14523 Master courses in Liverpool delivered On Demand

Learn to make delicious French Brioche from the comfort of your own kitchen.  This 40 minute masterclass, by Les Nicholson, owner and lead tutor at The Artisan Bakehouse takes you on a fun, informative journey so that you can master the skills and techniques to enable you to create the perfect Brioche time after time. 

***24 Hour Limited Time Flash Sale*** Youtube Marketing, Getting More Views with Youtube Strategic Planning Admission Gifts FREE PDF & Hard Copy Certificate| PDF Transcripts| FREE Student ID| Assessment| Lifetime Access| Enrolment Letter Begin your journey towards a rewarding and successful career by enrolling in our all-inclusive bundle of 8 Youtube Marketing, Getting More Views with Youtube Strategic Planning courses. At UKHF Online, we have carefully selected and combined these courses to equip you with the vital skills and knowledge necessary to thrive in Youtube Marketing, Getting More Views with Youtube Strategic Planning . 3 QLS-Endorsed Courses: We proudly offer 3 QLS-endorsed courses within our Youtube Marketing, Getting More Views with Youtube Strategic Planning bundle, providing you with industry-recognized qualifications. Plus, you'll receive a free hardcopy certificate for each of these courses. QLS Course 01: Youtube Marketing Strategy QLS Course 02: Get More YouTube Views QLS Course 03: Youtube Strategic Planning Secrets 5 CPD QS Accredited Courses: Additionally, our bundle includes 5 relevant CPD QS accredited courses, ensuring that you stay up-to-date with the latest industry standards and practices. Course 01: Youtube Masterclass: How to Start a Successful Youtube Channel for Your Business QuicklyCourse 02: Youtube MarketingCourse 03: Youtube Marketing and Analytics TrainingCourse 04: Make Money With YouTubeCourse 05: Get 100 MILLION Views on YouTube! In Addition, you'll get Five Career Boosting Courses absolutely FREE with this Bundle. Course 01: Professional CV WritingCourse 02: Job Search SkillsCourse 03: Self Esteem & Confidence BuildingCourse 04: Professional Diploma in Stress ManagementCourse 05: Complete Communication Skills Master Class Convenient Online Learning: Our Youtube Marketing, Getting More Views with Youtube Strategic Planning courses are accessible online, allowing you to learn at your own pace and from the comfort of your own home. The Youtube Marketing, Getting More Views with Youtube Strategic Planning bundle is a comprehensive collection of courses that have been meticulously designed to provide you with a well-rounded education in Youtube Marketing, Getting More Views with Youtube Strategic Planning . With a combination of 3 QLS-endorsed courses and 5 CPD QS-accredited courses, this bundle offers you the perfect balance of essential knowledge and valuable skills. CPD 250 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Entrepreneurs and small business owners who want to use YouTube to promote their products or services Marketing professionals who want to add YouTube marketing to their skill set Content creators who want to grow their YouTube channel and increase their income Career path Social Media Manager: £30,000 - £50,000 Digital Marketing Manager: £40,000 - £70,000 Content Creator: £25,000 - £50,000 Video Marketing Manager: £35,000 - £60,000 Certificates Digital certificate Digital certificate - Included Hard copy certificate Hard copy certificate - Included

Master the European Medical Device Regulations (EU MDR) with this comprehensive course. Gain the knowledge and skills you need to comply with the EU MDR and successfully bring your medical devices to market.

7 Steps to create a Property Sourcing Business. Is this the business for you? Can you master being the deal maker? Join this course to find out.

Feeling Stuck in Your Career? The Sales, Marketing, Business Development and Customer Service Bundle is Your Skill-Building Solution. This exceptional collection of 30 premium courses is designed to encourage growth and improve your career opportunities. Suited to meet different interests and goals, the Business Development, Sales and Marketing bundle provides an engaging learning experience, helping you learn skills across various disciplines. With Sales, Marketing, Business Development and Customer Service Bundle, you'll have a personalised journey that aligns with your career goals and interests. This comprehensive package helps you confidently tackle new challenges, whether entering a new field or enhancing your existing knowledge. The Business Development, Sales and Marketing,bundle is your gateway to expanding your career options, increasing job demand, and enhancing your skill set. By enrolling in this bundle, you'll receive complimentary PDF certificates for all courses, adding value to your resume at no extra cost. Develop key skills and achieve important progress in your career and personal development. Start your journey today and experience the transformative impact of the Sales, Marketing, Business Development and Customer Service bundle on your job life and career growth! This Sales, Marketing, Business Development and Customer Service Bundle Comprises the Following CPD Accredited Courses: Course 01: SALES Course 02: Marketing Principles Course 03: Marketing Strategies for Business Course 04: NLP For Sales, Persuasion & Influence Course 05: Sales Negotiation Training Course Course 06: The Ultimate Sales Training Blueprint: How To Master Sales Course 07: Sales Training: Master Your Sales Pitch Course 08: Salesforce Heroku Masterclass Course 09: Cold Call to Boost Sales Course 10: Marketing Secrets for High Sales Course 11: How To Build Sales Funnels With Click Funnels Course 12: Creating Highly Profitable Sales Funnels Course 13: Learn to Create A Selling Strategy that Drives Sales Course 14: Know the Selling Strategies that Boost Customer Acquisition Course 15: Increase Your Sales Through a Profitable Pricing Strategy Course 16: Commercial law Course 17: The #1 LinkedIn Marketing & Sales Lead Generation Blueprint Course 18: Learn Business Development & Sales from A-Z Course 19: 10 Sales Secrets for Success Course 20: KYC Course 21: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Course 22: Phone-Based Customer Service Course 23: Get a Job in Sales: Your Fast Track to Career Success Course 24: Sales Analysis in Excel Course 25: New Functions in Microsoft Excel 2021 Course 26: Career Development Plan Fundamentals Course 27: CV Writing and Job Searching Course 28: Learn to Level Up Your Leadership Course 29: Networking Skills for Personal Success Course 30: Ace Your Presentations: Public Speaking Masterclass What will make you stand out? Upon completion of this online Sales, Marketing, Business Development and Customer Service Bundle, you will gain the following: CPD QS Accredited Proficiency with this Business Development, Sales and Marketing, Bundle After successfully completing the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle, you will receive a FREE PDF Certificate from REED as evidence of your newly acquired abilities. Lifetime access to the whole collection of learning materials of this Business Development, Sales and Marketing, Bundle The online test with immediate results You can study and complete the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle at your own pace. Study for the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle using any internet-connected device, such as a computer, tablet, or mobile device. The Sales, Marketing, Business Development and Customer Service bundle is a premier learning resource, with each course module holding respected CPD accreditation, symbolising exceptional quality. The content is packed with knowledge and is regularly updated to ensure it remains relevant. This bundle offers not just education but a constantly improving learning experience designed to enrich both your personal and professional development. Advance the future of learning with the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle, a comprehensive, complete collection of 30 courses. Each course in the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle has been handpicked by our experts to provide a broad range of learning opportunities. Together, these modules form an important and well-rounded learning experience. Our mission is to deliver high-quality, accessible education for everyone. Whether you are starting your career, switching industries, or enhancing your professional skills, the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle offers the flexibility and convenience to learn at your own pace. Make the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, package your trusted partner in your lifelong learning journey. CPD 300 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? The Sales, Marketing, Business Development and Customer Service is perfect for: Expand your knowledge and skillset for a fulfilling career with the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle. Become a more valuable professional by earning CPD certification and mastering in-demand skills with the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle. Discover your passion or explore new career options with the diverse learning opportunities in the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle. Learn on your schedule, in the comfort of your home - the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle offers ultimate flexibility for busy individuals. Requirements You are warmly invited to register for this bundle. Please be aware that no formal entry requirements or qualifications are necessary. This curriculum has been crafted to be open to everyone, regardless of previous experience or educational attainment. Career path Gain a wide range of skills across various fields, improve your problem-solving capabilities, and keep current with industry trends. Perfect for those aiming for career advancement, exploring a new professional direction, or pursuing personal growth. Begin your journey with the Business Development, Sales and Marketing, bundle. Certificates CPD Certificates Digital certificate - Included

This course will enhance your productivity and typing speed. From mastering the keyboard layout to building muscle memory you will learn to type effortlessly and accurately without looking at the keys. This Course At A Glance Accredited by CPD UK Endorsed by Quality Licence Scheme Discover essential things to know about touch typing Master the applications to help you to become an expert at touch typing Understand correct backspacing Learn how to tap on the keys Know how to focus on accuracy to enhance speed Learn touch typing cycles, speed improvement and maintenance Understand WPM Learn which fingers to use in touch typing Discover one language to learn touch typing Touch Typing Course Overview This extensive touch typing course is suitable for those who want to understand touch typing cycle rules, speed improvement tips, and maintenance. You will learn how to focus on accuracy to get speed, whys of touch-typing, and maintaining proper posture while typing. This online course will help you pick up the correct fingers, rhythm, correct backspacing, and tapping keys. You will study which fingers to use in touch typing, applications to help you become a master at touch typing, and essential things to know about Touch typing. By the end of the course, you will learn the effective methods and techniques to do touch typing, its rules, speed improvement and maintenance. Who should take this course? This touch typing course is perfect for those who want to enhance their touch typing speed, know applications to help you become a master at touch typing, and maintain a posture to touch type. Entry Requirements There are no academic entry requirements for this touch typing course, and it is open to students of all academic backgrounds. However, you are required to have a laptop/desktop/tablet or smartphone and a good internet connection. Assessment Method This touch typing course assesses learners through multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Upon successful completion of the modules, learners must answer MCQs to complete the assessment procedure. Through the MCQs, it is measured how much a learner could grasp from each section. In the assessment pass mark is 60%. Course Curriculum Introduction Master Touch Typing Promo Reminder! This Is a Real Course With Real Instructor Ready to Answer Questions Your Facebook Support Community Master at Touch Typing Quick Win - Focus On Accuracy to Get Speed Another Quick - Have Straight Arm and Hand Touch Typing Cycles Rules, Speed Improvement and Maintenance Understand Your Wpm Now and Type in Q&A Reasons You Learn Touch Typing One Language at a Time for Learning Touch Typing Understand Your Whys of Touch Typing You Have to Look the Text Not Keyboard Have Proper Posture While Typing Pick up the Correct Fingers The Number One Secret Is Rhythm Correct Backspacing Tap on the Keys More Accuracy More Speed Big Challenge - Listen and Type Summary of All Touch Typing Tips Learn Which Fingers Go Where in Touch Typing (With Google Classroom Practice) Welcome to Touch Typing Journey Guides You How to Place Your Hands Place Your Hands Better on Keyboard and Avoid Typing of 1QAZ Spacebar Guide Typing of 2WSX Typing of 3EDC Typing of 4RFV Typing of 5TGB Typing of YHN Typing of UJM Typing of 8IK, Typing of 9OL. Typing of 0p; Important Remainder of Keyboard View Reasons of Having Two Shift, Alt, and CTRL Button How You Can Join Your Google Classroom Applications That Can Help You to Become Master at Touch Typing Rapid Typing Installation Rapid Typing Configuration Rapid Typing Part 1 Rapid Typing Part 2 Typing of the Dead Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing Keyblaze Touch Typing Software Typing Master Online Touch Typing Important Things You Need to Know About Touch Typing Important Things You Need to Know About Touch Typing Same Rules Are Applied for Phone Touch Typing! Conclusion You Are Now Master of Touch Typing Supplementary Resources Supplementary Resources - Touch Typing Assessment Assessment - Touch Typing Recognised Accreditation CPD Certification Service This course is accredited by continuing professional development (CPD). CPD UK is globally recognised by employers, professional organisations, and academic institutions, thus a certificate from CPD Certification Service creates value towards your professional goal and achievement. CPD certificates are accepted by thousands of professional bodies and government regulators here in the UK and around the world. Many organisations look for employees with CPD requirements, which means, that by doing this course, you would be a potential candidate in your respective field. Quality Licence Scheme Endorsed The Quality Licence Scheme is a brand of the Skills and Education Group, a leading national awarding organisation for providing high-quality vocational qualifications across a wide range of industries. It will give you a competitive advantage in your career, making you stand out from all other applicants and employees.     Certificate of Achievement Endorsed Certificate from Quality Licence Scheme After successfully passing the MCQ exam you will be eligible to order the Endorsed Certificate by Quality Licence Scheme. The Quality Licence Scheme is a brand of the Skills and Education Group, a leading national awarding organisation for providing high-quality vocational qualifications across a wide range of industries. It will give you a competitive advantage in your career, making you stand out from all other applicants and employees. There is a Quality Licence Scheme endorsement fee to obtain an endorsed certificate which is £65. Certificate of Achievement from Lead Academy After successfully passing the MCQ exam you will be eligible to order your certificate of achievement as proof of your new skill. The certificate of achievement is an official credential that confirms that you successfully finished a course with Lead Academy. Certificate can be obtained in PDF version at a cost of £12, and there is an additional fee to obtain a printed copy certificate which is £35.   FAQs Is CPD a recognised qualification in the UK? CPD is globally recognised by employers, professional organisations and academic intuitions, thus a certificate from CPD Certification Service creates value towards your professional goal and achievement. CPD-certified certificates are accepted by thousands of professional bodies and government regulators here in the UK and around the world. Are QLS courses recognised? Although QLS courses are not subject to Ofqual regulation, they must adhere to an extremely high level that is set and regulated independently across the globe. A course that has been approved by the Quality Licence Scheme simply indicates that it has been examined and evaluated in terms of quality and fulfils the predetermined quality standards. When will I receive my certificate? For CPD accredited PDF certificate it will take 24 hours, however for the hardcopy CPD certificate takes 5-7 business days and for the Quality License Scheme certificate it will take 7-9 business days. Can I pay by invoice? Yes, you can pay via Invoice or Purchase Order, please contact us at info@lead-academy.org for invoice payment. Can I pay via instalment? Yes, you can pay via instalments at checkout. How to take online classes from home? Our platform provides easy and comfortable access for all learners; all you need is a stable internet connection and a device such as a laptop, desktop PC, tablet, or mobile phone. The learning site is accessible 24/7, allowing you to take the course at your own pace while relaxing in the privacy of your home or workplace. Does age matter in online learning? No, there is no age limit for online learning. Online learning is accessible to people of all ages and requires no age-specific criteria to pursue a course of interest. As opposed to degrees pursued at university, online courses are designed to break the barriers of age limitation that aim to limit the learner's ability to learn new things, diversify their skills, and expand their horizons. When I will get the login details for my course? After successfully purchasing the course, you will receive an email within 24 hours with the login details of your course. Kindly check your inbox, junk or spam folder, or you can contact our client success team via info@lead-academy.org

Level 3 QLS Endorsed Course | Endorsed Certificate Included | Plus 5 Career Guided Courses | CPD Accredited

Do you want to prepare for your dream job but strive hard to find the right courses? Then, stop worrying, for our strategically modified Project Management and Business Analysis bundle will keep you up to date with the relevant knowledge and most recent matters of this emerging field. So, invest your money and effort in our 33 course mega bundle that will exceed your expectations within your budget. The Project Management and Business Analysis related fields are thriving across the UK, and recruiters are hiring the most knowledgeable and proficient candidates. It's a demanding field with magnitudes of lucrative choices. If you need more guidance to specialise in this area and need help knowing where to start, then StudyHub proposes a preparatory bundle. This comprehensive Project Management and Business Analysis bundle will help you build a solid foundation to become a proficient worker in the sector. This Project Management and Business Analysis Bundle consists of the following 30 CPD Accredited Premium courses - Course 01:Project Management Masterclass Course 02:Supervisor Training and Employee Management Course 03:Leadership & People Management Course 04:Decision Making in High Stress Course 05:Six Sigma & Lean Process Course 06:Ethical Leadership Principles Course 07:Communication SKills Masterclass Course 08:Workplace Managerment Training Course 09:Virtual Team Building & Management Course 10:Goal Setting & Accomplishment Course 11:Critical Thinking & Problem Solving Course 12:Office Skills Course 13:Diploma in Management Skills Course 14:Supporting a Grieving Employee Course 15:Diploma in Practical Time Management Course 16:Logistics & Operations Management - Level 5 Course 17:Performance Management Course 18:Productivity Boosting Course 19:Change Management Course 20:Business Analysis Course 21:Business Law Course 22:Managing Budgets Course 23:Corporate Finance Course 24:Compliance Manager Course 25:Strategic Planning Process Course 26:Coaching and Mentoring Course 27:HR and Payroll Administrator Course Course 28:Conflict Management and Crucial Communications Course 29:Self Confidence & Self Esteem Training Course 30:Leadership Styles 3 Extraordinary Career Oriented courses that will assist you in reimagining your thriving techniques- Course 01: Career Development Plan Fundamentals Course 02: CV Writing and Job Searching Course 03: Interview Skills: Ace the Interview Learning Outcome This tailor-made Project Management and Business Analysis bundle will allow you to- Uncover your skills and aptitudes to break new ground in the related fields Deep dive into the fundamental knowledge Acquire some hard and soft skills in this area Gain some transferable skills to elevate your performance Maintain good report with your clients and staff Gain necessary office skills and be tech savvy utilising relevant software Keep records of your work and make a report Know the regulations around this area Reinforce your career with specific knowledge of this field Know your legal and ethical responsibility as a professional in the related field This Project Management and Business Analysis Bundle resources were created with the help of industry experts, and all subject-related information is kept updated on a regular basis to avoid learners from falling behind on the latest developments. Certification After studying the complete training you will be able to take the assessment. After successfully passing the assessment you will be able to claim all courses pdf certificates and 1 hardcopy certificate for the Title Course completely free. Other Hard Copy certificates need to be ordered at an additional cost of •8. CPD 330 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Ambitious learners who want to strengthen their CV for their desired job should take advantage of the Project Management and Business Analysis bundle! This bundle is also ideal for professionals looking for career advancement. Requirements To participate in this course, all you need is - A smart device A secure internet connection And a keen interest in Project Management and Business Analysis Career path Upon completing this essential Bundle, you will discover a new world of endless possibilities. These courses will help you to get a cut above the rest and allow you to be more efficient in the relevant fields.

Power Up Your Future: Illuminate Your Career with Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program! Embark on an exciting journey with our Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program, a gateway to many career opportunities in electrical engineering. The demand for skilled electricians is rising, and this program equips you with the in-depth theoretical knowledge needed to excel in the field. Dive into the depths of circuit analysis, explore the intricacies of electrical systems, and embark on a journey that unfolds the secrets of electricity. As you progress through each course, you'll gain knowledge in everything from Digital Electric Circuits to Smart Meter Installation, offering you a robust foundation for a successful career in the electrical field. Moreover, we're your dedicated partners in this exciting Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program. Our goal isn't just to teach you; it's to support you 24/7 so you can get closer to your dream job. We're so confident with our program that we offer a 100% money-back guarantee, ensuring your complete satisfaction. Learning Outcomes By the end of this Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program, you'll learn the following: Master foundational electrician skills. Understand the principles of DC circuit analysis. Analyse short circuits in high voltage three-phase systems. Attain proficiency in PAT Level 4 and HVAC Technician Level 3. Explore electronic and electrical device maintenance techniques. Navigate digital electric circuits and intelligent devices with confidence. Install and maintain smart meters. Grasp the intricacies of distribution station and feeder protection. Harness the power of MATLAB Simulink in electrical power engineering. Master power metering for single and three-phase systems. Gain insights into the fundamentals of 3-phase power transformers. Explore the applications of power electronics in electrical engineering. Craft a compelling CV and enhance job search skills. Ace interviews with comprehensive interview skills training. Navigate the virtual job market with confidence through video interviews. Optimise your online presence with a professionally crafted LinkedIn profile. Courses we will provide once you enrol in the program: Enrol in our Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program and gain access to 25 complete sets of courses, including: => Course 01: Electrician => Course 02: Electrician Skills Complete Bundle => Course 03: Electrical Engineering DC Circuit Analysis => Course 04: Short Circuit Analysis for HV Three-Phase Systems => Course 05: PAT Level 4 => Course 06: Level 3 Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) Technician => Course 07: Electronic & Electrical Devices Maintenance => Course 08: Digital Electric Circuits & Intelligent Electrical Devices => Course 09: Smart Meter Installer Training => Course 10: Distribution Station & Feeder Protection => Course 11: MATLAB Simulink for Electrical Power Engineering => Course 12: Electric Power Metering for Single and Three-Phase Systems => Course 13: Electrical 3-Phase Power Transformers Fundamentals => Course 14: Power Electronics for Electrical Engineering => Course 15: Electrical Engineering for Electrical Substations => Course 16: Light Current Systems for Electrical Engineering => Course 17: Electrical Machines for Electrical Engineering => Course 18: Trigonometry for Electrical Engineering => Course 19: Electrical and Fire Safety Training => Course 20: Advanced Electrical Safety => Course 21: Career Development Plan Fundamentals => Course 22: CV Writing and Job Searching => Course 23: Interview Skills: Ace the Interview => Course 24: Video Job Interview for Job Seekers => Course 25: How to Create a Professional LinkedIn Profile Enrol in our highly regarded Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program, featuring a job-relevant curriculum that ensures your skills align with employer expectations across various sectors. Don't miss this opportunity - your success story starts now! Please feel free to contact us for any query, and we will gladly assist you. Our Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program offers a comprehensive curriculum designed to equip you with the theoretical knowledge required for success in the electrical engineering field. Dive into 25 courses covering various topics, ensuring a well-rounded understanding of electric circuits, power systems, and advanced technologies. Why Choose Us? So, what sets us apart from other Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis programs? Here are the benefits you'll get when you join our Program: Updated Materials: Stay ahead in the dynamic field of electrical engineering with constantly updated course materials. We prioritise providing the latest industry insights and knowledge to ensure you are equipped with the most relevant information. Flexible Timing: We understand the importance of flexibility in your learning journey. Our program allows you to learn at your own pace, catering to your schedule and ensuring you balance your studies with other commitments. No Hidden Cost: Transparency is critical. Our program offers a straightforward pricing structure with no hidden costs. Your investment covers the certification and comprehensive course materials, providing value for your money. Money-Back Guarantee: We are confident in the quality of our program. If, within the first 14 days, you find that our Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program does not meet your expectations, we offer a hassle-free money-back guarantee. Lifetime Access: Your learning journey continues after program completion. Gain lifetime access to the course materials, allowing you to revisit and reinforce your knowledge whenever needed. Stay updated with industry advancements throughout your career. 24/7 Support: Our commitment to your success remains after the program. Enjoy 24/7 support from our dedicated team, ensuring you have assistance whenever needed. Your success is our priority. CPD 250 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? This Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program is for: Aspiring electricians and electrical engineering enthusiasts. Professionals in related fields seeking advanced electrical skills. Those interested in PAT, high-voltage systems, and safety. Individuals passionate about digital circuits and smart meter installation. Requirements Prior experience is optional to enrol in our Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program. Career path This Electrician: Electricity, Circuit Analysis program will give you many advantages in various roles within the industry: Electrical Engineer: £35,000 - £60,000 Power Systems Analyst: £40,000 - £70,000 HVAC Technician: £25,000 - £40,000 Smart Meter Installer: £30,000 - £45,000 Substation Engineer: £45,000 - £70,000 Electrical Safety Specialist: £30,000 - £50,000 Certificates CPD Accredited (e-Certificate) Digital certificate - Included CPD Accredited (Hard Copy Certificate) Hard copy certificate - Included e-Transcript Digital certificate - Included Hard Copy Transcript Hard copy certificate - Included Student ID Card Digital certificate - Included

This course is for absolute beginners to programming. In this course, you'll learn the foundation of programming and build your skill to become a Rust programmer. We'll start by building the Rust programming foundation and then implement our learning in a simple Rust project. No previous programming experience required.