take it to the next level. This High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT bundle will provide you with the essential knowledge to shine in your professional career. Whether you want to develop skills for your next job or elevate your skills for your next promotion, this High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT bundle will help you stay ahead of the pack. Throughout the High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT programme, it stresses how to improve your competency as a person in your chosen field while also outlining essential career insights in the relevant job sector. Along with this High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT course, you will get 10 premium courses, an original hardcopy, 11 PDF certificates (Main Course + Additional Courses) Student ID card as gifts. This High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT Bundle Consists of the following Premium courses: Course 01: Sales and Marketing Skills Level 3 Course 02: Digital Marketing Course 03: Digital Marketing - Growth Hacking Techniques Course 04: Social Media Strategist Training Course 05: Disruptive Innovation for Business Course 06: Customer Relationship Management Course 07: Influencing and Negotiating Course 08: Project Management Course Course 09: Project Management Skills for Manager Course 10: Functional Skills IT Course 11: Time Management Enrol now in High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT to advance your career, and use the premium study materials from Apex Learning. Certificate: PDF Certificate: Free (Previously it was £6*11 = £66) Hard Copy Certificate: Free (For The Title Course: Previously it was £10) The bundle incorporates basic to advanced level skills to shed some light on your way and boost your career. Hence, you can strengthen your High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT expertise and essential knowledge, which will assist you in reaching your goal. Moreover, you can learn from any place in your own time without travelling for classes. Curriculum of Bundle Course 01: Sales and Marketing Skills Level 3 Module One - Getting Started Module Two - Understanding the Talk Module Three - Getting Prepared to Make the Call Module Four - Creative Openings Module Five - Making Your Pitch Module Six - Handling Objections Module Seven - Sealing the Deal Module Eight - Following Up Module Nine - Setting Goals Module Ten - Managing Your Data Module Eleven - Using a Prospect Board Module Twelve - Wrapping Up Course 02: Digital Marketing Section 1: Introduction Section 2: How to Apply the Internet Marketing Process Section 3: The Internet Marketing Strategies That Will Increase Your Sales Section 4: Creating an Internet Marketing Strategy for Your Business Section 5: Structuring and Auditing of Website Course 03: Digital Marketing - Growth Hacking Techniques Module 01: Fundamentals of Digital Marketing Module 02: Growth Hacking Module 03: Customer Journey Module 04: Content Marketing Module 05: SEO Module 06: E-Mail Marketing Module 07: Facebook Marketing Module 08: Instagram Marketing Module 09: Twitter Marketing Module 10: Youtube Marketing Module 11: Mobile Marketing Course 04: Social Media Strategist Training The Rise of Social Media Conducting Market Analysis Auditing Social Media Setting Goals and Selecting Platforms Creating the Social Media Policy Integrating Marketing Strategies Developing Effective Content Understanding the Popular Platforms Launching Successful Campaigns Managing the Community Providing Customer Service Measuring, Analyzing and Reporting The Social Media Strategist Career Course 05: Disruptive Innovation for Business Module 01: Introduction Disruptive Innovations for Business Module 02: The Three Key Difficulties Module 03: Six Insight on How to grow Disruptive Innovations next to core Course 06: Customer Relationship Management Module 01: Introduction to Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Module 02: CRM Fundamentals Module 03: CRM Strategies CRM Strategies Module 04: Data Analysis in CRM Module 05: CRM Databases Module 06: Deepening Customer Relationship Module 07: Handling Customer Complaints Module 08: Future of CRM Course 07: Influencing and Negotiating Unit 01: Influencing Influencing Influencing is about helping others understand Your Personality affects how you influence others Influence by Listening Exercise: Your Influencing Inventory Unit 02: Negotiating What is Negotiation? The Drivers of Success in Negotiation Information and Power in Negotiation Exercise: Prepare to Negotiate Successful Negotiation The Importance of Rapport Questions in Negotiation Reducing Stress in Negotiation Exercise: Examine your Trust Profile Bringing the Negotiation to a Close Dealing with Deadlock Negotiating Online Specific Negotiation Scenarios More Negotiation Scenarios The Negotiator's Toolkit Course 08: Project Management Course Module 01: Introduction to Project Management Module 02: PMBOK and PMI Module 03: Global Project Management Module 04: Project Life Cycle Module 05: Time Management Module 06: Quality Management Module 07: Effective Planning & Scheduling Module 08: Human Resource Management Module 09: Performance Management Module 10: Talent Management Module 11: Organising Meeting and Conferences Module 12: Managing Resources Module 13: Change Management Module 14: Business Resilience and Crisis Management Module 15: Conflict Management Module 16: Stress Management Module 17: Communication Skills Module 18: Procurement & Purchasing Management Module 19: Risk Management Course 09: Project Management Skills for Manager Project Management Fundamentals: Know the Principles and Get it Right Project Definition Stage: The Vital Foundation to Your Success Project Planning Stage: Failing to Plan = Planning to Fail Project Delivery Stage: Don't you Love it When a Plan Comes Together! Project Closure Stage: Deep Sigh - You're Nearly Done Course 10: Functional Skills IT Section 1: Introduction Section 2: Information Technology Section 3: Components of IT Section 4: Hardware Section 5: Operating System Section 6: Application/Software Section 7: Networking Section 8: Security Section 9: Traffic Flow & Enterprise Level IT Components Section 10: Storage Section 11: Database Section 12: Virtualisation & Cloud Section 13: Management & Other IT Jobs Course 11: Time Management Identifying Goals Effective Energy Distribution Working with Your Personal Style Building Your Toolbox Establishing Your Action Plan CPD 120 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Anyone from any background can enrol in this High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT bundle. Requirements This High-income Skill Training including Sales, Digital Marketing, Project Management & IT course has been designed to be fully compatible with tablets and smartphones. Career path Having this expertise will increase the value of your CV and open you up to multiple job sectors. Certificates Certificate of completion Digital certificate - Included Certificate of completion Hard copy certificate - Included P.S. The delivery charge inside the UK is £3.99, and the international students have to pay £9.99.

Imagine stepping into a world where you hold the keys to success in the housing and property industry. The Housing Management, Property Legislation, Land Management with Property Marketing bundle is your passport to unlocking a world of opportunities. This carefully curated bundle offers a comprehensive range of courses designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in the dynamic property market. In today's competitive landscape, it is crucial for individuals in the UK to stay ahead of the curve in the housing and property sector. With the demand for housing continuously on the rise, learning about property management, legislation, and marketing is essential. By enrolling in this bundle, you will gain an in-depth understanding of property management processes, the legal aspects of property transactions, and effective marketing strategies that will set you apart from the competition. Don't miss out on this opportunity to excel in the housing and property industry. Enrol in the Housing Management, Property Legislation, Land Management with Property Marketing bundle today and unlock the doors to a prosperous future in this thriving sector. Your journey to success begins now. This Housing Management, Property Legislation, Land Management with Property Marketing Bundle Consists of the following Premium courses: Course 01: Property Management Course 02: Real Estate Agents | Online Course Course 03: Residential Property Sales Course 04: Property Law and Legislation Course 05: Conveyancing- Online Diploma Course Course 06: Property Developer Level 3 Course 07: Social Housing and Tenant Management Level 2 Course 08: Understanding Wills and Probate Laws - Level 2 Course 09: Property Marketing Course 10: Mortgage Adviser Course Course 11: Contract Manager Diploma Course 12: Construction Industry Scheme (CIS) Course 13: Document Control Course 14: Land Surveying Course 15: Land Management Course 16: Sales Course 17: Property Negotiation Diploma Course 18: Financial Analysis Course 19: Construction Cost Estimation Diploma Course 20: Customer Service Management Learning Outcomes: Develop a comprehensive understanding of property management processes and the role of a property manager. Understand property legislation and the legal aspects of property transactions, including conveyancing. Gain knowledge of effective marketing strategies for residential property sales. Learn about social housing management and tenant management. Understand the construction industry scheme (CIS) and its application in the property industry. Develop negotiation skills for successful property transactions. The Housing Management, Property Legislation, Land Management with Property Marketing bundle is a comprehensive education that covers a wide range of topics in the housing and property industry. The courses in this bundle provide theoretical expertise in property management processes, property legislation, and the legal aspects of property transactions. You will also learn about effective marketing strategies for residential property sales and social housing management. In addition, the construction industry scheme (CIS) course will provide insight into how the scheme is applied in the property industry. This bundle also includes a Property Negotiation Diploma course, where you will develop the skills needed for successful property transactions. You will learn about the psychology of negotiation, how to prepare for a negotiation, and how to close a deal successfully. By the end of this bundle, you will have a comprehensive understanding of the housing and property industry and be equipped with the skills to succeed in this competitive field. Course Curriculum: Property Management Module 1 - Introduction to Property Management Module 2 - The Role and Responsibilities of a Property Manager Module 3 - Listing Properties and Marketing Module 4 - The Letting Process and Tenancy Agreement Module 5 - The Property Management Process Module 6 - Keeping Tenants Long Term Module 7 - Regulations of Property Management Module 8 - Changes in the UK Property Market: An Opportunity CPD 200 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Aspiring property managers seeking to develop expertise in the field. Real estate agents looking to expand their knowledge of the property industry. Individuals interested in the legal aspects of property transactions. Entrepreneurs looking to start a successful property management business. Anyone interested in social housing management and the construction industry scheme (CIS). Requirements This Housing Management, Property Legislation, Land Management with Property Marketing course has been designed to be fully compatible with tablets and smartphones. Career path Property Manager: £20,000 - £45,000 per year Real Estate Agent: £18,000 - £50,000 per year Conveyancer: £20,000 - £45,000 per year Property Developer: £25,000 - £70,000 per year Social Housing Manager: £30,000 - £50,000 per year Certificates Certificate of completion Digital certificate - Included Certificate of completion Hard copy certificate - £10 You will get the Hard Copy certificate for the title course Property Management absolutely Free! Other Hard Copy certificates are available for £10 each. Please Note: The delivery charge inside the UK is £3.99, and the international students must pay a £9.99 shipping cost.

This workshop will help you improve the impact, clarity, accuracy and effectiveness of your sales proposals. It takes bid and proposal teams right through the process, from start to finish - from forming the team and gathering the information, through to writing and reviewing the proposal document, and on to presenting it to the client. The learning points shared in the programme come from the trainer's extensive real-world experience with a wide variety of businesses. As a result of attending this programme, participants will be able to: Write more clearly, more grammatically and more persuasively Structure their written communications more effectively Avoid the 'howlers' that can cost you business Impress your clients Win more business 1 Bid strategy How to combine your knowledge of the market or customer, your products and services, and your competitors, to create a quality bid New insights into your comparative advantages and competitive position in the marketplace Understanding more about how your client views you and other suppliers A plan of attack to build on your strengths and attack the weaknesses of your competition Dealing with RFP/ITT situations 2 Teamwork How a bid or proposal team needs to prioritise and manage preparation time Co-ordinating input from team members Agreeing responsibilities 3 The importance and role of a well-written sales proposal Why bother? - the value of the sales proposal to you and to the customer What the customer wants and needs to make a decision in your favour Understanding and delivering on customer expectations Review and discussion of different proposals - with real-life examples 4 The best way to structure your sales proposals A section-by-section, page-by-page review of best practice in structuring great sales proposals How to improve the way you match your proposal to the customer's objectives and requirements Plan your sales documents systematically - to make them easy to read and more persuasive How to make your proposal look like the 'least risky' option 5 Making your proposal a compelling and persuasive proposition Choosing the right words that sell effectively Selecting the right content and information for your document or proposal Using an option matrix to summarise complex choices and increase final order value How to write an executive summary 6 Well-written and error-free Developing your writing style for maximum impact Expressing the content (ie, selling points) clearly, concisely and correctly Proof-reading and editing work effectively, using formal marks and techniques Improving visual layout, format and appearance Keeping it customer-focused 7 Presenting to the client - overview Presentation options Understanding the client's objectives - as well as your own The proposal review meeting - logistics Managing to the next step Designing and delivering a compelling presentation Isolating objections and concerns Follow-up and follow-through 8 Positioning your final proposal Finalising your bid - presenting the right 'best few' USPs, features and benefits and making them relevant and real to the customer Smart ways to position price and be a strong player - without being the cheapest How to differentiate yourselves by how you present, as well as what you present How to design and deliver a successful bid presentation 9 Bid presentation practice session with structured feedback Participants work in small groups or pairs to prepare and later present a sample section from a real life bid or proposal presentation The trainer will provide assistance and input During group review and discussions, input from others will be encouraged and many best practice ideas summarised 10 Managing the end game How best to draw-out, understand, isolate and answer customer objections, negotiate points and concerns How to read the situation to plan the next step Identifying negotiation tactics - and how to deal with them Planning for a negotiation and how to get the customer feel they have the 'best deal' 11 Workshop summary and close

Ethernet LANS training course description This course has been replaced as part of our continuous curriculum development. Please see our Definitive Ethernet switching course What will you learn Describe what Ethernet is and how it works. Install Ethernet networks Troubleshoot Ethernet networks Analyse Ethernet packets Design Ethernet networks Recognise the uses of Hubs, Bridges, switches and routers. Ethernet LANS training course details Who will benefit: Those wishing to find out more about how their LAN works. Prerequisites: Intro to Data comms & networking. Duration 3 days Ethernet LANS training course contents What is Ethernet? LANS, What is Ethernet?, history, standards, the OSI reference model, how Ethernet works, CSMA/CD. Ethernet Cabling UTP, cat 3,4,5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 7, fibre optic cable, MMF, SMF. Hands on Making a cable. 802.3 physical specifications Distance limitations, hubs and repeaters, 5-4-3-2-1 rule, 10BaseT, 10BaseF, 100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, 1000BaseSX, 1000BaseT, 10gbe. Hands on Working with hubs. Ethernet layer 2 Overview, NICS, device drivers, MAC addresses, broadcasts, multicasts, frame formats, Ether II, 802.3, 802.2, SNAP, compatibility, Ethernet type numbers, Ethernet multicast addresses, Ethernet vendor codes. Hands on Installing Ethernet components, analysing MAC headers. IP and Ethernet ARP Hands on Analysing ARP packets. Ethernet extensions Full/half duplex, auto negotiation, flow control methods, 802.3ad, 802.3af, 802.3ah. Hands on Configuration of full/half duplex. Ethernet speed enhancements Encoding, Carrier extension, packet bursting, jumbo frames. Prioritisation 802.1P, 802.1Q, TOS, WRR, QOS, VLANs. Hands on 802.1p testing Interconnecting LANS Broadcast domains, Collision domains, What are bridges, transparent bridging, What are switches? STP, VLANS, What are routers? Layer 3 switches, Connecting Ethernet to the WAN. Hands on STP, Analysing Ethernet frames in a routed architecture. Troubleshooting and maintaining Ethernet Utilisation, performance, TDR and other testers, bottlenecks, statistics, RMON. Hands on Monitoring performance, troubleshooting tools.