Adobe Authorised Training. Live online course with study materials and certificate of completion included Our beginners Adobe Illustrator course provides effective training in the use of Illustrator's tools to create stunning illustrations and type effects. From our London studios you will learn to design logos and printable documents, work with colours, gradients, layers, fonts, and photos to create eye-catching illustrations and text effects. Resources Introduction to Adobe Illustrator Course Information Description Completing this course will enable you to do the following and more: Understand the concepts of non-destructive image editing Understand differences between image file types Re-size, crop and export images Create special effects using filters Confidently work with multiple Photoshop layers Perform substantial image corrections and enhancements Format and optimise images for web & social media use Add text to your images Produce banner ads for web advertising For the full course content please download the course information pdf listed above. Who is this course for? This workshop is suitable for anyone looking to learn Illustrator from scratch or wanting to improve their existing knowledge of the program. Career path Attendees should have basic PC or Mac skills. You will need a broadband internet connection to participate in this live online course. Certificates Certificate of completion Digital certificate - Included
Duration 2 Days 12 CPD hours This course is intended for Audience: Data Scientists, Software Developers, IT Architects, and Technical Managers. Participants should have the general knowledge of statistics and programming Also familiar with Python Overview ? NumPy, pandas, Matplotlib, scikit-learn ? Python REPLs ? Jupyter Notebooks ? Data analytics life-cycle phases ? Data repairing and normalizing ? Data aggregation and grouping ? Data visualization ? Data science algorithms for supervised and unsupervised machine learning Covers theoretical and technical aspects of using Python in Applied Data Science projects and Data Logistics use cases. Python for Data Science ? Using Modules ? Listing Methods in a Module ? Creating Your Own Modules ? List Comprehension ? Dictionary Comprehension ? String Comprehension ? Python 2 vs Python 3 ? Sets (Python 3+) ? Python Idioms ? Python Data Science ?Ecosystem? ? NumPy ? NumPy Arrays ? NumPy Idioms ? pandas ? Data Wrangling with pandas' DataFrame ? SciPy ? Scikit-learn ? SciPy or scikit-learn? ? Matplotlib ? Python vs R ? Python on Apache Spark ? Python Dev Tools and REPLs ? Anaconda ? IPython ? Visual Studio Code ? Jupyter ? Jupyter Basic Commands ? Summary Applied Data Science ? What is Data Science? ? Data Science Ecosystem ? Data Mining vs. Data Science ? Business Analytics vs. Data Science ? Data Science, Machine Learning, AI? ? Who is a Data Scientist? ? Data Science Skill Sets Venn Diagram ? Data Scientists at Work ? Examples of Data Science Projects ? An Example of a Data Product ? Applied Data Science at Google ? Data Science Gotchas ? Summary Data Analytics Life-cycle Phases ? Big Data Analytics Pipeline ? Data Discovery Phase ? Data Harvesting Phase ? Data Priming Phase ? Data Logistics and Data Governance ? Exploratory Data Analysis ? Model Planning Phase ? Model Building Phase ? Communicating the Results ? Production Roll-out ? Summary Repairing and Normalizing Data ? Repairing and Normalizing Data ? Dealing with the Missing Data ? Sample Data Set ? Getting Info on Null Data ? Dropping a Column ? Interpolating Missing Data in pandas ? Replacing the Missing Values with the Mean Value ? Scaling (Normalizing) the Data ? Data Preprocessing with scikit-learn ? Scaling with the scale() Function ? The MinMaxScaler Object ? Summary Descriptive Statistics Computing Features in Python ? Descriptive Statistics ? Non-uniformity of a Probability Distribution ? Using NumPy for Calculating Descriptive Statistics Measures ? Finding Min and Max in NumPy ? Using pandas for Calculating Descriptive Statistics Measures ? Correlation ? Regression and Correlation ? Covariance ? Getting Pairwise Correlation and Covariance Measures ? Finding Min and Max in pandas DataFrame ? Summary Data Aggregation and Grouping ? Data Aggregation and Grouping ? Sample Data Set ? The pandas.core.groupby.SeriesGroupBy Object ? Grouping by Two or More Columns ? Emulating the SQL's WHERE Clause ? The Pivot Tables ? Cross-Tabulation ? Summary Data Visualization with matplotlib ? Data Visualization ? What is matplotlib? ? Getting Started with matplotlib ? The Plotting Window ? The Figure Options ? The matplotlib.pyplot.plot() Function ? The matplotlib.pyplot.bar() Function ? The matplotlib.pyplot.pie () Function ? Subplots ? Using the matplotlib.gridspec.GridSpec Object ? The matplotlib.pyplot.subplot() Function ? Hands-on Exercise ? Figures ? Saving Figures to File ? Visualization with pandas ? Working with matplotlib in Jupyter Notebooks ? Summary Data Science and ML Algorithms in scikit-learn ? Data Science, Machine Learning, AI? ? Types of Machine Learning ? Terminology: Features and Observations ? Continuous and Categorical Features (Variables) ? Terminology: Axis ? The scikit-learn Package ? scikit-learn Estimators ? Models, Estimators, and Predictors ? Common Distance Metrics ? The Euclidean Metric ? The LIBSVM format ? Scaling of the Features ? The Curse of Dimensionality ? Supervised vs Unsupervised Machine Learning ? Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms ? Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithms ? Choose the Right Algorithm ? Life-cycles of Machine Learning Development ? Data Split for Training and Test Data Sets ? Data Splitting in scikit-learn ? Hands-on Exercise ? Classification Examples ? Classifying with k-Nearest Neighbors (SL) ? k-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm ? k-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm ? The Error Rate ? Hands-on Exercise ? Dimensionality Reduction ? The Advantages of Dimensionality Reduction ? Principal component analysis (PCA) ? Hands-on Exercise ? Data Blending ? Decision Trees (SL) ? Decision Tree Terminology ? Decision Tree Classification in Context of Information Theory ? Information Entropy Defined ? The Shannon Entropy Formula ? The Simplified Decision Tree Algorithm ? Using Decision Trees ? Random Forests ? SVM ? Naive Bayes Classifier (SL) ? Naive Bayesian Probabilistic Model in a Nutshell ? Bayes Formula ? Classification of Documents with Naive Bayes ? Unsupervised Learning Type: Clustering ? Clustering Examples ? k-Means Clustering (UL) ? k-Means Clustering in a Nutshell ? k-Means Characteristics ? Regression Analysis ? Simple Linear Regression Model ? Linear vs Non-Linear Regression ? Linear Regression Illustration ? Major Underlying Assumptions for Regression Analysis ? Least-Squares Method (LSM) ? Locally Weighted Linear Regression ? Regression Models in Excel ? Multiple Regression Analysis ? Logistic Regression ? Regression vs Classification ? Time-Series Analysis ? Decomposing Time-Series ? Summary Lab Exercises Lab 1 - Learning the Lab Environment Lab 2 - Using Jupyter Notebook Lab 3 - Repairing and Normalizing Data Lab 4 - Computing Descriptive Statistics Lab 5 - Data Grouping and Aggregation Lab 6 - Data Visualization with matplotlib Lab 7 - Data Splitting Lab 8 - k-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm Lab 9 - The k-means Algorithm Lab 10 - The Random Forest Algorithm
Adobe authorised live online course with study materials and certificate of completion included During this 1 day intermediate level Adobe Illustrator course you will learn how to use Illustrator's tools to create stunning illustrations and type effects. Building on our Introduction to Illustrator (or your exisiting basic knowledge) you will learn how to work with colours, create printable documents, use gradients, layers, fonts, text effects, work with page and product design along with many other more advanced features. Description Professional Drawing with Illustrator Scale and Resizing Use Guides and Rulers Work with Colours in Illustrator Work with Clipping Masks Use Text copy and Typography in Illustrator Modify Objects Import and work with Textures Work with Opacity Work with 3D Elements Output your Artwork Bring a Fluorescent Transparency to Life Create Layouts for Product Placement and Packaging Save for Web & Devices For the full course content please download the course information pdf listed above. Who is this course for? This is a great course for existing Adobe Illustrator users who want to learn how to make use of more of the applications powerful features and improve their workflow. Requirements Attendees should have a basic knowledge of Illustrator. You will need a broadband internet connection to participate in this live online course. Certificates Certificate of completion Digital certificate - Included
This comprehensive force empowers you to create stunning visual effects and motion graphics with Adobe After Effects CC. From mastering keyframe animation to understanding advanced techniques you will bring your ideas to life with captivating animations and seamless transitions. This Course At A Glance Accredited by CPD UK Endorsed by Quality Licence Scheme Learn how to replace a phone or Laptop screen Understand 3D screen capture Know social media poster animation Learn how to create a text box and align Understand the anchor point and scaling Know how to animate the text box Learn the grand reveal Understand how to fit the text in the box Discover the interface and keyword shortcuts Learn how to do animating illustration in after effects CC Know how to start up with speed control Understand animating shapes and type layers Learn how to create and publish your videos on social media After Effects CC Complete Course - Set Anything In Motion Overview This comprehensive course is beneficial for those who want to know how to set the project file, add and scale the background, add text, animate and understand music settings. You will have a broad understanding of viral style texting, such as creating a text box and aligning, knowing the anchor point and scaling, and steps to animate the text box. This online course will teach you the grand reveal, camera action, screen capture, and social media poster animation. By the end of the course, you will have a solid understanding of the aftereffects fundamentals to create an Instagram story, screen capture software, and social media poster animation. Who should take this course? This aftereffect cc complete course is suitable for those who wish to learn compositing, visual effects and motion graphics. It is ideal for those who want to enhance their skills and learn techniques to improve videos. Entry Requirement There are no academic entry requirements for this after effects CC complete course - set anything in motion course, and it is open to students of all academic backgrounds. However, you are required to have a laptop/desktop/tablet or smartphone and a good internet connection. Assessment Method This after effects CC complete course - set anything in motion assesses learners through multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Upon successful completion of the modules, learners must answer MCQs to complete the assessment procedure. Through the MCQs, it is measured how much a learner could grasp from each section. In the assessment pass mark is 60%. Course Curriculum After Effect Basics Create an Instagram Story Introduction Set Up Our Project File Add and Scale Our Background Add Our Text Animate Music, Render and Congratulations! Viral Style Text Training Create a Text Box and Align The Anchor Point and Scaling Animating the Text Box Fit the Text in the Box The Grand Reveal Render and Congratulations! Screen Capture and Camera Action Screen Capture Software Replace a Phone or Laptop Screen 3D Screen Capture Web Browser Project Social Media Poster Animation Intro The Master Plan Time to Design Time to Design Animate Your Image Let's Talk About Text, Baby Shake That Button Texture, Render, Congratulations! Supplementary Resources Supplementary Resources - After Effects CC Complete Course - Set Anything in Motion Assessment Assessment - After Effects CC Complete Course - Set Anything in Motion Order Your Certificate Now Order Your Certificate of Achievement Get Your Insurance Now Get Your Insurance Now Feedback Feedback Recognised Accreditation CPD Certification Service This course is accredited by continuing professional development (CPD). CPD UK is globally recognised by employers, professional organisations, and academic institutions, thus a certificate from CPD Certification Service creates value towards your professional goal and achievement. CPD certificates are accepted by thousands of professional bodies and government regulators here in the UK and around the world. Many organisations look for employees with CPD requirements, which means, that by doing this course, you would be a potential candidate in your respective field. Quality Licence Scheme Endorsed The Quality Licence Scheme is a brand of the Skills and Education Group, a leading national awarding organisation for providing high-quality vocational qualifications across a wide range of industries. It will give you a competitive advantage in your career, making you stand out from all other applicants and employees. Certificate of Achievement Endorsed Certificate from Quality Licence Scheme After successfully passing the MCQ exam you will be eligible to order the Endorsed Certificate by Quality Licence Scheme. The Quality Licence Scheme is a brand of the Skills and Education Group, a leading national awarding organisation for providing high-quality vocational qualifications across a wide range of industries. It will give you a competitive advantage in your career, making you stand out from all other applicants and employees. There is a Quality Licence Scheme endorsement fee to obtain an endorsed certificate which is £65. Certificate of Achievement from Lead Academy After successfully passing the MCQ exam you will be eligible to order your certificate of achievement as proof of your new skill. The certificate of achievement is an official credential that confirms that you successfully finished a course with Lead Academy. Certificate can be obtained in PDF version at a cost of £12, and there is an additional fee to obtain a printed copy certificate which is £35. FAQs Is CPD a recognised qualification in the UK? CPD is globally recognised by employers, professional organisations and academic intuitions, thus a certificate from CPD Certification Service creates value towards your professional goal and achievement. CPD-certified certificates are accepted by thousands of professional bodies and government regulators here in the UK and around the world. Are QLS courses recognised? Although QLS courses are not subject to Ofqual regulation, they must adhere to an extremely high level that is set and regulated independently across the globe. A course that has been approved by the Quality Licence Scheme simply indicates that it has been examined and evaluated in terms of quality and fulfils the predetermined quality standards. When will I receive my certificate? For CPD accredited PDF certificate it will take 24 hours, however for the hardcopy CPD certificate takes 5-7 business days and for the Quality License Scheme certificate it will take 7-9 business days. Can I pay by invoice? Yes, you can pay via Invoice or Purchase Order, please contact us at info@lead-academy.org for invoice payment. Can I pay via instalment? Yes, you can pay via instalments at checkout. How to take online classes from home? Our platform provides easy and comfortable access for all learners; all you need is a stable internet connection and a device such as a laptop, desktop PC, tablet, or mobile phone. The learning site is accessible 24/7, allowing you to take the course at your own pace while relaxing in the privacy of your home or workplace. Does age matter in online learning? No, there is no age limit for online learning. Online learning is accessible to people of all ages and requires no age-specific criteria to pursue a course of interest. As opposed to degrees pursued at university, online courses are designed to break the barriers of age limitation that aim to limit the learner's ability to learn new things, diversify their skills, and expand their horizons. When I will get the login details for my course? After successfully purchasing the course, you will receive an email within 24 hours with the login details of your course. Kindly check your inbox, junk or spam folder, or you can contact our client success team via info@lead-academy.org
To drive actions and get decisions made, you need to be able to present effectively to customers, clients, senior managers or colleagues. The perfect presentation is a potent combination of content, design and delivery You need to distill down complex concepts, large data sets, intricate processes and innovative ideas. You need to make the right design choices to ensure your slide decks communicate quickly (as well as looking great). And you need the confidence and storytelling techniques to lead your audience through the content. This course is for anyone who regularly needs to create and deliver presentations for different stakeholders. It will cover how to plan, design and deliver brilliant presentations. Sample learning content Session 1: Planning a presentation Assessing the needs and level of understanding of your audience. Frameworks for building a logical and compelling narrative. Emphasising key messages, while allowing for deep dives and questions. Session 2: Presenting data and processes Understand graphical perception and how people absorb visual information. Effective charts for different types of data stories. How to display processes, timelines and organisational structures. Session 3: Design tricks Using colours to add emphasis and meaning. Creating hierarchies of information to help your audience. Building templates and style guides. Session 4: Delivery techniques Perfecting your performance in-person or online. Dealing with difficult questions and hostile audiences. Refining the beginning, middle and end of your narrative. Delivery We deliver our courses over Zoom, to maximise flexibility. The training can be delivered in a single day, or across multiple sessions. All of our courses are live and interactive – every session includes a mix of formal tuition and hands-on exercises. To ensure this is possible, the number of attendees is capped at 16 people. Tutor Alan Rutter is the founder of Fire Plus Algebra. He is a specialist in communicating complex subjects through data visualisation, writing and design. He teaches for General Assembly and runs in-house training for public sector clients including the Home Office, the Department of Transport, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Health Foundation, and numerous local government and emergency services teams. He previously worked with Guardian Masterclasses on curating and delivering new course strands, including developing and teaching their B2B data visualisation courses. He oversaw the iPad edition launches of Wired, GQ, Vanity Fair and Vogue in the UK, and has worked with Condé Nast International as product owner on a bespoke digital asset management system for their 11 global markets. Testimonial "We’ve now worked with Alan for almost 3 years, and during that time he has continued to deliver the highest quality training for our clients and delegates. Alan’s passionate delivery style has continued to deliver innovative training solutions to over 1500 delegates across the public, private and voluntary sector. Each of our courses with him has always delivered exceptional feedback and satisfaction levels." Joe Barlow | Head of Programme, Understanding ModernGov
Highlights of the Course Course Type: Online Learning Duration: 1 to 2 hours Tutor Support: Tutor support is included Customer Support: 24/7 customer support is available Quality Training: The course is designed by an industry expert Recognised Credential: Recognised and Valuable Certification Completion Certificate: Free Course Completion Certificate Included Instalment: 3 Installment Plan on checkout What you will learn from this course? Gain comprehensive knowledge about digital advertising and marketing Understand the core competencies and principles of digital advertising and marketing Explore the various areas of digital advertising and marketing Know how to apply the skills you acquired from this course in a real-life context Become a confident and expert digital marketer Digital Advertising and Marketing 101: The Complete Guide Course Master the skills you need to propel your career forward in digital advertising and marketing. This course will equip you with the essential knowledge and skillset that will make you a confident digital marketer and take your career to the next level. This comprehensive digital advertising and marketing course is designed to help you surpass your professional goals. The skills and knowledge that you will gain through studying this digital advertising and marketing course will help you get one step closer to your professional aspirations and develop your skills for a rewarding career. This comprehensive course will teach you the theory of effective digital advertising and marketing practice and equip you with the essential skills, confidence and competence to assist you in the digital advertising and marketing industry. You'll gain a solid understanding of the core competencies required to drive a successful career in digital advertising and marketing. This course is designed by industry experts, so you'll gain knowledge and skills based on the latest expertise and best practices. This extensive course is designed for digital marketer or for people who are aspiring to specialise in digital advertising and marketing. Enrol in this digital advertising and marketing course today and take the next step towards your personal and professional goals. Earn industry-recognised credentials to demonstrate your new skills and add extra value to your CV that will help you outshine other candidates. Who is this Course for? This comprehensive digital advertising and marketing course is ideal for anyone wishing to boost their career profile or advance their career in this field by gaining a thorough understanding of the subject. Anyone willing to gain extensive knowledge on this digital advertising and marketing can also take this course. Whether you are a complete beginner or an aspiring professional, this course will provide you with the necessary skills and professional competence, and open your doors to a wide number of professions within your chosen sector. Entry Requirements This digital advertising and marketing course has no academic prerequisites and is open to students from all academic disciplines. You will, however, need a laptop, desktop, tablet, or smartphone, as well as a reliable internet connection. Assessment This digital advertising and marketing course assesses learners through multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Upon successful completion of the modules, learners must answer MCQs to complete the assessment procedure. Through the MCQs, it is measured how much a learner could grasp from each section. In the assessment pass mark is 60%. Why you should train with Study Plex? At Study Plex, you will have the chance to build social, technical and personal skills through a combination of extensive subjects tailored according to your interest. Along with receiving comprehensive knowledge and transferable skills, there are even more reasons o be involved with us, which include: Incredible Customer Support: We offer active customer service in the form of live chat, which you can access 24/7 Expert Tutor Support: You'll have access to our devoted and dedicated tutor support with all of our courses whenever you need it. Price Justified by Quality: We ensure that you will have the best experience possible for the price you are paying for the course. Money-back Guarantee: We provide a money-back guarantee if you are not satisfied with the course's quality. There is a 14-day time limit on this option (according to the terms and conditions). Instalment Facility: If your course costs more than £50, you can pay in three instalments using the instalment option. Satisfaction Guarantee: Our courses are designed to meet your demands and expectations by all means. Recognised Accreditation This course is accredited by continuing professional development (CPD). CPD UK is globally recognised by employers, professional organisations, and academic institutions, thus a certificate from CPD Certification Service creates value towards your professional goal and achievement. The Quality Licence Scheme is a brand of the Skills and Education Group, a leading national awarding organisation for providing high-quality vocational qualifications across a wide range of industries. What is CPD? Employers, professional organisations, and academic institutions all recognise CPD, therefore a credential from CPD Certification Service adds value to your professional goals and achievements. Benefits of CPD Improve your employment prospects Boost your job satisfaction Promotes career advancement Enhances your CV Provides you with a competitive edge in the job market Demonstrate your dedication Showcases your professional capabilities What is IPHM? The IPHM is an Accreditation Board that provides Training Providers with international and global accreditation. The Practitioners of Holistic Medicine (IPHM) accreditation is a guarantee of quality and skill. Benefits of IPHM It will help you establish a positive reputation in your chosen field You can join a network and community of successful therapists that are dedicated to providing excellent care to their client You can flaunt this accreditation in your CV It is a worldwide recognised accreditation What is Quality Licence Scheme? This course is endorsed by the Quality Licence Scheme for its high-quality, non-regulated provision and training programmes. The Quality Licence Scheme is a brand of the Skills and Education Group, a leading national awarding organisation for providing high-quality vocational qualifications across a wide range of industries. Benefits of Quality License Scheme Certificate is valuable Provides a competitive edge in your career It will make your CV stand out Course Curriculum Introduction Welcome to the Course 00:03:00 Introduction to Digital Ads Introduction Part 1 - The IAB, Banner Ads, Video Ads and Rich Media 00:11:00 Introduction Part 2 - Custom, Skins, Social Media, Audio Ads, And Search 00:09:00 The Digital Advertising Ecosystem Digital Ecosystem Part 1 - Publisher direct, exchanges, networks, DSPs & ATDs 00:11:00 How DSPs, SSPs, Exchanges, Networks, and publishers all work together 00:07:00 Buying The Ads Buying Digital Ads - How to buy digital ads, price ranges, process and more 00:12:00 Ad Targeting Ad Targeting - Contextual, behavioral, demographic, geographic & more 00:08:00 Ad Serving What is an ad server. DoubleClick, DFP, DFA, third party ad servers, etc. 00:03:00 Illustration of how ad serves work 00:03:00 Reporting Digital Advertising Reporting Overview - Impressions, Clicks, CTR, CPC, & more 00:03:00 Course Review Final course review and Thank You. 00:04:00 Obtain Your Certificate Order Your Certificate of Achievement 00:00:00 Get Your Insurance Now Get Your Insurance Now 00:00:00 Feedback Feedback 00:00:00
This is a beginners level course and will take you through the basics of Graphic Design. This is a great way to start if you have no prior knowledge of graphic design and want to start at the beginning.
This course is designed for beginners and covers a wide range of topics including syntax, data structures, modules, and advanced techniques such as testing and memory allocations. It also includes real-life problem-solving exercises to ensure hands-on learning. Gain efficient programming skills and be proficient in Rust with this course.
Introduction to Design Thinking: In-House Training Innovation is the cornerstone of highly successful companies, especially those that continue to be successful over the years and decades. Design thinking practices fuel this continual innovation, as they are the critical links from inspiration to delivery, concept to showroom floor, and start-up to global business. Design thinking is a structured approach to promoting innovation and creative problem-solving. It is not a new approach. It has been around for centuries, as the art, architecture, and inventions of mankind illustrate. By examining the steps to achieving great design and maximum utility of product, design thinking approaches provide a framework in which to develop new solutions to problems and new products to sell. This highly interactive course is designed to help participants think like designers to generate innovation, and to help teams to produce more innovation and creativity. Since design thinking is based on doing rather than thinking, we participants are challenged to apply the techniques, in the classroom, to create new ideas and solutions to a case study project. What you will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Explain the underlying principles and value of using Design Thinking for innovation Describe the basic concepts of the Stanford Model for Design Thinking Evaluate a set of basic Design Thinking techniques for application to your projects Apply tools, techniques, and skills aligned with the 5 stages of the Stanford Model Drive innovation through Design Thinking at some level in your work environment Foundation Concepts Problems and solutions The Design Thinking difference Design Thinking skills and abilities Design Thinking mindset Design Thinking frameworks Stages of Design Thinking Problems and solutions The Design Thinking difference Design Thinking skills and abilities Design Thinking mindset Design Thinking frameworks General Practices Team formation Visualization Improvisation Personalization Empathize Practices Overview of Empathize techniques Observation Engagement Interviews Define Practices Overview of Define practices Unpacking techniques Defining the customer techniques Integrating the Define experience Ideate Practices Overview of Ideate practices Reusable techniques for the Ideate stage New Ideate techniques to explore Prototype & Test Practices Overview of Prototype practices Examples of prototypes Overview of Testing practices Forms of testing techniques Adopt and Adapt Design Thinking Overview of Design Thinking implementation Design Thinking implementation challenges Success in implementing Design Thinking Summary and Next Steps Workshop summary Next steps: Personal Action Plans
A fantastic online one-to-one diploma course for those looking to become a successful graphic designer