The Microsoft Access 2016 Beginner to Advanced course is a comprehensive training program covering all levels of proficiency. From creating simple databases to advanced querying, form creation, report generation, and database management, this course provides a deep understanding of Microsoft Access's features and functions. Learning Outcomes: Build and modify Access databases, tables, and fields. Create effective queries to sort, filter, and summarize data. Develop professional-looking reports with controls, charts, and calculations. Design forms with controls, tab pages, and conditional formatting. Automate tasks using macros and understand the basics of VBA. Manage database performance, security, and object dependencies. Create a database switchboard and modify startup options. Understand data normalization, table relationships, and import/export processes. Why buy this Microsoft Access 2016 Beginner to Advanced? Digital Certificate, Transcript, student ID all included in the price Absolutely no hidden fees Directly receive CPD accredited qualifications after course completion Receive one to one assistance on every weekday from professionals Immediately receive the PDF certificate after passing Receive the original copies of your certificate and transcript on the next working day Easily learn the skills and knowledge from the comfort of your home Certification After studying the course materials of the Microsoft Access 2016 Beginner to Advanced you will be able to take the MCQ test that will assess your knowledge. After successfully passing the test you will be able to claim the pdf certificate for £5.99. Original Hard Copy certificates need to be ordered at an additional cost of £9.60. Who is this course for? Beginners with no previous experience in Microsoft Access. Professionals seeking to enhance their database management and reporting skills. Individuals aiming to become proficient in creating and maintaining databases. Students pursuing careers in data analysis, administration, or database management. Prerequisites This Microsoft Access 2016 Beginner to Advanced was made by professionals and it is compatible with all PC's, Mac's, tablets and smartphones. You will be able to access the course from anywhere at any time as long as you have a good enough internet connection. Career path Data Analyst: Analyze, interpret, and present data insights using Access. Database Administrator: Design, implement, and maintain databases for organizations. Administrative Assistant: Manage data, generate reports, and streamline processes. Project Manager: Organize project-related data and create performance reports. Business Owner: Build and manage databases to support business operations. Course Curriculum Module - 1 Orientation to Microsoft Access 01:00:00 Create a Simple Access Database 01:00:00 Get Help in Microsoft Access 00:30:00 Modify Table Data 00:30:00 Work with Records 01:00:00 Sort and Filter Records 00:30:00 Create Lookups 01:00:00 Join Data from Different Tables in a Query 01:00:00 Sort and Filter Data in a Query 01:00:00 Perform Calculations in a Query 00:30:00 Create Parameter Queries 00:30:00 Create Action Queries 00:30:00 Create Find Duplicate and Find Unmatched Queries 00:30:00 Summarize Data 00:30:00 Create a Report 01:00:00 Add Controls to a Report 00:30:00 Enhance the Appearance of a Report 00:30:00 Prepare a Report for Print 00:30:00 The Access Options Dialog Box 01:00:00 Relational Database Design 00:30:00 Create a Table 01:00:00 Modify a Table and Fields 00:30:00 Create Table Relationships 00:30:00 Create Query Joins 00:30:00 Join Tables That Have No Common Fields 00:30:00 Relate Data within a Table 00:30:00 Work with Subdatasheets 00:30:00 Create Subqueries 00:30:00 Data Normalization 01:00:00 Create a Junction Table 00:30:00 Import Data into Access 00:30:00 Export Data to Text File Formats 00:30:00 Export Access Data to Excel 00:30:00 Create a Mail Merge 00:30:00 Organize Report Information 00:30:00 Format Reports 00:30:00 Include Charts in a Report 00:30:00 Add a Calculated Field to a Report 00:30:00 Add a Subreport to an Existing Report 00:30:00 Create a Mailing Label Report 00:30:00 Publish a Report as PDF 00:30:00 Activities - Microsoft Access 2016 for Beginners 00:00:00 Module - 2 Add Controls to Forms 01:00:00 Set Form Controls 01:00:00 Create Subforms 00:30:00 Organize Information with Tab Pages 00:30:00 Enhance Navigation with Forms 00:30:00 Format a Form 01:00:00 Apply Conditional Formatting 00:30:00 Field Validation 00:30:00 Form and Record Validation 00:30:00 Create a Macro 01:00:00 Restrict Records Using a Condition 00:30:00 Validate Data Using a Macro 00:30:00 Automate Data Entry Using a Macro 00:30:00 Convert a Macro to VBA 00:30:00 Link Tables to External Data Sources 00:30:00 Manage a Database 00:30:00 Determine Object Dependency 00:30:00 Document a Database 00:30:00 Analyze the Performance of a Database 00:30:00 Split a Database for Multiple User Access 00:30:00 Implement Security 00:30:00 Set Passwords 00:30:00 Convert an Access Database to an ACCDE File 00:30:00 Package a Database with a Digital Signature 00:30:00 Create a Database Switchboard 01:00:00 Modify a Database Switchboard 00:30:00 Set Startup Options 00:30:00 Activities - Microsoft Access 2016 Advanced 00:00:00
Description Access 2016 is a software development and graphical user interface tool that assist you to collect, report, and analyze information for the reference. To become better at MS Access take a look at our well designed MS Access 2016 Advanced course. It will help you in understanding all you need to know about the MS Access. The course aims at the students' efficiency to improve their skill in the functions of an Access database. It teaches the learners how to form joint table and use table analyzer wizard effectively. The course incorporates the fundamental issues of MS Access such as automation process with the help of VBA, creation, and modification of switchboards, and function of table events. It enables the students to configure security and access for different environments providing knowledge with the multiple uses of tools and backup system. Assessment: This course does not involve any MCQ test. Students need to answer assignment questions to complete the course, the answers will be in the form of written work in pdf or word. Students can write the answers in their own time. Once the answers are submitted, the instructor will check and assess the work. Certification: After completing and passing the course successfully, you will be able to obtain an Accredited Certificate of Achievement. Certificates can be obtained either in hard copy at a cost of £39 or in PDF format at a cost of £24. Who is this Course for? MS Access 2016 Advanced is certified by CPD Qualifications Standards and CiQ. This makes it perfect for anyone trying to learn potential professional skills. As there is no experience and qualification required for this course, it is available for all students from any academic background. Requirements Our MS Access 2016 Advanced is fully compatible with any kind of device. Whether you are using Windows computer, Mac, smartphones or tablets, you will get the same experience while learning. Besides that, you will be able to access the course with any kind of internet connection from anywhere at any time without any kind of limitation. Career Path After completing this course you will be able to build up accurate knowledge and skills with proper confidence to enrich yourself and brighten up your career in the relevant job market. Introduction Introduction FREE 00:01:00 Improving the Structure of a Database Using the Table Analyzer Wizard 00:05:00 Append Querying to Normalize a Table 00:08:00 Creating a Junction Table 00:06:00 Maintaining a Database Backing Up a Database 00:02:00 Using the Compact and Repair Database Tool 00:03:00 Using the Object Dependencies Tool 00:02:00 Using the Database Documenter Too 00:02:00 Using the Performance Analyzer Tool 00:02:00 Working with Access Switchboards Understanding the Access Switchboard 00:03:00 Using The Switchboard Manager 00:09:00 Modifying a Switchboard 00:05:00 Setting the Startup Options 00:04:00 Configuring Access for Multiple Users Using the database Splitter 00:04:00 Configuring Trusted Locations 00:02:00 Password Protecting a Database 00:03:00 Password Protecting Modules 00:01:00 Converting a Database to an ACCDE file 00:01:00 Automating Processes with VBA Understanding VBA Basics 00:06:00 Exploring Variables and Control Flow Statements 00:10:00 Exporting a Table or Query with VBA 00:06:00 Converting a Macro to VBA 00:02:00 Using Table Events Understanding Table Events 00:02:00 Using the Before Change Event Command 00:04:00 Using the After Change Event Command 00:04:00 Conclusion Course Recap 00:04:00 Resources Resources - MS Access 2016 Advanced 00:00:00 Certificate and Transcript Order Your Certificates and Transcripts 00:00:00
Linux shell scripting training course description A practical introduction to writing scripts using the Bourne shell under any Linux operating system. Applicable for those using the Korn shell as well. What will you learn Read shell scripts. Write shell scripts. Use different types of quotes. Recognise the role of shell scripts within the Linux system. Linux shell scripting training course details Who will benefit: Programmers developing programs under UNIX. Administrators / support personnel who wish to find out more about the workings of Linux or write simple utility programs. Prerequisites: Linux Fundamentals Duration 2 days Linux shell scripting training course contents Review of Linux fundamentals Basic shell scripts What does the shell do? How are commands executed? Different shells. what is a shell script? Comments, creating shell scripts. Variables Setting variables, using variables, set, scope, export, sourcing, environmental variables, read. Positional parameters $0 to $9, $#, $* and others. shift parameter substitution. Control statements The test command The if statement while loops for loops The case statement. Special characters Redirection of errors, here documents, quoting. Arithmetic in shell scripts The expr command. System shell scripts Screen handling The terminfo database, The tput command. Advanced issues (optional session) Shell functions, getopts, xargs, debugging shell scripts, portability issues. Extras in the Korn shell. Optimising shell scripts The time command, performance tips.
Overview This comprehensive course on Complete Microsoft Access Course will deepen your understanding on this topic. After successful completion of this course you can acquire the required skills in this sector. This Complete Microsoft Access Course comes with accredited certification from CPD, which will enhance your CV and make you worthy in the job market. So enrol in this course today to fast-track your career ladder. How will I get my certificate? You may have to take a quiz or a written test online during or after the course. After successfully completing the course, you will be eligible for the certificate. Who is This course for? There is no experience or previous qualifications required for enrolment on this Complete Microsoft Access Course. It is available to all students, of all academic backgrounds. Requirements Our Complete Microsoft Access Course is fully compatible with PC's, Mac's, Laptop, Tablet and Smartphone devices. This course has been designed to be fully compatible with tablets and smartphones so you can access your course on Wi-Fi, 3G or 4G. There is no time limit for completing this course, it can be studied in your own time at your own pace. Career Path Learning this new skill will help you to advance in your career. It will diversify your job options and help you develop new techniques to keep up with the fast-changing world. This skillset will help you to- Open doors of opportunities Increase your adaptability Keep you relevant Boost confidence And much more! Course Curriculum 3 sections • 58 lectures • 08:04:00 total length •Orientation to Microsoft Access: 00:39:00 •Create a Simple Access Database: 00:10:00 •Get Help and Configure Options in Microsoft Access: 00:06:00 •Modify Table Data: 00:17:00 •Sort and Filter Records: 00:05:00 •Create Basic Queries: 00:15:00 •Sort and Filter Data in a Query: 00:14:00 •Perform Calculations in a Query: 00:08:00 •Create Basic Access Forms: 00:07:00 •Work with Data on Access Forms: 00:23:00 •Create a Report: 00:12:00 •Add Controls to a Report: 00:12:00 •Enhance the Appearance of a Report: 00:05:00 •Prepare a Report for Print: 00:03:00 •Organize Report Information: 00:15:00 •Format Reports: 00:12:00 •Relational Database Design: 00:16:00 •Create a Table: 00:09:00 •Create Table Relationships: 00:09:00 •Create Query Joins: 00:14:00 •Relate Data Within a Table.avi: 00:04:00 •Work with Subdatasheets from: 00:05:00 •Use Field Validation: 00:16:00 •Use Form and Record Validation: 00:14:00 •Create Parameter Queries: 00:12:00 •Summarize Data: 00:06:00 •Create Subqueries: 00:07:00 •Create Action Queries: 00:05:00 •Create Unmatched and Duplicate Queries: 00:06:00 •Data Normalization: 00:10:00 •Create a Junction Table: 00:04:00 •Improve Table Structure: 00:06:00 •Include Control Formatting in a Report: 00:04:00 •Add a Calculated Field to a Report: 00:05:00 •Add a Subreport to an Existing Report: 00:07:00 •Add Controls to Forms: 00:11:00 •Enhance Navigation and Organization of Forms: 00:14:00 •Apply Conditional Formatting: 00:04:00 •Import Data into Access: 00:08:00 •Export Access Data: 00:06:00 •Link Tables to External Data Sources: 00:05:00 •Create a Mail Merge: 00:02:00 •Create a Macro: 00:08:00 •Restrict Records by Using a Condition: 00:04:00 •Validate Data by Using a Macro: 00:05:00 •Automate Data Entry by Using a Macro: 00:04:00 •Manage a Database: 00:08:00 •Determine Object Dependency: 00:04:00 •Manage a Database: 00:07:00 •Determine Object Dependency: 00:04:00 •Document a Database: 00:04:00 •Splitting a Database for Multiple User Access: 00:05:00 •Implement Security: 00:03:00 •Convert an Access Database to an ACCDE File: 00:04:00 •Package a Database with a Digital Signature: 00:01:00 •Create a Database Switchboard: 00:05:00 •Modify a Database Switchboard: 00:02:00 •Set Start up Options: 00:04:00
Overview Uplift Your Career & Skill Up to Your Dream Job - Learning Simplified From Home! Kickstart your career & boost your employability by helping you discover your skills, talents, and interests with our special Access 2019 Advanced Course. You'll create a pathway to your ideal job as this course is designed to uplift your career in the relevant industry. It provides the professional training that employers are looking for in today's workplaces. The Access 2019 Advanced Course is one of the most prestigious training offered at Skillwise and is highly valued by employers for good reason. This Access 2019 Advanced Course has been designed by industry experts to provide our learners with the best learning experience possible to increase their understanding of their chosen field. This Access 2019 Advanced Course, like every one of Skillwise's courses, is meticulously developed and well-researched. Every one of the topics is divided into elementary modules, allowing our students to grasp each lesson quickly. At Skillwise, we don't just offer courses; we also provide a valuable teaching process. When you buy a course from Skillwise, you get unlimited Lifetime access with 24/7 dedicated tutor support. Why buy this Access 2019 Advanced ? Lifetime access to the course forever Digital Certificate, Transcript, and student ID are all included in the price Absolutely no hidden fees Directly receive CPD Quality Standard-accredited qualifications after course completion Receive one-to-one assistance every weekday from professionals Immediately receive the PDF certificate after passing Receive the original copies of your certificate and transcript on the next working day Easily learn the skills and knowledge from the comfort of your home Certification After studying the course materials of the Access 2019 Advanced there will be a written assignment test which you can take either during or at the end of the course. After successfully passing the test you will be able to claim the PDF certificate for free. Original Hard Copy certificates need to be ordered at an additional cost of £8. Who is this course for? This Access 2019 Advanced course is ideal for Students Recent graduates Job Seekers Anyone interested in this topic People already work in relevant fields and want to polish their knowledge and skills. Prerequisites This Access 2019 Advanced does not require you to have any prior qualifications or experience. You can just enrol and start learning. This Access 2019 Advanced was made by professionals and it is compatible with all PCs, Macs, tablets, and smartphones. You will be able to access the course from anywhere at any time as long as you have a good enough internet connection. Career path As this course comes with multiple courses included as a bonus, you will be able to pursue multiple occupations. This Access 2019 Advanced is a great way for you to gain multiple skills from the comfort of your home. Access 2019 Advanced Module 1: Introduction to the course 00:01:00 Module 2: Using the table Analyzer Wizard 00:07:00 Module 3: Append Querying to Normalize a Table 00:06:00 Module 4: Creating a Junction Table 00:05:00 Module 5: Backing up a Database 00:02:00 Module 6: Using the Compact and Repair Database Tool 00:03:00 Module 7: Using the Object Dependencies Tool 00:02:00 Module 8: Using the Database Documenter Tool 00:02:00 Module 9: Using the Analyze Performance Tool 00:02:00 Module 10: Creating a Navigation Form 00:03:00 Module 11: Modifying a Navigation Form 00:03:00 Module 12: Setting the Startup Options 00:02:00 Module 13: Using the Database Splitter 00:03:00 Module 14: Configuring Trusted Locations 00:03:00 Module 15: Password Protecting a Database 00:03:00 Module 16: Password Protecting Modules 00:02:00 Module 17: Converting a Database to an ACCDE File 00:02:00 Module 18: Understanding VBA Basics 00:03:00 Module 19: Exploring Variables and Control Flow Statements 00:07:00 Module 20: Exploring a Table or Query with VBA 00:10:00 Module 21: Converting a Macro to VBA 00:03:00 Module 22: Understanding Table Events 00:02:00 Module 23: Using the Before Change Event Command 00:05:00 Module 24: Using the After Update Event Command 00:03:00 Module 25: Recap 00:01:00 Resource Resource - Access 2019 Advanced Final Exam
Complete VBA programming training course description This course helps you extend the capabilities of the entire Office suite using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Even if you have no programming experience, you'll be automating routine computing processes quickly using the simple, yet powerful VBA programming language. We start at the beginning to get you acquainted with VBA so you can start recording macros right away. You'll then build upon that foundation to utilize the full capabilities of the language in Word, Excel, Outlook, and PowerPoint. What will you learn Record, write and run macros. Work with VBA Editor. Use the huge library of built-in functions. Create simple dialog boxes and complex forms. Customize Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and Access. Program the Office 2016 ribbon. Complete VBA programming training course details Who will benefit: Anyone looking to extend the capabilities of the entire Office suite using VBA. Prerequisites: None. Duration 5 days Complete VBA programming training course contents Macros and getting started in VBA VBA syntax, variables, constants, and enumerations, array variables, finding objects, methods, and properties. Working with VBA 1 VBA syntax, variables, constants, and enumerations, array variables, finding objects, methods, and properties. Decisions, loops and functions Built-in functions, creating your own functions, making decisions in your code, using loops to repeat actions. Using message boxes, input boxes, and dialog boxes Getting user input with message boxes and input boxes, creating simple custom dialog boxes, creating complex forms. Creating effective code Building modular code and using classes, debugging your code and handling errors, building well-behaved code, exploring VBA's security features. Programming the Office applications The Word object model and key objects, working with widely used objects in Word, the Excel object model and key objects, working with widely used objects in Excel, the PowerPoint object, model and key objects, working with shapes and running slide shows, the Outlook object model and key objects, working with events in Outlook, the Access object model and key objects, manipulating the data in an Access database via VBA, accessing one application from another application, programming the Office 2016 ribbon.
Total SPB training course description A comprehensive look at Service Provider Bridging (SPB) as standardised in 802.1aq. This SPB course starts with the problems in traditional switched networks then moves onto to how SPB solves these problems. As IS-IS is key to loop free topologies in SPB networks, this protocols is also studied. What will you learn Explain the benefits of SPB. Explain how SPB works. Explain the role of IS-IS in SPB. Integrate SPB into existing networks. Total SPB training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with Ethernet. Prerequisites: Definitive Ethernet switching for engineers Duration 1 day Total SPB training course contents What is SPB? Layer 2 versus Layer 3, STP problems: One path, convergence, MAC explosion. Virtualisation issues: VRF. Service Provider Bridging (SPB), 802.1aq. Virtual Services Network. SPB variants 802.1Q, 802.1ad, Q-in-Q, VLAN IDs, 802.1ah, M-in-M, I-SID. SPBV, SPBM. SPBM frame format. How SPB works Node ID, Backbone Edge Bridges, Backbone MAC address, Customer MACs, I-SID. IS-IS. Forwarding database. VSN. IS-IS Link layer IS-IS, SPF trees, traffic management. IS-IS extensions for SPB. ISIS TLV. SPB services Data centre bridging, server virtualisation, multitenant applications. Integration of SPB into existing networks. VLAN to ISID mappings. Inter ISID routing, IP/SPB Layer 3 VRF extensions. Miscellaneous Multicast in SPB environments. Source specific multicast trees. SPB configuration. SPB deployment considerations.
Overview With the ever-increasing demand for Microsoft Access in personal & professional settings, this online training aims at educating, nurturing, and upskilling individuals to stay ahead of the curve - whatever their level of expertise in Microsoft Access may be. Learning about Microsoft Access or keeping up to date on it can be confusing at times, and maybe even daunting! But that's not the case with this course from Compete High. We understand the different requirements coming with a wide variety of demographics looking to get skilled in Microsoft Access . That's why we've developed this online training in a way that caters to learners with different goals in mind. The course materials are prepared with consultation from the experts of this field and all the information on Microsoft Access is kept up to date on a regular basis so that learners don't get left behind on the current trends/updates. The self-paced online learning methodology by compete high in this Microsoft Access course helps you learn whenever or however you wish, keeping in mind the busy schedule or possible inconveniences that come with physical classes. The easy-to-grasp, bite-sized lessons are proven to be most effective in memorising and learning the lessons by heart. On top of that, you have the opportunity to receive a certificate after successfully completing the course! Instead of searching for hours, enrol right away on this Microsoft Access course from Compete High and accelerate your career in the right path with expert-outlined lessons and a guarantee of success in the long run. Who is this course for? While we refrain from discouraging anyone wanting to do this Microsoft Access course or impose any sort of restrictions on doing this online training, people meeting any of the following criteria will benefit the most from it: Anyone looking for the basics of Microsoft Access , Jobseekers in the relevant domains, Anyone with a ground knowledge/intermediate expertise in Microsoft Access , Anyone looking for a certificate of completion on doing an online training on this topic, Students of Microsoft Access , or anyone with an academic knowledge gap to bridge, Anyone with a general interest/curiosity Career Path This Microsoft Access course smoothens the way up your career ladder with all the relevant information, skills, and online certificate of achievements. After successfully completing the course, you can expect to move one significant step closer to achieving your professional goals - whether it's securing that job you desire, getting the promotion you deserve, or setting up that business of your dreams. Course Curriculum Module 1 Setting up Microsoft Access Module 1 Setting up Microsoft Access 00:00 Module 2 Relationships and Keys of a Database Module 2 Relationships and Keys of a Database 00:00 Module 3 Navigation of a Database Module 3 Navigation of a Database 00:00 Module 4 Manage Database Data Module 4 Manage Database Data 00:00 Module 5 Create and Manage Tables Module 5 Create and Manage Tables 00:00 Module 6 Queries Module 6 Queries 00:00
UNIX shell programming training course description This course has been designed as a follow on course for the XML primer course. The course looks at the use of XSLT in the transforming and styling XML documents. What will you learn Read shell scripts. Write shell scripts. Use different types of quotes. Recognise the role of shell scripts within the UNIX system. UNIX shell programming training course details Who will benefit: Programmers developing programs under UNIX. Anyone working with XML. Administrators Support personnel who wish to find out more about the workings of UNIX or write simple utility programs. Prerequisites: UNIX fundamentals Some programming experience would be useful although not essential. Duration 2 days UNIX shell programming training course contents Review of UNIX fundamentals Basic shell scripts What does the shell do? How are commands executed? Different shells. What is a shell script? Comments, creating shell scripts. Variables Setting variables, using variables, set, scope, export, sourcing, environmental variables, read. Positional parameters 0 to $9, $#, $* and others. shift parameter substitution. Control statements The test command, The if statement, while loops, for loops, The case statement, Special characters, Redirection of errors, here documents, quoting. Arithmetic in shell scripts The expr command. System shell scripts Screen handling The terminfo database The tput comand Avanced issues (optional session) Shell functions, getopts, xargs, debugging shell scripts, portability issues. Extras in the Korn shell. Optimising shell scripts The time command, performance tips.
IP addressing and subnetting course description A course focusing purely on IP addressing and subnetting. The course assumes that delegates already have some knowledge of IP addressing. In particular delegates will be able to calculate subnet numbers in seconds without using binary. What will you learn Download and install Wireshark. Calculate subnet numbers in seconds Design IP addressing schemes. Troubleshoot IP address problems. Calculate CIDR prefixes in seconds IP addressing and subnetting course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with TCP/IP. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Duration 2 days IP addressing and subnetting course contents IP addressing review What is an IP address? What is a subnet? Classless IP addressing. The rules of IP addressing. Ways IP addresses are used: On hosts, in packets, in routing tables. Hands on Byte boundary subnetting. Configuring IP addresses Interfaces, Static vs. dynamic configuration. DHCP: Scopes, leases, relays, using multiple DHCP servers. Multihoming. Subnetting Default subnet masks, subnet notations. How to subnet without binary. VLSMs. Hands on Bit boundary subnetting. Address ranges and routing Routing tables, IP address spoofing, host specific routing, subnets in routing tables, supernets in routing tables. CIDR. Impact of choice of routing protocol. Hands on IP addressing plans. Allocations and assignments IAB, IANA, RIRs, RIPE, LIRs and ISPs. PI vs. PA addressing. Hands on Querying the RIPE database. Private addressing and NAT NAT, NAPT, NAT terms, private addresses, NAT operation, NAT architecture, NAT and security, why use NAT? NAT-ALG, Types of NAT, RSIP. Special use addresses Unicasts, broadcasts, multicasts, anycasts. Directed broadcasts. Allowing broadcasts through routers.