About this Training Front End Loading (FEL) is a methodology that takes a deliberate approach to capital project planning. Where traditional project plans seek to help an operator reach production targets and budgets, FEL methodology aligns an operator's technical and business goals to create a more comprehensive development plan. The FEL approach increases project definition and lowers risk to positively impact total investment costs and return on investment. Training Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: Learn the methods applied for Pre-FEL and FEL process Understand the importance of FEL, FEL stages; visualisation, conceptualisation, definition Uncover how to apply project management during FEL Determine risk management in the FEL process Understand benchmarking & value improving practices Target Audience The course is recommended for anyone who wish to gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the importance of Front-End Loading and how to apply Front End Loading best practices, including: Team Leaders Senior Managers (Line and Function) Project Managers Development Engineers Graduate Engineers Quality Assurance Engineers Key Contractor's Management FEED engineers Design engineers Mechanical engineers Process engineers Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your expert course leader is a subsea pipeline consultant with extensive experience in the design, construction, and installation of subsea pipelines for the oil and gas industry. As a consultant, he provides technical expertise and support to clients on all aspects of subsea pipeline projects, from the initial planning and design phase through to construction and commissioning. He is knowledgeable about industry standards, regulations, and best practices for subsea pipelines, and works closely with clients to ensure that projects are delivered safely, on time, and within budget. He has over thirty years' experience in early concept and front-end studies for the initiation of numerous high value upstream oil and gas projects worldwide. He has worked for both Operating Companies and Consultants managing the FEL process for complex, multi-discipline and technically challenging concepts, combining both his technical and project management skills. He has been working with companies like ExxonMobil, Quantum Power, North Caspian Operating Company, OMV Petrom, Port Meridian, BG Group, and etc. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations
Duration 3 Days 18 CPD hours This course is intended for This course is targeted for Juniper Networks system engineers, partner sales engineers (including Champions), and services partners who are interested in learning network design introductory concepts. However, the course is also applicable to a general audience of Juniper customers with a desire to learn more about network design. Overview Provide an overview of network design needs and common business requirements.Describe key product groups related to campus, WAN, data center, and security architectures.Analyze and interpret common RFP requirements.Scope a network design by gathering data and working with key stakeholders.Describe ways of processing customer data and design requests.Identify boundaries and scope for the design proposal.List some considerations when creating a design proposal.Provide an overview of network security design principles and common vulnerabilities.List high-level design considerations and best practices for securing the network.List the components of the campus network design.Describe best practices and design considerations for the campus.Describe architectural design options for the campus.List the components of the WAN.Describe best practices and design considerations for the WAN.Describe design options for the WAN.List the components of the data center design.Describe best practices and design considerations for the data center.Describe architectural design options for the data center.Define business continuity and its importance in a network design.Describe high availability design considerations and best practices.Provide an overview of high availability offerings and solutions.Describe Class of Service design considerations.Provide an overview of environmental considerations in network design.List design considerations and best practices for managing the network.Provide an overview of Juniper Networks and third party options for network management.List design considerations and best practices for network automation.Provide an overview of automation tools.Explain the foundational topics that have been taught throughout the course.Create a network design proposal that satisfies customer requirements and business needs.Provide an overview of the steps involved in migrating a network.Describe best practices used in network migration.List the various campus network topographies.Describe sample design options for the campus. This three-day course is designed to cover best practices, theory, and design principles for overall network design and will serve as the prerequisite course for other design subject areas Æ?? data center, security, and WAN. Course IntroductionNetwork Design Fundamentals A Need for Design Knowledge is King A Proposed Design Methodology A Reference Network Understanding Customer Requirements RFP Requirements Scoping the Design Project Analyzing the Data Lab: Understanding Customer Requirements Organizing the Data Processing the Data and Requests Understanding Boundaries and Scope Design Proposal Considerations Securing the Network Why Secure the Network? Security Design Considerations Creating the Design Campus The Campus Network: An Overview Best Practices and Considerations Architectural Design Options Lab: Creating the Design Campus Creating the Design Wide Area Network The WAN: An Overview Best Practices and Considerations WAN Design Examples Lab: Creating the Design WAN Creating the Design Data Center The Data Center: An Overview Best Practices and Considerations Data Center Design Examples Lab: Creating the Design Data Center Business Continuity & Network Enhancements Business Continuity Planning High Availability Design Considerations and Best Practices Offerings and Solutions CoS and Traffic Engineering Considerations Environmental Design Network Management Designing for Network Management Automation Designing for Network Automation Lab: Enhancing the Design Putting Network Design Into Practice Network Design Recap Responding to the RFP Final Lab Introduction Lab: Putting Network Design into Practice
RESILIA™ Foundation: Virtual In-House Training AXELOS RESILIA™: Cyber Resilience Best Practice is designed to help commercial and government organizations around the world prevent, detect, and correct any impact cyber attacks will have on the information required to do business. Adding RESILIA to the existing AXELOS global best practice portfolio, including ITIL® and PRINCE2®, brings a common cyber resilience best practice for security, IT service management, and business. Active cyber resilience is achieved through people, process, and technology. The RESILIA™ Foundation course starts with the purpose, key terms, the distinction between resilience and security, and the benefits of implementing cyber resilience. It introduces risk management and the key activities needed to address risks and opportunities. Further, it explains the relevance of common management standards and best practice frameworks to achieve cyber resilience. Subsequently, it identifies the cyber resilience processes, the associated control objectives, interactions, and activities that should be aligned with corresponding ITSM activities. In the final part of the course, it describes the segregation of duties and dual controls related to cyber resilience roles and responsibilities. What you will Learn At the end of this course, you will be able to: Demonstrate your knowledge of the purpose, benefits, and key terms of cyber resilience Demonstrate your knowledge of the risk management and the key activities needed to address risks and opportunities Demonstrate your knowledge of the purpose of a management system and how best practices and standards can contribute Demonstrate your knowledge of the cyber resilience strategy, the associated control objectives, and their interactions with ITSM activities Demonstrate your knowledge of cyber resilience design, the associated control objectives, and their interactions with ITSM activities Demonstrate your knowledge of cyber resilience transition, the associated control objectives, and their interactions with ITSM activities Demonstrate your knowledge of cyber resilience operation, the associated control objectives, and their interactions with ITSM activities Demonstrate your knowledge of cyber resilience continual improvement, the associated control objectives, and their interactions with ITSM activities Demonstrate your knowledge of the purpose and benefits of segregation of duties and dual controls Course Introduction Course Learning Objectives Course Agenda Activities Course Book Structure RESILIA Certification Introduction to Cyber Resilience What is Cyber Resilience? Defining Cyber Resilience Balancing in Cyber Resilience Characteristics of Cyber Resilience Risk Management Understanding Risk Management: Discussion Defining Risk Management Addressing Risks and Opportunities Managing Cyber Resilience Why and What of Management Systems? Management Systems Common Management Standards and Frameworks Cyber Resilience Strategy What is Strategy? Cyber Resilience Strategy and Activities Security Controls at Cyber Resilience Strategy Interaction Between ITSM Processes and Cyber Resilience Cyber Resilience Design Why Cyber Resilience Design? Cyber Resilience Design Activities Security Controls at Cyber Resilience Design Aligning ITSM Processes with Cyber Resilience Processes Cyber Resilience Transition Why Cyber Resilience Transition? Basics of Cyber Resilience Transition Cyber Resilience Transition: Controls Interaction Between ITSM Processes and Cyber Resilience Cyber Resilience Operation The Purpose of Cyber Resilience Operation Security Controls in Cyber Resilience Operation Interaction Between IT Processes and Cyber Resilience Interaction Between ITSM Functions and Cyber Resilience Cyber Resilience Continual Improvement Continual or Continuous Improvement Maturity Models Continual Improvement Controls The Seven-Step Improvement Process The ITIL CSI Approach Cyber Resilience Roles & Responsibilities Segregating Duties Dual Controls
Why Learn Vray for 3ds max Training Course? Course Link 3ds Max - Rendering with V-Ray training offers an extensive master class in utilizing V-Ray, a widely used tool in architecture, interior design, film, and various industries. Topics covered include lighting techniques for interiors using both natural and artificial light sources. Duration: 10 hrs Method: 1-2-1, Personalized attention. Schedule: Tailor your own hours of your choice, available from Mon to Sat between 9 am and 7 pm. Module 1: Introduction to Vray for 3ds Max (2 hours) Learn the purpose and advantages of Vray for 3ds Max. Install and set up Vray for 3ds Max. Get familiar with the Vray interface and workflow. Understand Vray materials and their usage in 3ds Max. Module 2: Lighting with Vray (2 hours) Explore lighting techniques using Vray in 3ds Max. Work with different types of Vray lights and their settings. Create and control Vray sun and sky for outdoor scenes. Utilize Vray dome lighting for interior scenes. Learn about IES lights in Vray and their usage. Establish an efficient lighting workflow with Vray. Module 3: Vray Camera (2 hours) Understand Vray camera settings and their impact on renders. Control exposure and use Vray depth of field. Create camera animations with Vray for dynamic shots. Explore Vray frame buffer functionalities for post-processing. Module 4: Vray Materials (2 hours) Learn about properties and settings of Vray materials. Create realistic and visually appealing materials with Vray. Save and organize custom Vray material libraries. Use Vray material overrides for efficient material changes. Module 5: Vray Rendering and Post Production (2 hours) Get an overview of Vray rendering settings for high-quality output. Render still images and animations using Vray. Enhance Vray renders in Photoshop with post-production techniques. Utilize Vray frame buffer for fine-tuning renders. Composit Vray render elements in Photoshop for added control. Work with Vray denoiser for noise reduction in renders. You can access the free trial of Vray for 3ds Max here: (https://www.chaosgroup.com/vray/sketchup/free-trial), material libraries here: (https://www.vray-materials.de/), and textures here: (https://textures.com/).
24-Hour Flash Sale! Prices Reduced Like Never Before!! Learn to use the world's Best Photo Editing Software with Adobe Photoshop CC. In the UK, the demand for skilled graphic designers and digital artists continues to grow, with the market projected to reach over £1 BILLION by 2025. Reach your full potential by taking our Adobe Photoshop CC Course and leap up the career ladder of your choice. The "Adobe Photoshop" course offers a comprehensive curriculum that covers every aspect of Photoshop, from basic to advanced techniques. You will start with an overview and progress to creating graphic designs, making PSD thumbnails visible, and working with Photoshop actions. Learn to create and transform images, work with text and fonts, and produce 3D image shots. You can quickly become skilled in the field by enrolling in this bestselling Adobe Photoshop CC course and stand proudly above applicants and candidates as you impress your future employer. Learning Outcomes of Adobe Photoshop CC Course: Master the basics and advanced techniques of Adobe Photoshop. Develop skills in creating and transforming graphic designs. Learn to work with text, fonts, and Photoshop actions effectively. Gain proficiency in producing 3D images and managing file formats. Understand the practical applications of Photoshop in live projects. Enhance your ability to produce professional-grade graphics and designs. Elevate your career with the "Adobe Photoshop" course and become a master of digital design. This program not only enhances your technical skills but also develops your creative abilities, allowing you to produce high-quality work that stands out. Enrol today and take the first step towards a rewarding and creative career! Why Prefer this Adobe Photoshop CC Course? Get a Free QLS Endorsed Certificate upon completion of the course Get a Free Student ID Card with this training program (£10 postal charge will be applicable for international delivery) The course is Affordable and Simple to understand Get Lifetime Access to the course materials The training program comes with 24/7 Tutor Support Start your learning journey straight away! Adobe Photoshop is the world's leading technology for creating and editing photographs. It can be used to create images, logos, 3D artwork, etc. and improve them. The complete course in Adobe Photoshop will give you the overall outlook and skills needed to master this application. Curriculum Breakdown of Adobe Photoshop CC Module 01: Overview Module 02: Having Graphic Designs Created Module 03: Making PSD Thumbnails Visible on Your PC Module 04: Creating a Simple Design - Part 1 Module 05: Creating a Simple Design - Part 2 Module 06: Changing the Background Image Module 07: Changing the Font or Text Module 08: Working with Photoshop Actions Module 09: Sources for Photoshop Actions Module 10: Selecting Photoshop Actions Module 11: Producing Photoshop Actions - Part 1 Module 12: Show Transform Controls Module 13: Producing Photoshop Actions - Part 2 Module 14: Creating a Multiple 3D Image Shot Module 15: Sizing of File Formats Module 16: Saving For Certain File Formats Module 17: Live Application - Part 1 Module 18: Live Application - Part 2 Module 19: Multiple Short Live Application Module 20: Conclusion How will I get my Adobe Photoshop CC Certificate? After successfully completing the Adobe Photoshop CC course, you will be able to order your Certificates as proof of your achievement. PDF Certificate: Free (Previously, it was £12.99) CPD Hard Copy Certificate: Free (For The First Course: Previously it was £29.99) QLS Endorsed Hard Copy Certificate: Free (For The Title Course: Previously it was £79) CPD 120 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Is This Adobe Photoshop CC Training Right for You? This Adobe Photoshop CC training has been professionally-designed for motivated learners who are looking to add a new skill to their CV and stand head and shoulders above the competition. Requirements Adobe Photoshop CC Enrol on the Adobe Photoshop CC training Course with no formal entry requirements! If you have a passion for knowledge and want to learn something new. Career path Adobe Photoshop CC You will be able to develop precise knowledge and skills with proper trust after completing this Adobe Photoshop CC Training course to enrich yourself and brighten up your career in the related job market. Certificates Advanced Photoshop CC at QLS Level 2 Hard copy certificate - Included If you are an international student, then you have to pay an additional 10 GBP as an international delivery charge. CPD Accredited Digital Certificate Digital certificate - Included Upon passing the Course, you need to order a Digital Certificate for each of the courses inside this bundle as proof of your new skills that are accredited by CPD QS for Free. CPD Accredited Hard Copy Certificate Hard copy certificate - Included If you are an international student, then you have to pay an additional 10 GBP as an international delivery charge.
Do you want to be a fashion designer or simply want to learn sewing for designing your own clothes? If any one the above is yes, then you must check our Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing out. It has everything you will need to become a successful fashion designer and also sewing like a pro. This course will teach you various theories related to fashion designing, different types of apparel products that you should consider designing, selecting appropriate materials, deciding the price to make profit, how to sell your products etc. You will also learn different types of sewing techniques including thread bear pattern, merry marionettes, heart sachet, three curtain pulls and many more. Moreover, this course will deliver you the process of gaining realistic skills for fashion designing. You will be able to sew like a professional if you can follow the instructions properly too. Course Highlights Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing is an award winning and the best selling course that has been given the CPD Certification & IAO accreditation. It is the most suitable course anyone looking to work in this or relevant sector. It is considered one of the perfect courses in the UK that can help students/learners to get familiar with the topic and gain necessary skills to perform well in this field. We have packed Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing into 25 modules for teaching you everything you need to become successful in this profession. To provide you ease of access, this course is designed for both part-time and full-time students. You can become accredited in just 1 day and it is also possible to study at your own pace. We have experienced tutors who will help you throughout the comprehensive syllabus of this course and answer all your queries through email. For further clarification, you will be able to recognize your qualification by checking the validity from our dedicated website. Why You Should Choose Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing Lifetime access to the course No hidden fees or exam charges CPD Accredited certification on successful completion Full Tutor support on weekdays (Monday - Friday) Efficient exam system, assessment and instant results Download Printable PDF certificate immediately after completion Obtain the original print copy of your certificate, dispatch the next working day for as little as £9. Improve your chance of gaining professional skills and better earning potential. Who is this Course for? Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing is CPD certified and IAO accredited. This makes it perfect for anyone trying to learn potential professional skills. As there is no experience and qualification required for this course, it is available for all students from any academic backgrounds. Requirements Our Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing is fully compatible with any kind of device. Whether you are using Windows computer, Mac, smartphones or tablets, you will get the same experience while learning. Besides that, you will be able to access the course with any kind of internet connection from anywhere at any time without any kind of limitation. Career Path You will be ready to enter the relevant job market after completing this course. You will be able to gain necessary knowledge and skills required to succeed in this sector. All our Diplomas' are CPD and IAO accredited so you will be able to stand out in the crowd by adding our qualifications to your CV and Resume. Module 01 Deciding What Types Of Products To Create 02:00:00 Pricing Your Products For Maximum Profits 02:00:00 Selling Your Products 01:00:00 Module 02 Express Your Creativity with Clothing You Design Yourself! 01:00:00 Planning Your Design 01:00:00 Elements of Design 01:00:00 Your Basic Block or Fitting 00:30:00 Simple Variations on the Basic Block 01:00:00 Module 03 Maintaining Balance and Proportion 01:00:00 Design with Fabric and Color 01:00:00 Where to Find Inspiration for Your Designs 01:00:00 Explore the World and Find Inspiration in Ethnic Fashions 01:00:00 Look to the Past for Historic Inspiration 01:00:00 Putting the Pieces Together 01:00:00 Module 04 How To Make: Pinky Thread Bear Pattern 03:00:00 Merry Marionettes 01:00:00 Safety Pin Holder 00:15:00 Three Curtain Pulls 00:30:00 Heart Sachet 00:30:00 Module 05 Whisk Broom Holder 00:15:00 Towel Ring Holder 00:15:00 Sewing Kit 00:30:00 Square Sachet 00:30:00 Small Pin Cushion 00:30:00 Large Pin Cushion 01:00:00 Mock Exam Mock Exam-Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing 00:20:00 Final Exam Final Exam-Professional Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing 00:20:00
Fashion design creates a great opportunity to kick-start your career in this field for its high demand. A fashion designer always searches for a new look, style, and vivid combination of creativity in order to make his career unique to get high demand in the job market. So, we designed the Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing course to mitigate the utmost quest of a designer to uplift his skill in fashion drawing, colour doctrine, 3D design, computer-based design, and many other things. It also instructs the learner to apt the sewing accuracy efficiently. Overall, studying the course is enough to achieve a high position in this role. Who is this course for? Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing is suitable for anyone who wants to gain extensive knowledge, potential experience and professional skills in the related field. This course is CPD accredited so you don't have to worry about the quality. Requirements Our Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing is open to all from all academic backgrounds and there are no specific requirements to attend this course. It is compatible and accessible from any device including Windows, Mac, Android, iOS, Tablets etc. CPD Certificate from Course Gate At the successful completion of the course, you can obtain your CPD certificate from us. You can order the PDF certificate for £9 and the hard copy for £15. Also, you can order both PDF and hardcopy certificates for £22. Career path This course opens a new door for you to enter the relevant job market and also gives you the opportunity to acquire extensive knowledge along with required skills to become successful. You will be able to add our qualification to your CV/resume which will help you to stand out in the competitive job industry. Course Curriculum Module 01 Deciding What Types Of Products To Create 01:30:00 Pricing Your Products For Maximum Profits 00:15:00 Selling Your Products 01:00:00 Module 02 Express Your Creativity with Clothing You Design Yourself! 00:05:00 Planning Your Design 00:05:00 Elements of Design 00:05:00 Your Basic Block or Fitting 00:05:00 Simple Variations on the Basic Block 01:00:00 Module 03 Maintaining Balance and Proportion 00:05:00 Design with Fabric and Color 00:05:00 Where to Find Inspiration for Your Designs 00:05:00 Explore the World and Find Inspiration in Ethnic Fashions 00:05:00 Look to the Past for Historic Inspiration 00:05:00 Putting the Pieces Together 00:05:00 Module 04 How To Make: Pinky Thread Bear Pattern 00:05:00 Merry Marionettes 00:05:00 Safety Pin Holder 00:05:00 Three Curtain Pulls 00:05:00 Heart Sachet 00:05:00 Module 05 Whisk Broom Holder 00:15:00 Towel Ring Holder 00:05:00 Sewing Kit 00:05:00 Square Sachet 00:05:00 Small Pin Cushion 00:05:00 Large Pin Cushion 00:05:00 Mock Exam Mock Exam-Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing 00:20:00 Final Exam Final Exam-Diploma in Fashion Designing and Sewing 00:20:00 Certificate and Transcript Order Your Certificates or Transcripts 00:00:00
Why Choose Enscape Rendering Training Course? Course info Best real-time visualization plugin, integrates with design tools like Revit, SketchUp, Rhino, ArchiCAD, and Vectorworks. Experience swift and real-time visualization within your preferred applications, eliminating extra costs and adjustments. Elevate your design projects effortlessly with Enscape. Duration: 5 hrs Method: 1-on-1, Personalized attention Schedule: Tailor your own hours of your choice, available from Mon to Sat between 9 am and 7 pm What does the Enscape Training & Interactive Workshop offer? The Enscape Training & Interactive Workshop is designed to help you get up and running with Virtual Reality (VR) in a cost-effective manner. It covers hardware and software setup, navigation techniques, real-time updates, material settings, and more. The workshop also allows participants to experience VR firsthand. What will I learn in the Enscape (VR) Training and Interactive Workshop? The workshop covers hardware setup, software installation, and configuration. You will learn how to migrate models from Revit and SketchUp into VR, navigate through designs, update objects and materials in real-time, and utilize various visual styles and settings. The course also includes interactive workshops with support from our expert tutors. Course Outline: Enscape Rendering Software Training (5 hours) Course 1: Enscape for Revit Hour 1: 1. Introduction to Enscape: Overview of Enscape rendering software, its features, and benefits. 2. Installing and Setting up Enscape: Step-by-step guidance on installing and configuring Enscape for Revit. 3. Enscape Interface: Familiarizing with the Enscape user interface and navigation controls within Revit. Hour 2: 4. Enscape Materials: Exploring material creation, application, and customization within Enscape for Revit. 5. Lighting in Enscape: Understanding different lighting options, adjusting light settings, and creating realistic lighting effects. Hour 3: 6. Enscape Camera Settings: Manipulating camera angles, perspectives, and settings for optimal visualization. 7. Enscape Rendering Settings: Exploring various rendering settings and techniques to enhance the quality of the final output. Hour 4: 8. Enscape Rendering Workflow: Demonstrating a step-by-step workflow for generating renderings and walkthroughs using Enscape in Revit. 9. Advanced Features: Introduction to advanced features such as creating panoramas, virtual reality (VR) walkthroughs, and creating animations in Enscape. Hour 5: 10. Tips and Tricks: Sharing tips and techniques for maximizing efficiency and achieving high-quality results in Enscape for Revit. 11. Q&A and Troubleshooting: Addressing participant questions, providing troubleshooting guidance, and discussing common challenges and solutions. OR Course Outline: Enscape Rendering Software Training (5 hours) Course 1: Enscape for Sketchup Hour 1: 1. Introduction to Enscape: Overview of Enscape rendering software, its features, and benefits for SketchUp users. 2. Installing and Setting up Enscape: Step-by-step guidance on installing and configuring Enscape for SketchUp. 3. Enscape Interface: Familiarizing with the Enscape user interface and navigation controls within SketchUp. Hour 2: 4. Enscape Materials: Exploring material creation, application, and customization within Enscape for SketchUp. 5. Lighting in Enscape: Understanding different lighting options, adjusting light settings, and creating realistic lighting effects. Hour 3: 6. Enscape Camera Settings: Manipulating camera angles, perspectives, and settings for optimal visualization in SketchUp. 7. Enscape Rendering Settings: Exploring various rendering settings and techniques to enhance the quality of the final output. Hour 4: 8. Enscape Rendering Workflow: Demonstrating a step-by-step workflow for generating renderings and walkthroughs using Enscape in SketchUp. 9. Advanced Features: Introduction to advanced features such as creating panoramas, virtual reality (VR) walkthroughs, and creating animations in Enscape. Hour 5: 10. Tips and Tricks: Sharing tips and techniques for maximizing efficiency and achieving high-quality results in Enscape for SketchUp. 11. Q&A and Troubleshooting: Addressing participant questions, providing troubleshooting guidance, and discussing common challenges and solutions.