42813 Learning courses in Bristol delivered Online

The significance of mathematics has never been more paramount in our world. Our expertly curated GCSE Mathematics course, a key requisite qualification, opens doors to college and university, vocational training, apprenticeships, and a plethora of employment opportunities. Math, an age-old discipline, not only supports many other subjects but is also an independent intellectual field, serving as the lingo of science and engineering. Our specially crafted course is engineered to ensure your success in achieving the qualification you seek. You have the flexibility to choose between Foundation or Higher level study. You're also allowed to switch levels in the initial phases of the course, after receiving feedback from your assignments and tutor. This ensures that by the time you register for exams, you've opted for the level that best suits your capability. Make no mistake, GCSEs are qualifications that truly matter. Advantages you stand to gain: A freshly conceived course, drafted to the most recent specification with dynamic, captivating content Fast-track option available for the 2022 exams Guaranteed exam venue within our network of partnered exam centres Unlimited tutor support – we assist you in drafting a study plan and provide continuous support Exam pass guarantee - should you not succeed the first time, we’ll support you up to the next exam Mathematics, akin to its core counterpart English, forms a fundamental building block for a multitude of educational pursuits and daily life. Excelling in maths fosters understanding in subjects like sciences, and even humanities such as Geography. It’s more than just number-crunching; it encompasses statistics, geometry, and an array of other critical skills. So, plunge into our comprehensive GCSE Mathematics course and chart your path towards the future. About the awarding body Awarding body: AQA Our course code: X801 Qualification code: 8300 AQA qualifications are globally recognized, taught in 30 countries worldwide, highly esteemed by employers and universities, and pave the way for learners to advance to their next life stage. AQA qualifications cater to various abilities and encompass GCSEs, IGCSEs and A-levels. ⏱ Study Hours: Allocate between 120 and 150 hours for study time, along with additional time for assignment completion. 👩‍🏫 Study Method: Our course is presented via our online learning platform for a dynamic and engaging learning experience. If you prefer, you can print the learning materials. The resources are in various media, including videos, quizzes, and interactive activities. 📆 Course Duration: After enrolment, you have a span of two years to complete your study and exams. Your unlimited tutor support will continue throughout this duration. 📋 Assessment: Enrol now for exams from Summer 2022. Our Maths GCSE is a tiered exam, meaning you choose the level of your exam study: Foundation tier: Grades 1 to 5, with grade 5 as the highest attainable and equivalent to grade C. Higher tier: Grades 4 to 9, with grade 9 as the highest attainable and equivalent to grade A*. Official exams comprise three GCSE standard written exams, each of 1 hour 30 minutes and each accounting for 33.3% of marks. You also have a guaranteed exam space in one of our exam centres across the country. Assignments: You will complete one introductory assignment and 10 other assignments throughout your course. While these do not contribute to your final grade, they provide a chance to submit work to your tutor for marking and feedback, helping you assess your progress. There is no coursework to complete. All exams must be taken in the same session. 👩‍🎓 Course Outcomes: Upon successful course completion, you will receive a GCSE in Mathematics, issued by AQA. We've chosen this syllabus specifically for its suitability to distance learning. ℹ️ Additional Information: Difficulty - Level 2 Entry Requirements - There are no formal prerequisites for this course, however, we recommend an intermediate ability to read and write in English. Course Content: Numbers: This module covers all aspects of integer-based maths, from basic operations to the use of standard units of mass, length, time, and more, laying a solid foundation for subsequent units. Algebra: This unit demystifies everything from basic algebraic notation to solving complex quadratic equations, by the end of which you'll master topics like quadratics and exponential functions. Ratios and Proportions: This segment sharpens your skills in comparing numerical data, a key skill in several sciences and engineering disciplines. Topics covered include value considerations and comparative skills. Geometry and Measures: This module extends beyond studying shapes, covering properties of angles, rotations, concepts of area and volume, and more. By the end of this unit, you'll find angles a cinch. Probability: This unit lets you delve into the intricacies of probability, covering various graphical representations like tree diagrams. Statistics: A crucial element in numerous subjects like Science and Geography, this unit involves skills like inferring information about populations based on statistical analysis and understanding primary or secondary data sets.

In this self-paced course, you will learn how to use TensorFlow 2 to build deep neural networks. You will learn the basics of machine learning, classification, and regression. We will also discuss the connection between artificial and biological neural networks and how that inspires our thinking in deep learning.

Discover the vital role of a Learning Support Assistant in enhancing educational experiences for students. Explore responsibilities, skills, and strategies for providing individualized support in diverse learning environments. Learn how to assist teachers, facilitate student engagement, and promote inclusive learning opportunities. Start your journey toward making a difference in students' lives today.

Heads up, aspiring business magnates!📣 If you have a knack for numbers, a budding enthusiasm for marketing, and envisage yourself spearheading a business or contributing significantly to an organisation's growth and success, then our AQA-accredited GCSE Business course is tailor-made for you.  Engage in six comprehensive modules with our course, exploring the intricacies of business operations and finance, problem-solving and decision making, qualitative and quantitative data analysis, and much more. Your individual tutor will provide unlimited assistance as you dive into understanding the factors influencing an organisation's operations, decision-making processes, and the usage of appropriate business terminology. The competencies you develop will be highly coveted by colleges, universities, and a plethora of professions including accounting, law, management consultancy, stockbroking, and human resources.  Designed for convenient online study at your pace, this AQA GCSE Business course provides unrestricted access to your personal tutor via email and telephone. The course induction and assignments are structured to nurture the skills and knowledge you need to thrive in your examinations. Expect: A newly minted course, crafted to the latest specification with engaging content Fast track available for this course (for exams in 2022) Access to our network of partner exam centres (guaranteed exam venue) Unlimited tutor support – personalised study plan and consistent support Exam pass guarantee (Don't pass the first time? We've got you covered for the next exam!) Immerse yourself in the dynamics of business operations, finance, problem-solving, and decision making, and data analysis! About the awarding body Awarding body: AQA Our course code: X807 Qualification code: 8132 Official Qualification Title: GCSE Business AQA qualifications are internationally acclaimed, taught in 30 countries worldwide, highly esteemed by employers and universities and designed to help young people advance to their next life stage.  ⏱ Study Hours Allocate between 120 and 150 hours for studying, plus extra time for assignments. 👩‍🏫 Study Method Delivered via our dynamic online learning platform, the course includes various media resources such as videos, quizzes, and interactive activities. 📆 Course Duration Upon enrolment, you'll have two years to study and take your exams, with continued unlimited tutor support. Access the learning materials via MyOxbridge, our online platform. 📋 Assessment Enrolments are now open for examinations from Summer 2022. You'll be required to complete two standard GCSE written exams. Guaranteed exam spaces are provided at our nationwide centres. During the course, you'll complete assignments for tutor feedback and monitoring your progress. 👩‍🎓 Course Outcomes Upon successful completion, you'll earn a GCSE in Business, issued by AQA, a syllabus (8132) selected specifically for its suitability for distance learning. ℹ️ Additional Information Official Qualification Title - GCSE Business Difficulty - Level 2 Entry requirements - Strong reading and writing English skills are highly recommended. Course Content Business in the real world Influences on business Business operations Human resources Marketing Finance Each module covers the core areas of business, equipping you with understanding of functions and sectors, technology and ethical implications, personnel management, market research strategies and financial calculations, respectively.  Unlock your potential in the business world with our GCSE Business Correspondence Programme! 🚀

3 QLS Endorsed Diploma | QLS Hard Copy Certificate Included | 10 CPD Courses | Lifetime Access | 24/7 Tutor Support

E-Learning courses are self study courses which students can join from anywhere in the world.

E-Learning courses are self study courses which students can join from anywhere in the world.

Curious about the world around you? Our IGCSE Chemistry online study programme provides a fascinating journey through the very fabric of existence. Understand why ice floats, why leaves change their colour, and the reason behind the saltiness of the sea. Our course empowers you to unlock the answers to these questions and much more! Brimming with dynamic content and scientific challenges, this course sharpens your analytical thinking and fosters a deep understanding of various topics, from the structure of atoms to the mechanics of fuel production. 💡 This programme is an excellent choice for those looking towards careers in health and clinical professions such as medicine, veterinary science, nursing, dentistry, or forensic science. Teaming this course with complementary GCSEs can pave the way for your A-level studies or university education.  Tailor-made for online study, our course adheres to the new Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry syllabus and provides flexibility in your learning journey. With unlimited tutor support, a clear induction, and well-structured assignments, we will equip you with the skills and knowledge needed to excel in your exams. For students based in the UK, we offer guaranteed access to one of our exam centres for the final assessment. 🎓 Why Choose Us? Dynamic and engaging content, designed to the latest syllabus. Fast track option available for 2022 exams. Guaranteed exam venue through our partnership network of exam centres. Unlimited tutor support: we help you create a study plan and support you throughout your journey. Exam pass guarantee: didn't pass the first time? We'll support you till your next exam! Chemistry can be challenging, but the reward is a comprehensive scientific understanding that opens the door to numerous academic and professional pathways.  About the awarding body Awarding body: Edexcel Our course code: X804 Qualification code: 4CH1 Official Qualification Title: GCSE Chemistry Edexcel, the UK's largest awarding organisation, has been aiding individuals to achieve their goals through learning for nearly two decades. They offer a wide range of academic and vocational qualifications in both domestic and international schools, colleges, and workplaces. ⏱️ Study Hours: Expect between 120 to 150 hours of study, plus time for completing assignments. 👩‍🏫 Study Method: Delivered via our interactive online platform, our course boasts a variety of media including videos, quizzes, and engaging activities. Need printed materials? No problem, you can print them yourself! 📆 Course Duration: Register today for the course commencing on 01/09/21. Your login to MyOxbridge, our online platform, will be issued ahead of the start date. Once enrolled, enjoy unlimited tutor support for two years. 📋 Assessment: Registration for Summer 2022 examinations is open. You'll need to complete two IGCSE standard written exams, a mixture of multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions, calculations, and extended open-response questions. We also offer guaranteed exam spaces at our UK centres. Throughout your course, complete various assignments for feedback, helping you monitor your progress. 👩‍🎓 Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion, you will earn an IGCSE in Chemistry, issued by Edexcel, designed specifically for distance learning. ℹ️ Additional Information: This course has a Level 2 difficulty. There are no formal entry requirements; however, we recommend an intermediate ability to read and write in English. Course Content: - Principles of Chemistry: Explore the states of matter, atomic structures, the periodic table, electrolysis, and different types of bonding. - Inorganic Chemistry: Learn about alkali metals, atmospheric gases, metal extraction from compounds, acid-base reactions, and identifying gases and anions. - Physical Chemistry: Understand endothermic and exothermic reactions, calculate energy changes, explore rates of reaction, reversible reactions, and equilibria. - Organic Chemistry: Delve into organic chemistry, study crude oil and fractional distillation, and learn about the reactions of organic compounds like alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols.

Getting Started ILM Level 2 Certificate in Team Leading course is designed to provide new and aspiring team leaders with a thorough understanding of the leadership role and its wide-ranging responsibilities. As a widely accepted and nationally recognised course, it is an ideal platform to start your journey towards a successful leadership career. This course aims to provide a thorough understanding of core team-leading competencies, such as communication, motivation, and performance management, while also looking into the specific areas of leadership relevant to your workplace context. Through an extensive selection of modules you will have the flexibility to tailor your learning experience to align with your career aspirations and professional development goals. Key Benefits For Learners Develop the core skills to lead a team successfully Learn motivation techniques to get the best from people Build the confidence to tackle difficult issues, like underperformance Familiar with the tools to develop yourself as a leader For Organisations Provide team leaders with extensive training to ensure they have the required skills to lead their teams effectively. Equip staff with the competence and knowledge needed to effectively manage people Cultivate strong relationships within and outside the organisation. Encourage staff to engage in continuous learning and development Foster a culture of open communication, active listening, and seamless collaboration which paves way to increased productivity and job satisfaction. Career Pathways The ILM Level 2 Team Leading can open many career pathways including, but not limited to: Team Leader, with an estimated average salary of £27,835 per annum Supervisor, with an estimated average salary of £22,480 per annum Team Coordinator, with an estimated average salary of £25634 per annum About Awarding Body Institute of Leadership & Management (ILM) is a professional body that helps people worldwide improve their leadership capabilities and advance their careers. All ILM qualifications are awarded by The City and Guilds of London Institute, founded in 1878 and incorporated into the Royal Charter. ILM qualifications are regulated and approved by Ofqual, the governing body for qualifications in the UK. What is included? Learn 100% online at your own pace Dedicated support from expert tutors Dedicated Support Desk Portal: You can raise queries, request tutor support and ask for a call back whenever you need guidance and assistance. Elevate Knowledge: Your tutors will provide formative assessment feedback for each module, helping you improve your achievements throughout the program Schedule online personal tutor meetings whenever you want, which will help you get the most out of your studies and provide guidance, support and encouragement 10 months support period 24-hour access to the online learning platform 'MyLearnDirect' Schedule live online classes for each module at your convenience. (Blended learning only) Quality learning resources and study guides developed by ILM-approved tutors. All assessment materials are conveniently accessible through the online learning platform 'MyLearnDirect' Induction: We offer online and flexible learning induction to help you settle in and prepare for your online studies ILM Membership - You will receive 12 months of the Institute of Leadership & Management membership, bringing access to a wealth of resources to support your leadership development. ILM Digital credentials - Validate your skills and share achievements anywhere, anytime using Digital Credentials Assessment For each module you study, you will complete a written assignment of 1500-2000 words and submit it online at your MyLearnDirect learning portal. The submitted assignments will be assessed by your ILM-approved tutor. Entry Requirements ILM Level 2 Certificate in Team Leading is designed for new aspiring team leaders, which gives an in-depth introduction to the role and responsibilities of a team leader. To be eligible for this course, you must: Be 18 years of age and over Be new to a team leader role or have some experience in team leading or similar job role. Possess the ability to complete the Level 2 course Our friendly admissions advisors will provide the best advice, considering your needs and goals.  Progression Successful learners may progress to a range of qualifications including the following: ILM Level 3 Award or Certificate in Leadership and Management ILM Level 3 Certificate in Principles of Leadership and Management Why gain a ILM Qualification? This course is designed for team leaders, aiming to support the development of their skills in leading a team, ensuring that the team's work meets organisational objectives, and contributing to planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. The Level 2 course provides an in-depth introduction to critical roles and responsibilities for those new to a leadership position. Each module equips you with essential skills to successfully lead a team, including planning, allocating, and monitoring work. Additionally, you will learn motivation techniques and how to address complex issues such as underperformance. Successful completion of the course could lead you to progression to Level 2 or 3 courses. Through this course you will learn how to develop yourself as a Team Leader, how to improve the performance of your team and how to plan and monitor work. ILM graduates achieve remarkable things: An impressive 70,000 people take ILM qualifications every year, with 93% of employers agreeing that their managers improved after completion. ILM Membership - All ILM learners receive a minimum of 12 months membership of the Institute of Leadership & Management, bringing access to a wealth of resources to support their leadership development ILM Digital credentials - Validate skills and share achievements anywhere, anytime using Digital Credentials Learners must request before enrolment to interchange unit(s) other than the preselected units shown in the SBTL website because we need to make sure the availability of learning materials for the requested unit(s). SBTL will reject an application if the learning materials for the requested interchange unit(s) are unavailable. Learners are not allowed to make any request to interchange unit(s) once enrolment is complete. UNIT1- Solving Problems and Making Decisions Reference No : 8002-300 Credit : 2 || TQT : 20 UNIT2- Understanding Innovation and Change in an Organisation Reference No : 8002-301 Credit : 2 || TQT : 20 UNIT3- Understanding Leadership Reference No : 8002-308 Credit : 2 || TQT : 20 UNIT4- Understanding Conflict Management in the Workplace Reference No : 8002-312 Credit : 1 || TQT : 10 UNIT5- Improving Performance of the Work Team Reference No : 8002-251 Credit : 1 || TQT : 10 UNIT6- Planning and Monitoring Work Reference No : 8002-252 Credit : 2 || TQT : 20 UNIT7- Leading Your Work Team Reference No : 8002-268 Credit : 2 || TQT : 20 UNIT8- Induction and Coaching in the Workplace Reference No : 8002-254 Credit : 2 || TQT : 20 UNIT9- Developing Yourself as a Team Leader Reference No : 8002-250 Credit : 1 || TQT : 10 Delivery Methods School of Business & Technology London provides various flexible delivery methods to its learners, including online learning and blended learning. Thus, learners can choose the mode of study as per their choice and convenience. The program is self-paced and accomplished through our cutting-edge Learning Management System. Learners can interact with tutors by messaging through the SBTL Support Desk Portal System to discuss the course materials, get guidance and assistance and request assessment feedbacks on assignments. We at SBTL offer outstanding support and infrastructure for both online and blended learning. We indeed pursue an innovative learning approach where traditional regular classroom-based learning is replaced by web-based learning and incredibly high support level. Learners enrolled at SBTL are allocated a dedicated tutor, whether online or blended learning, who provide learners with comprehensive guidance and support from start to finish. The significant difference between blended learning and online learning methods at SBTL is the Block Delivery of Online Live Sessions. Learners enrolled at SBTL on blended learning are offered a block delivery of online live sessions, which can be booked in advance on their convenience at additional cost. These live sessions are relevant to the learners' program of study and aim to enhance the student's comprehension of research, methodology and other essential study skills. We try to make these live sessions as communicating as possible by providing interactive activities and presentations. Resources and Support School of Business & Technology London is dedicated to offering excellent support on every step of your learning journey. School of Business & Technology London occupies a centralised tutor support desk portal. Our support team liaises with both tutors and learners to provide guidance, assessment feedback, and any other study support adequately and promptly. Once a learner raises a support request through the support desk portal (Be it for guidance, assessment feedback or any additional assistance), one of the support team members assign the relevant to request to an allocated tutor. As soon as the support receives a response from the allocated tutor, it will be made available to the learner in the portal. The support desk system is in place to assist the learners adequately and streamline all the support processes efficiently. Quality learning materials made by industry experts is a significant competitive edge of the School of Business & Technology London. Quality learning materials comprised of structured lecture notes, study guides, practical applications which includes real-world examples, and case studies that will enable you to apply your knowledge. Learning materials are provided in one of the three formats, such as PDF, PowerPoint, or Interactive Text Content on the learning portal. How does the Online Learning work at SBTL? We at SBTL follow a unique approach which differentiates us from other institutions. Indeed, we have taken distance education to a new phase where the support level is incredibly high.Now a days, convenience, flexibility and user-friendliness outweigh demands. Today, the transition from traditional classroom-based learning to online platforms is a significant result of these specifications. In this context, a crucial role played by online learning by leveraging the opportunities for convenience and easier access. It benefits the people who want to enhance their career, life and education in parallel streams. SBTL's simplified online learning facilitates an individual to progress towards the accomplishment of higher career growth without stress and dilemmas. How will you study online? With the School of Business & Technology London, you can study wherever you are. You finish your program with the utmost flexibility. You will be provided with comprehensive tutor support online through SBTL Support Desk portal. How will I get tutor support online? School of Business & Technology London occupies a centralised tutor support desk portal, through which our support team liaise with both tutors and learners to provide guidance, assessment feedback, and any other study support adequately and promptly. Once a learner raises a support request through the support desk portal (Be it for guidance, assessment feedback or any additional assistance), one of the support team members assign the relevant to request to an allocated tutor. As soon as the support receive a response from the allocated tutor, it will be made available to the learner in the portal. The support desk system is in place to assist the learners adequately and to streamline all the support process efficiently. Learners should expect to receive a response on queries like guidance and assistance within 1 - 2 working days. However, if the support request is for assessment feedback, learners will receive the reply with feedback as per the time frame outlined in the Assessment Feedback Policy.

Wish to advance from your GCSE French studies? Our AQA accredited A-Level French home study course is designed precisely for you. Enhanced by the unswerving guidance of a personal tutor, you'll refine your speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills, delving into stimulating subjects like political and artistic culture, social issues, trends of the Francophone world, and intricate aspects of French grammar. Master the art of cogent and confident speech and writing, effective communication with native speakers, fluent expression of ideas, and accurate comprehension and discourse of source material. Being proficient in a foreign language sets you apart, making you highly desirable to universities and employers. This skill is highly coveted in professions like journalism, teaching, marketing, policing, and more! Tailored for online study, this AQA A-Level course allows you to learn at your own pace and convenience, with your tutor providing continual support and feedback on assignments. A comprehensive induction to the course and well-organised topics ensure you cultivate the skills and knowledge to excel in your examinations. Key Benefits: Innovative course, developed according to the latest specifications for a dynamic, engaging content Accelerated track available for 2022 examinations Complimentary e-textbook to aid your learning Access to an array of partnership exam centres (guaranteed exam venue) Unlimited tutor support - Assistance with drafting a study plan and continual guidance Exam pass guarantee (Don't pass the first time? We’ll support you to the next exam). A-Level French lays a solid foundation for various careers. The course prepares you to navigate social and professional scenarios effectively in French-speaking nations.  About the awarding body Awarding body: AQA Our course code: X911 Qualification code: 7652 AQA qualifications, internationally esteemed and taught across 30 countries, facilitate students' progression in life. Valued by employers and universities, these qualifications cater to a spectrum of abilities, including GCSEs, IGCSEs, and A-Levels. ⏱ Study Hours Allocate between 250 and 300 hours for study, plus additional time for assignment completion. 👩‍🏫 Study Method Our course is dispensed via an online learning platform, offering a dynamic, engaging experience. If you prefer, you can print the learning materials. The resources are diverse, including videos, quizzes, and interactive activities. 📆 Course Duration Once enrolled, you have a two-year window to complete your studies and exams, with continual tutor support. 📋 Assessment Enroll now for Summer 2022 examinations. The course requires completion of two A-level written exams and one speaking assessment: Exams Paper one (listening, reading, writing): 2.5 hours written exam, 100 marks, 50% of A-level Paper two (writing): 2 hours written exam, 80 marks, 20% of A-level Paper three (speaking): Oral exam, 60 marks, 30% of A-level Questions vary from multiple-choice, structured, closed short answer to open response. We offer a guaranteed exam space in one of our UK centres, eliminating the hassle of finding your own. Find your nearest exam centre. Assignments  During the course, you’ll complete several assignments. Though they don't contribute towards your final grade, they provide opportunities for tutor feedback and progress monitoring. These may be used to generate predicted grades, if required. 👩‍🎓 Course Outcomes Successful completion grants you an A-Level in French, conferred by AQA, a leading awarding body. Your certificate will mirror those issued to students in traditional educational settings. We've chosen this syllabus (7652) as it's ideally suited for online learning and offers the best chance of success. ℹ️ Additional Information Difficulty - Level 3 Entry Requirements - GCSE French or equivalent recommended. UCAS Points - 56 Course Content: 1. Evolution of Family Structures (La famille en voie de changement) 🏡  Our course begins with a focus on changing trends in partnerships and marriage. You'll gain confidence in comprehending dialogues on this theme while mastering imperfect tense and translation of short texts. 2. Navigating the 'Cyber-Society' (La cyber-société) 🌐 We then delve into the conveniences and challenges posed by technology in everyday life. 3. The Value of Voluntary Work (Le rôle du bénévolat) 👨‍👩‍👦‍👦 Uncover the multifaceted world of voluntary work, understanding its impacts and value to the community. 4. The Heritage-Rich French Culture (Une culture fière de son patrimoine) 🏰 Next, engage with the local, regional, and national facets of French culture, and how heritage mirrors popular culture. 5. Exploring Contemporary Francophone Music (La musique francophone contemporaine) 🎶 Unit five immerses you in the world of French music, its followers, and its cultural influences. 6. The Beauty of Cinema (Cinéma: le septième art) 🎬 We'll then discuss the significance of cinema - a revered art form in France, and your personal film preferences. 7. The Richness of Diversity (Les aspects positifs d’une société diverse) 🌍 Examine how diversity enriches French society and the fundamental values of tolerance and respect it instils. 8. Addressing Marginalisation (Quelle vie pour les marginalisés?) 🚻 Learn to articulate views on marginalized groups, and societal attitudes towards them, while expanding your French vocabulary. 9. Perception of Criminals (Comment on traite les criminels) 🚨 Next, explore French perspectives on crime and criminals, evaluating whether prison succeeds or fails, and expressing these views in French. 10. Teenagers' Political Rights and Commitments 🗳️ Discuss the rights of teenagers, their political attitudes, and their vision for the future, including the contentious issue of voting rights. 11. Strikes, Demonstrations – Who Wields Power? 💪 Understand the role and power of unions, strikes, and demonstrations in France, and the varying societal attitudes towards them. 12. Politics and Immigration (La politique et l'immigration) 🛂 Finally, study political responses to immigration and contrasting views held by French political parties.