HTTP streaming training course description This course looks at the delivery of video streams using HTTP adaptive streaming. Both MPEG DASH and HLS are investigated. Hands on sessions primarily involve using Wireshark to analyse streams. What will you learn Use Wireshark to analyse and troubleshoot HTTP video streams. Explain HTTP adaptive streaming works. Evaluate and compare MPEG DASH and HLS. Use tools to create HTTP adaptive streams. HTTP streaming training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in the broadcast industry. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers Duration 2 days HTTP streaming training course contents What is HTTP streaming? The old way. Progressive downloads versus streaming. Why not UDP and RTP for delivery? Adaptive bit rate streaming. Standards. Hands on Base network setup. Using WireShark for HTTP streams. HTTP protocol stack IP, TCP, IPv6. HTTP. HTTP 1.0, HTTP 1.1, HTTP 2.0, HTTP header fields. HTML 5. Hands on Analysing HTTP. Adaptive bitrate streaming principles Chunks, fragments, segments. Manifest files. Encoding, resolution, bitrates. Addressing, relative and absolute URLs, redirection. When does the client switch streams? Switch points. Hands on Walk through of client behaviours on a stream. HTTP streaming architecture Server components, distribution components, client software. CDN, caching, multiple servers. Hands on Analysing CDN and Internet delivery. TCP and HTTP streaming interactions TCP ACK, TCP connections, unicast only. TCP flow control, TCP and performance. Hands on TCP window sizes. MPEG DASH Stakeholders, DASH architecture and model, codec agnostic, XML, Media Presentation Description, Media Presentation, segment formats. Hands on MPEG DASH analysis. HTTP Live Streaming and others Stakeholders. Media segments, media playlists, master playlists. Adobe HTTP dynamic streaming, Microsoft smooth streaming. Hands on Analysing HLS. Tools mp4dash, mp4fragment, libdash. Apple developer tools for HLS. Hands on Creating segmented content. Security HTTPS, encryption, content protection. Hands on Encryption analysis. Summary Choosing a streaming method. Impact of live versus VoD. Web sockets.
OTT TV for engineers course description This course covers OTT TV by primarily looking at the delivery of video streams using HTTP adaptive streaming. Both MPEG DASH and HLS are investigated. Hands on sessions involve using Wireshark to analyse streams as well as crafting segmented content. What will you learn Explain what OTT TV is, and how it works. Describe the OTT TV architecture. Use Wireshark to analyse and troubleshoot OTT video streams. Explain how HTTP adaptive streaming works. Evaluate and compare MPEG DASH and HLS. Use tools to create OTT TV adaptive streams. OTT TV for engineers course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in the broadcast industry. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers. Duration 2 days OTT TV for engineers course contents What is OTT TV? Brodeo providers vs ISPs. Progressive downloads versus streaming. Why not UDP and RTP for delivery? Adaptive bit rate streaming. Standards. Hands on: Base network setup. Using WireShark for HTTP streams. HTTP protocol stack IP, TCP, IPv6. HTTP. HTTP 1.0, HTTP 1.1, HTTP 2.0, HTTP header fields. HTML 5. Hands on: Analysing HTTP. Adaptive bitrate streaming principles Chunks, fragments, segments. Manifest files. Encoding, resolution, bitrates. Addressing, relative and absolute URLs, redirection. When does the client switch streams? Switch points. Hands on: Walk through of client behaviours on a stream. OTT TV streaming architecture Server components, distribution components, client software. CDN, caching, multiple servers. Hands on: Analysing CDN and Internet delivery. TCP and HTTP streaming interactions TCP ACK, TCP connections, unicast only. TCP flow control, TCP and performance. Hands on: TCP window sizes. MPEG DASH Stakeholders, DASH architecture and model, codec agnostic, XML, Media Presentation Description, Media Presentation, segment formats. Hands on: MPEG DASH analysis. HTTP Live Streaming and others Stakeholders. Media segments, media playlists, master playlists. Adobe HTTP dynamic streaming, Microsoft smooth streaming. Hands on: Analysing HLS. Tools mp4dash, mp4fragment, libdash. Apple developer tools for HLS. Hands on: Creating segmented content. Security HTTPS, encryption, content protection. Hands on: Encryption analysis. Summary Choosing a streaming method. Impact of live versus VoD. Web sockets.
Signalling training course description An intensive course that defines and explores the signalling methods that are to be found in today's telecommunications services. What will you learn Describe the Functionality and Features of Signalling. Describe the Functionality of Analogue & Digital Subscriber Signalling. Describe the various types of signalling used on different network types. Describe the Functionality of Private Network Signalling. Describe the Functionality of Public Network Signalling. Signalling training course details Who will benefit: Personnel involved with systems design, implementation and support. Prerequisites: Telecommunications Introduction Duration 2 days Signalling training course contents Introduction What is Signalling?, Standards, ITU-T Recommendations, Signalling Categories - Supervisory Addressing, E.164, Call Information, Network Management, Network Components, Inband/Outband Switch Signalling, Analogue Vs Digital Signalling. Analogue Subscriber Signalling Analogue Local Loops/Switches/Trunks, Digital Switches/Local Loops, Telephone Handset, Accessing the Local Exchange, Pulse/Tone Dialling. Digital Subscriber Signalling Integrated Digital Access, DASS2 & DPNSS, DASS2 - Call, IMUX, Euro ISDN, Q.931 Call Control, Message Identification, Message Types, Call Establishment Messages, Call Clearing. Network Types Service Types, Circuit Switched, Packet Switched, Signalling Terminology, In-Channel Signalling, G.704, Performance and Quality, Digital Signalling, CAS, CAS Applications, Foreign Exchange, CCS, Break-In/Out Private Network Signalling Types Networking PABXs, Inter PABX Analogue Signalling Methods, E & M, Tone-On-Idle, Inter PABX Digital Signalling Methods, DPNSS, DPNSS Deployment, PABX Support for DPNSS, DPNSS Call, Q.Sig, Q.Sig support/functionality/protocol, Message Overview, Call Establishment. Public Network Signalling SS7, SS7 Operations, SS7 Topology, SSP, STP, SCP, Database Types - CMSDB NP LIDB HLR VLR, Signalling Modes, Link Types, Further Redundancy, Linksets, SS7 addressing, Point Codes, Sub-System, Global Title Addressing and Translation, ANSI PCs, ITU-T PCs, SS7 Protocol Stack, MTP Level 1, MTP Level 2, Flow Control, FISU, LSSU, MSU, MSU SIF, MTP Level 3, SCCP, TCAP, TUP, Facility Format, Main Facilities, Flow Control Negotiation, Closed User Groups, Reverse Charging, Fast Select Facility, Throughput Class Negotiation, Call Barring, On-Line Facility Registration. BTUP, ISDN ISUP, Supplementary Services, ISUP Call - IAM, Progress/Answer/Suspend/ Resume/Release Messages, Intelligent Network (IN) Introduction, IN Evolution, IN Conceptual Model, IN Target Services & Service Features, Service Independent Building Blocks
Project Contract Management Skills: In-House Training Contracts are a critical part of most large or strategic projects/programs. As such, it is imperative that Project and Program Managers be well versed on basic implications of a contract as well as best practices in contract management. While not as critical a need, anyone involved in projects that involve external relationships should have a healthy appreciation for the power of good contract management. The overall goal of the course is to provide knowledge to manage complex contracts in a global environment. What You Will Learn After this program, you will be able to: Explain overall project procurement process from a buyer and seller perspective Recognize the importance of key contractual terms and how they affect projects Evaluate and contribute to the pre-contract documents and processes Identify and mitigate common pitfalls throughout the procurement process Utilize techniques to administer contracts Getting Started Introductions Course structure Course goals and objectives Foundation Concepts The Importance of Contract Management Terms and Definitions Contract Management Process Legal Systems Codes of Conduct Planning Business Analysis Procurement Management Plan Procurement Statement of Work (SOW) Common Pitfalls Solicit Contract Market Analysis Bid documents Sellers' Proposals Pitfalls Execute Contract Evaluate and Award Contract Negotiate Contract Execute Contract Common Pitfalls Deliver the Contract Preparing to Deliver Project Plan Risk Management Common Pitfalls Administer Contract Enabling Contract Management Contract Performance Monitoring and Control Change Management Financial Management / Payment Dispute Management & Resolution Contract Completion and Closure
Project Contract Management Skills Contracts are a critical part of most large or strategic projects/programs. As such, it is imperative that Project and Program Managers be well versed on basic implications of a contract as well as best practices in contract management. While not as critical a need, anyone involved in projects that involve external relationships should have a healthy appreciation for the power of good contract management. The overall goal of the course is to provide knowledge to manage complex contracts in a global environment. What You Will Learn After this program, you will be able to: Explain overall project procurement process from a buyer and seller perspective Recognize the importance of key contractual terms and how they affect projects Evaluate and contribute to the pre-contract documents and processes Identify and mitigate common pitfalls throughout the procurement process Utilize techniques to administer contracts Getting Started Introductions Course structure Course goals and objectives Foundation Concepts The Importance of Contract Management Terms and Definitions Contract Management Process Legal Systems Codes of Conduct Planning Business Analysis Procurement Management Plan Procurement Statement of Work (SOW) Common Pitfalls Solicit Contract Market Analysis Bid documents Sellers' Proposals Pitfalls Execute Contract Evaluate and Award Contract Negotiate Contract Execute Contract Common Pitfalls Deliver the Contract Preparing to Deliver Project Plan Risk Management Common Pitfalls Administer Contract Enabling Contract Management Contract Performance Monitoring and Control Change Management Financial Management / Payment Dispute Management & Resolution Contract Completion and Closure
About this Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) This Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) course presents advanced methodologies that implement demand response and energy conservation programs in light of the integration of new technologies, regulatory changes and the accelerated penetration of renewable energy resources. This VILT course provides examples and case studies from North American and European jurisdictions covering the operational flexibilities on the demand side including requirements for new building codes to achieve zero net energy. The course describes a public agency's goals and objectives for conserving and otherwise reducing energy consumption and managing its demand for energy. This course presents the demand response implemented for economics and system security such as system balancing and relieving transmission congestion, or for system adequacy. The course also presents the principal attributes of conservation programs and the associated success criteria. In a system with increased penetration of renewable resources, demand response provides flexibility to system operators, helping them to maintain the reliability and the security of supply. Demand response is presented as a competitive alternative to additional power sources, enhancing competition and liquidity in electricity markets. The unique characteristics are discussed from a local, consumer centric and also from a system perspective bringing to life the ever changing paradigm for delivery energy to customers. Interoperability aspects and standards are discussed, as well as the consumer centric paradigm of Transactive Energy with IOT enabled flexibilities at system level, distribution networks and microgrids. The VILT course introduces the blockchain as a new line of defense against cyber threats and its increasing application in P2P transactions and renewable certificates. Our trainer's industry experience spans three decades with one of the largest Canadian utilities where she led or contributed to large operational studies and energy policies and decades of work with IEEE, NSERC and CIGRE. Our key expert also approaches to the cross sectional, interdisciplinary state of the art methodologies brings real life experience of recent industry developments. Training Objectives Innovative Digital Technologies How systems Facilitate Operational Flexibility on the Demand Side The Ecosystem of Demand Side Management Programs Advanced Machine Learning techniques with examples from CAISO Regulatory Policy Context and how to reduce regulatory barriers Industry Examples from NERC and ENTSO Relevant Industry standards: IEEE and IEC Manage Congestion with Distributed Operational Flexibilities: Grid to Distribution Controls; examples from NERC (NA) and ENTSO (Europe) Grid solutions with IEC 61850 communication protocols Decentralized grid controls The New Grid with accelerated V2G and Microgrids How DSM is and will be applied in Your System: Examples and discussions Target Audience Regulators and government agencies advising on public energy conservation programs All professionals interested in expanding their expertise, or advancing their career, or take on management and leadership roles in the rapidly evolving energy sector Energy professionals implementing demand side management, particularly in power systems with increased renewable penetration, to allow the much needed operational flexibility paramount to maintaining the reliability and stability of the power system and in the same time offering all classes of customers flexible and economical choices Any utility professional interested in understanding the new developments in the power industry Course Level Basic or Foundation Training Methods The VILT course will be delivered online in 5 half-day sessions comprising 4 hours per day, with 2 x 10 minutes break per day, including time for lectures, discussion, quizzes and short classroom exercises. Course Duration: 5 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (20 hours in total). Trainer Your first expert course leader is a Utility Executive with extensive global experience in power system operation and planning, energy markets, enterprise risk and regulatory oversight. She consults on energy markets integrating renewable resources from planning to operation. She led complex projects in operations and conducted long term planning studies to support planning and operational reliability standards. Specializing in Smart Grids, Operational flexibilities, Renewable generation, Reliability, Financial Engineering, Energy Markets and Power System Integration, she was recently engaged by the Inter-American Development Bank/MHI in Guyana. She was the Operations Expert in the regulatory assessment in Oman. She is a registered member of the Professional Engineers of Ontario, Canada. She is also a contributing member to the IEEE Standards Association, WG Blockchain P2418.5. With over 25 years with Ontario Power Generation (Revenue $1.2 Billion CAD, I/S 16 GW), she served as Canadian representative in CIGRE, committee member in NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada), and Senior Member IEEE and Elsevier since the 90ties. Our key expert chaired international conferences, lectured on several continents, published a book on Reliability and Security of Nuclear Power Plants, contributed to IEEE and PMAPS and published in the Ontario Journal for Public Policy, Canada. She delivered seminars organized by the Power Engineering Society, IEEE plus seminars to power companies worldwide, including Oman, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Portugal, South Africa, Japan, Romania, and Guyana. Your second expert course leader is the co-founder and Director of Research at Xesto Inc. Xesto is a spatial computing AI startup based in Toronto, Canada and it has been voted as Toronto's Best Tech Startup 2019 and was named one of the top 10 'Canadian AI Startups to Watch' as well as one of 6th International finalists for the VW Siemens Startup Challenge, resulting in a partnership. His latest app Xesto-Fit demonstrates how advanced AI and machine learning is applied to the e-commerce industry, as a result of which Xesto has been recently featured in TechCrunch. He specializes in both applied and theoretical machine learning and has extensive experience in both industrial and academic research. He is specialized in Artificial Intelligence with multiple industrial applications. At Xesto, he leads projects that focus on applying cutting edge research at the intersection of spatial analysis, differential geometry, optimization of deep neural networks, and statistics to build scalable rigorous and real time performing systems that will change the way humans interact with technology. In addition, he is a Ph.D candidate in the Mathematics department at UofT, focusing on applied mathematics. His academic research interests are in applying advanced mathematical methods to the computational and statistical sciences. He earned a Bachelor's and MSc in Mathematics, both at the University of Toronto. Having presented at research seminars as well as instructing engineers on various levels, he has the ability to distill advanced theoretical concept to diverse audiences on all levels. In addition to research, our key expert is also an avid traveler and plays the violin. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations
REFERENCE CODE 603/5285/1 COURSE LEVEL NVQ Level 2 THIS COURSE IS AVAILABLE IN Course Overview Who is this qualification for? This is a work-based learning qualification for those involved in laying floorcoverings in a Construction related working environment. Although many of the skills and knowledge across floorcovering occupations are generic, not all those employed to fit floorcoverings will be fitting the same product. The group of optional units will allow specialisms of timber based, textile and resilient floorcoverings. What is required from candidates? To achieve this pathway unit the survey work must be carried out in ways that will minimise the risk of damage to the work and surrounding area and using and maintaining equipment effectively. This qualification is made up of 9 mandatory units and a group of optional units. The minimum credit value of this qualification is 127 credits. Qualifications are now required to indicate the total qualification time (TQT), this is to show the typical time it will take someone to attain the required skills and knowledge to meet the qualification criteria, this qualification has a TQT of 1,270 hours. Qualifications are also required to indicate the number of hours of teaching someone would normally need to gain the skills and knowledge to achieve the qualification. These are referred to as Guided Learning Hours (GLH). The GLH for this qualification is 543 Mandatory units Level Credit Conforming to General Health, Safety and Welfare in the Workplace Conforming to Productive Working Practices in the Workplace Moving, Handling and Storing Resources in the Workplace Surface preparation to receive floorcoverings in the workplace Setting out for laying floorcoverings in the workplace Preparing and fitting underlays for floorcoverings in the workplace Develop customer relationships Assessing and preparing background surfaces for floor-covering in the workplace Assessing and evaluating conditions for floorcoverings in the workplace Optional Units (Minimum of 18 credits) Installing timber–based floorcoverings in the workplace Summary of the: GQA NVQ LEVEL 2 DIPLOMA IN FLOORCOVERING OCCUPATIONS (CONSTRUCTION) Installing textile floorcoverings in the workplace Installing resilient floorcoverings in the workplace Types of evidence: Evidence of knowledge is required. Evidence of knowledge through performance can contribute and if applicable should be demonstrated by completing projects and reports, by responding to questions or through Professional/Guided Discussions. Quantity of evidence: Evidence should show that you can meet the requirements of the units consistently over an appropriate period of time. Potential sources of evidence: Suggested sources of evidence are shown above, these can be supplemented by physical or documentary evidence, e.g.: Accident book/reporting system Notes and memos Safety record Telephone/e-mail records Training record Customer and colleague feedback Audio evidence Records of equipment and materials Witness testimonies Work records Photographic/ video evidence Please Note that photocopied or downloaded documents such as manufacturers or industry guidance, H&S policies, Risk Assessments etc, are not normally acceptable evidence for GQA qualifications unless accompanied by a record of a professional discussion or assessor statement confirming candidate knowledge of the subject. If you are in any doubt about the validity of evidence, please contact Oscar Onsite Academy
REFERENCE CODE 603/5204/8 COURSE LEVEL NVQ Level 3 THIS COURSE IS AVAILABLE IN Course Overview Who is this Qualification for? This qualification is aimed those who carry out supervisory activities in a specific trade in the Construction Industry. The qualification certificate will carry an endorsement to show what trades the candidate was supervising during completion of this qualification. The qualification has a core group of 5 mandatory units that cover areas including Health and Safety, confirming work requirements and coordinating work operations. The qualification also has a group of optional units to allow flexibility to suit individual needs and responsibilities and completion of mandatory units and a minimum of 2 units from the optional group will give access to the relevant CSCS card. This qualification replaces version 1 of the GQA Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Occupational Work Supervision (Construction) QAN 601/3469/0 for anyone starting the qualification from 01/11/2019. What is required from candidates? This qualification consists of 5 mandatory units, which have a total of 57 credits and a group of optional units. Candidates must complete all 5 mandatory units and a minimum of 2 units from the optional group. GQA qualifications are made up of units that have a credit value or credits. These credits must be achieved in the correct combination of mandatory and optional units. Qualifications are now required to indicate the total qualification time (TQT), this is to show the typical time it will take someone to attain the required skills and knowledge to meet the qualification criteria. The units of assessment set out learning outcomes which describe what learners need to be able to do and understand. The learning outcomes are defined by assessment criteria which are used to assess competence, expressed as skills achieved and learned knowledge and understanding, to achieve the units. Achievement of the mandatory units and chosen optional units will mean the qualification has been completed and will be subject to approval of a claim for certification. GQA Qualifications will issue a certificate complete with the learner’s name, the qualification and unit titles and the credits achieved. Mandatory units Level Credit Confirming Work Activities and Resources for an Occupational Work Area in the Workplace Developing and Maintaining Good Occupational Working Relationships in the Workplace Confirming the Occupational Method of Work in the Workplace Implementing and maintaining health, safety and welfare in the workplace Coordinating and organising work operations in the workplace Optional Units – Minimum of 2 units (19 credits must be achieved) Allocating and monitoring the use of plant, machinery, equipment or vehicles in the workplace Monitoring progress of work against schedules in the workplace Confirming work meets contractual, industry and manufacturers’ standards in the workplace Implementing procedures to support the team performance in the workplace 3 13 Co-ordinating and confirming the dimensional control requirements of the work in the workplace Entry requirements There are no formal entry requirements for learners undertaking this qualification. However, centres must ensure that learners have the potential and opportunity to gain the qualification successfully. Qualification support This qualification has been designed and developed by CITB and GQA Qualifications have authorised Oscar Onsite Academy to deliver this qualification in the Construction Sector. Please Note that photocopied or downloaded documents such as manufacturers or industry guidance, H&S policies, Risk Assessments etc, are not normally acceptable evidence for Oscar Onsite Qualifications unless accompanied by a record of a professional discussion or Assessor statement confirming candidate knowledge of the subject. If you are in any doubt about the validity of evidence, please contact Oscar Onsite Academy
Marine operations are still of higher risk to underwriters, who, not having this expertise, need appropriate technical support to assess the risks. This involves the services of an additional independent third-party specialist. The MWS is the eyes and ears of the underwriter and claims adjuster. His role is to assess risk by reviewing the technical and operational aspects of a marine project on their behalf, the ultimate aim being the issue of a certificate of approval. The course deals with the various types of warranty survey and the role of the MWS, including: •The various types of warranty and legal aspects. •The London market joint committees. •Codes of practice and Scope of Work. •Required outcomes. •Surveyors’ liability. •Port risk surveys. •Lay-up and reactivation surveys. •Tow approvals. •Stowage of deck and project cargoes. •Port and terminal surveys. •Shipyard risk assessments. •Warranties in the offshore sector including mooring, anchor spreads, rig lay-ups and wind farm operations. This training program will be a tool for training and a reference source for the new and experienced Marine Warranty Surveyor.
Microsoft Excel® in Depth The goal of this course is to provide a deeper understanding of Excel and its intricacies and a new ability to use it efficiently producing the best solutions for your projects. This practical course provides a solid background of the features of Excel and a deeper understanding of its features, benefits and uses. This is not a beginner's course in Excel. You will learn some advanced features such as Pivot Tables, Charting, Tables, Sorting, Filtering and Functions. The goal of this course is to provide a deeper understanding of Excel and its intricacies and a new ability to use it efficiently producing the best solutions for your projects. What you Will Learn You'll learn how to: Use functions like IF, AVERAGE, SUMIF, SUMIFS, SUMPRODUCT, INDEX, MATCH, CHOOSE, DATE, and many more Create meaningful charts Use pivot tables Use Conditional Formatting, Data Validation Take advantage of using Named ranges, do sorting, filtering, tables Getting Started The building blocks of Excel, built-in functions, will be examined The basics of formatting your data will be examined Shortcuts and data manipulation will be explored Built-in features like those mentioned in the 'What you will learn' section above will be explored in detail Excel Functions - VLOOKUP, IF, INDEX, MATCH, CHOOSE, SUMIF, SUMIFS, SUMPRODUCT, DATE, so many more Using Named ranges, Data Validation, Sorting, and Filtering Learn the Name manager; Learn the difference between local and global names; Ensure correct access to linked workbooks; Ensure data accuracy; Learn how to use cascading data validation (for example, once a user chooses 'cars', another cell allows only Ford, Toyota, etc.); Sorting by more than 3 fields; Filtering by font, pattern, or value; See your data based on things like dates in the 3rd quarter, or fields where quantity x price is greater than some fixed value Conditional formatting and data formatting Make relevant data stand out Isolate highs and lows Make error cells invisible Learn about Data bars, Icon sets, and Color scales Highlight differences between worksheets Learn all the codes in the Format/Number list Using cell Styles Learn all about alignment, protection, borders, colors and more Pivot Tables Learn how to summarize large amounts of data with a few clicks Learn various ways of presenting the data Learn the various pivot table tools Learn how to customize and format a pivot table to suit your needs Learn how to group data Learn how to use the various options to present your data Charts Learn how to create a chart with one keystroke! Learn the 11 types of built-in charts Learn how to create a chart with one keystroke! Learn how to customize the charts to make the information tell the right story Learn how to use the design, layout, and formatting available to charts in Excel 2007 Learn embedded charts versus chart sheets Learn how to use modify all the pieces of a chart Array formulas Learn how to use the most powerful formulas in Excel Learn how to combine many formulas into one compact array-formula Learn the real power of these formulas and why regular formulas can't do the job Learn how to use built-in array formulas, like TREND or TRANSPOSE