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About this Training Course Materials Management is an essential link in the Supply Chain process. It takes an even bigger significance in the Upstream industry when the cost of a rupture in equipment or stock can be tremendous, without even considering the cost of the equipment itself. The downside may result in the accumulation of out-of-commission materials which leads to business inefficiency. What does it take to maintain efficient Materials Management? This 3 full-day course will explain more in detail. This course can also be offered through Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) format. Training Objectives At the end of this course, participants will be able to: Understand the importance of an efficient Materials Management in the Supply Chain process Examine the control and validation of Stock processes Understand the role of the Duet and work within the Stock Duet in materials management Learn about the key factors in Stock optimisation Target Audience This course will benefit all personnel involved in Supply Chain including Stock Controllers, Cost Controllers, Buyers, Logisticians and those from the technical department such as Technical Administrators and members of the duet. Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your expert course leader has 25 years of experience in management positions in Contracting, Procurement and Logistics, mainly in the Oil & Gas Industry. He was a Lecturer for IFP Training for 5 years. During his Oil & Gas industry experience, he has worked on major Oil and Gas development projects like the Yadana project in Myanmar, Akpo project in Nigeria and YLNG in Yemen. His international experience allows him to adapt very easily and integrate the multicultural specificities of the Oil & Gas industry in his teaching. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

BGP training course description A detailed study of BGP, from the basics of how it works through to advanced issues such as route reflectors, policy, filtering, route selection and routing registries. The course culminates with a study of an industrial strength BGP template illustrating important issues such as bogon filtering. Practical hands on with routers follow the major sessions to reinforce the theory. A multiple choice exam, leading to the LAIT III certification, is available after the course. The exam consists of 60 questions and lasts 2 hours. What will you learn Connect enterprises to the Internet, and ISPs to each other. Describe how BGP works. List, describe and configure the main BGP attributes. Implement and troubleshoot BGP. Work with route aggregation and calculate CIDR prefixes in seconds. Influence traffic paths with BGP. BGP training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who will be working with BGP. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Definitive IP routing for engineers. Duration 5 days BGP training course contents Basic BGP IGPs, EGPs, What's BGP? BGP RIB, in/out process, tables peers, adding routes. Hands on Simple configuration and troubleshooting. The Internet and peering ASs, AS numbers, Internet structure, ISP types, ISP network design, IXs, peering vs. transit, public/ private peering, bi/multi-lateral peering. Hands on AS information gathering. How BGP works Incremental updates, Path vector protocols, BGP protocol stack, the BGP header, message types, NLRI, withdrawn routes, route refresh, route dampening. Hands on More troubleshooting, packet analysis. MBGP and IPv6 Multiprotocol routing, AFI, SAFI, MBGP and multicasts, IPv6, MPLS VPNs. Hands on IPv6 BGPv4 aggregation CIDR, benefits, techniques, shortcuts, configuring BGP aggregation, leaking routes. Hands on Reducing routing table size. BGP path selection BGP attributes, attribute types, route selection order, Local preference, AS prepend, MEDs. Hands on Influencing traffic with BGP. BGP routing policies What is policy? Examples, route filtering, AS filtering, REs, applying preference selectively, peer groups. Hands on Sophisticated policies. RIPE and routing registries RIRs, Allocations, assignments, PI vs. PA. Objects, RPSL, routing registry, Hands on The RIPE database. Automating BGP configuration Automation tools, whois, IRRToolSet, Bogon lists, tracking bogon lists, HTTP, Peering, routing registries, DNS. Communities What is a community? Community names, communities for: peer types and geography. RFC 1998, default communities. Hands on Setting local preference on other routers. Route servers What are route servers? LINX route servers, route server policy control, What are route collectors, Looking glasses. Hands on Setting up and working with a route server. Peer relationships IBGP, EBGP, next hop self, advertising routes into/out of BGP, synchronisation. Hands on IBGP, troubleshooting a large BGP network. Route reflectors and confederations Full mesh IBGP, Route reflectors, RR configuration and design, confederations, migration issues. Hands on RR configuration. BGP architectures Stub vs. transit AS, when to use BGP, multihoming strategies and issues, default routes. Multihop EBGP, load balancing. Hands on Multihoming. BGP security RFC 7454, security steps, BGP TTL security, filters, RPKI, ROAs, rsync, rrdp, validators. A secure BGP template. Hands on RPKI prefix validation.

Did you know that: An estimated 55% of pregnancies in the UK are planned; the remainder are unplanned or associated with ambivalence1 12% of women aged 15–44 in heterosexual relationships report not using any method of contraception2 NICE guidance (2016) stipulates that women asking for contraception are given information about, and offered a choice of, all methods including long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)2 Over 1/3 of all women in England and Wales have ever an abortion3 Of all woman in England and Wales who had an abortion in 2021, 43% had had a previous abortion4 Why is SHIP training relevant to YOU? Do you worry about how to bring up the topic of contraception out of the blue? Find out how to outline key points about different methods of contraception to patients in a concise and time-efficient way Learn how to assess women to safely reissue combined hormonal contraception, progesterone only pill and injections Do you know what to do if you see a woman has had a recent abortion? Learn quick simple strategies to work out which methods of emergency contraception you should offer women We will help you become confident in bringing up and discussing contraceptive choices and make meaningful changes to your clinical practice! Basic Contraception 1 Differentiate between methods of contraception, including LARCs (long acting reversible contraception) Practice how to bring up contraception & promote LARC appropriately Establish guidelines for re-issuing combined hormonal contraception & progesterone only pill Establish guidelines for administering & re-issuing the contraceptive injection Basic Contraception 2 Manage requests for emergency contraception Outline and practise applying Fraser Guidelines Assess whether a woman is at risk of pregnancy and identify criteria for ‘near patient’ pregnancy testing Understand your role as general practice nurse in abortion referrals & aftercare Each session provides you with up-to-date resources to take back to your practice to support your consultations. References: Wellings K, Jones KG, Mercer CH et al. (2013) The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy and associated factors in Britain: findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).Lancet 382: 1807–16 NICE Contraception Quality standard Published: 8 September 2016 nice.org.uk/guidance/qs129\ UK Government Abortion statistics, England and Wales https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/report-on-abortion-statistics-in-england-and-wales-for-2016 Abortion Statistics, England and Wales: 2021, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities https://www.nice.org.uk/sharedlearning/sexual-health-in-practice-training-increases-hiv-testing-in-primary-care Pillay TD, Mullineux J, Smith CJ, et al. Unlocking the potential: longitudinal audit finds multifaceted education for general practice increases HIV testing and diagnosis. Sexually transmitted infections 2013;89(3):191-6. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050655 Click here to see how SHIP training in Haringey led to increases in testing & changes in practice

Lean Six Sigma Black Belt Certification Program: In-House Training This course is specifically for people wanting to become Lean Six Sigma Black Belts, who are already Lean Six Sigma practitioners. If advanced statistical analysis is needed to identify root causes and optimal process improvements, (Lean) Six Sigma Green Belts typically ask Black Belts or Master Black Belts to conduct these analyses. This course will change that. Green Belts wanting to advance their statistical abilities will have a considerable amount of hands-on practice in techniques such as Statistical Process Control, MSA, Hypothesis Testing, Correlation and Regression, Design of Experiments, and many others. Participants will also work throughout the course on a real-world improvement project from their own business environment. This provides participants with hands-on learning and provides the organization with an immediate ROI once the project is completed. IIL instructors will provide free project coaching throughout the course. What you Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Use Minitab for advanced data analysis Develop appropriate sampling strategies Analyze differences between samples using Hypothesis Tests Apply Statistical Process Control to differentiate common cause and special cause variation Explain and apply various process capability metrics Conduct Measurement System Analysis and Gage R&R studies for both discrete and continuous data Conduct and analyze simple and multiple regression analysis Plan, execute, and analyze designed experiments Drive sustainable change efforts through leadership, change management, and stakeholder management Successfully incorporate advanced analysis techniques while moving projects through the DMAIC steps Explain the main concepts of Design for Six Sigma including QFD Introduction: DMAIC Review IIL Black Belt Certification Requirements Review Project Selection Review Define Review Measure Review Analyze Review Improve Review Control Introduction: Minitab Tool Introduction to Minitab Minitab basic statistics and graphs Special features Overview of Minitab menus Introduction: Sampling The Central Limit Theorem Confidence Interval of the mean Sample size for continuous data (mean) Confidence Interval for proportions Sample size for discrete data (proportions) Sampling strategies (review) Appendix: CI and sample size for confidence levels other than 95% Hypothesis Testing: Introduction Why use advanced stat tools? What are hypothesis tests? The seven steps of hypothesis tests P value errors and hypothesis tests Hypothesis Testing: Tests for Averages 1 factor ANOVA and ANOM Main Effect Plots, Interaction Plots, and Multi-Vari Charts 2 factor ANOVA and ANOM Hypothesis Testing: Tests for Standard Deviations Testing for equal variance Testing for normality Choosing the right hypothesis test Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square and Other Hypothesis Test Chi-square test for 1 factor ANOM test for 1 factor Chi-square test for 2 factors Exercise hypothesis tests - shipping Non-parametric tests Analysis: Advanced Control Charts Review of Common Cause and Special Cause Variation Review of the Individuals Control Charts How to calculate Control Limits Four additional tests for Special Causes Control Limits after Process Change Discrete Data Control Charts Control Charts for Discrete Proportion Data Control Charts for Discrete Count Data Control Charts for High Volume Processes with Continuous Data Analysis: Non-Normal Data Test for normal distribution Box-Cox Transformation Box-Cox Transformation for Individuals Control Charts Analysis: Time Series Analysis Introduction to Time Series Analysis Decomposition Smoothing: Moving Average Smoothing: EWMA Analysis: Process Capability Process capability Discrete Data: Defect metrics Discrete Data: Yield metrics Process Capability for Continuous Data: Sigma Value Short- and long-term capabilities Cp, Cpk, Pp, Ppk capability indices Analysis: Measurement System Analysis What is Measurement System Analysis? What defines a good measurement system? Gage R&R Studies Attribute / Discrete Gage R&R Continuous Gage R&R Regression Analysis: Simple Correlation Correlation Coefficient Simple linear regression Checking the fit of the Regression Model Leverage and influence analysis Correlation and regression pitfalls Regression Analysis: Multiple Regression Analysis Introduction to Multiple Regression Multicollinearity Multiple Regression vs. Simple Linear Regression Regression Analysis: Multiple Regression Analysis with Discrete Xs Introduction Creating indicator variables Method 1: Going straight to the intercepts Method 2: Testing for differences in intercepts Logistic Regression: Logistic Regression Introduction to Logistic Regression Logistic Regression - Adding a Discrete X Design of Experiments: Introduction Design of Experiment OFAT experimentation Full factorial design Fractional factorial design DOE road map, hints, and suggestions Design of Experiments: Full Factorial Designs Creating 2k Full Factorial designs in Minitab Randomization Replicates and repetitions Analysis of results: Factorial plots Analysis of results: Factorial design Analysis of results: Fits and Residuals Analysis of results: Response Optimizer Analysis of results: Review Design of Experiments: Pragmatic Approaches Designs with no replication Fractional factorial designs Screening Design of Experiment Case Study Repair Time Blocking Closing: Organizational Change Management Organizational change management Assuring project sponsorship Emphasizing shared need for change Mobilizing stakeholder commitment Closing: Project Management for Lean Six Sigma Introduction to project management Project management for Lean Six Sigma The project baseline plan Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Resource planning Project budget Project risk Project schedule Project executing Project monitoring and controlling and Closing Closing: Design for Lean Six Sigma Introduction to Design for Lean Six Sigma (DMADV) Introduction to Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Summary and Next Steps IIL's Lean Six Sigma Black Belt Certification Program also prepares you to pass the IASSC Certified Black Belt Exam (optional)

Lean Six Sigma Black Belt Certification Program This course is specifically for people wanting to become Lean Six Sigma Black Belts, who are already Lean Six Sigma practitioners. If advanced statistical analysis is needed to identify root causes and optimal process improvements, (Lean) Six Sigma Green Belts typically ask Black Belts or Master Black Belts to conduct these analyses. This course will change that. Green Belts wanting to advance their statistical abilities will have a considerable amount of hands-on practice in techniques such as Statistical Process Control, MSA, Hypothesis Testing, Correlation and Regression, Design of Experiments, and many others. Participants will also work throughout the course on a real-world improvement project from their own business environment. This provides participants with hands-on learning and provides the organization with an immediate ROI once the project is completed. IIL instructors will provide free project coaching throughout the course. What you Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Use Minitab for advanced data analysis Develop appropriate sampling strategies Analyze differences between samples using Hypothesis Tests Apply Statistical Process Control to differentiate common cause and special cause variation Explain and apply various process capability metrics Conduct Measurement System Analysis and Gage R&R studies for both discrete and continuous data Conduct and analyze simple and multiple regression analysis Plan, execute, and analyze designed experiments Drive sustainable change efforts through leadership, change management, and stakeholder management Successfully incorporate advanced analysis techniques while moving projects through the DMAIC steps Explain the main concepts of Design for Six Sigma including QFD Introduction: DMAIC Review IIL Black Belt Certification Requirements Review Project Selection Review Define Review Measure Review Analyze Review Improve Review Control Introduction: Minitab Tool Introduction to Minitab Minitab basic statistics and graphs Special features Overview of Minitab menus Introduction: Sampling The Central Limit Theorem Confidence Interval of the mean Sample size for continuous data (mean) Confidence Interval for proportions Sample size for discrete data (proportions) Sampling strategies (review) Appendix: CI and sample size for confidence levels other than 95% Hypothesis Testing: Introduction Why use advanced stat tools? What are hypothesis tests? The seven steps of hypothesis tests P value errors and hypothesis tests Hypothesis Testing: Tests for Averages 1 factor ANOVA and ANOM Main Effect Plots, Interaction Plots, and Multi-Vari Charts 2 factor ANOVA and ANOM Hypothesis Testing: Tests for Standard Deviations Testing for equal variance Testing for normality Choosing the right hypothesis test Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square and Other Hypothesis Test Chi-square test for 1 factor ANOM test for 1 factor Chi-square test for 2 factors Exercise hypothesis tests - shipping Non-parametric tests Analysis: Advanced Control Charts Review of Common Cause and Special Cause Variation Review of the Individuals Control Charts How to calculate Control Limits Four additional tests for Special Causes Control Limits after Process Change Discrete Data Control Charts Control Charts for Discrete Proportion Data Control Charts for Discrete Count Data Control Charts for High Volume Processes with Continuous Data Analysis: Non-Normal Data Test for normal distribution Box-Cox Transformation Box-Cox Transformation for Individuals Control Charts Analysis: Time Series Analysis Introduction to Time Series Analysis Decomposition Smoothing: Moving Average Smoothing: EWMA Analysis: Process Capability Process capability Discrete Data: Defect metrics Discrete Data: Yield metrics Process Capability for Continuous Data: Sigma Value Short- and long-term capabilities Cp, Cpk, Pp, Ppk capability indices Analysis: Measurement System Analysis What is Measurement System Analysis? What defines a good measurement system? Gage R&R Studies Attribute / Discrete Gage R&R Continuous Gage R&R Regression Analysis: Simple Correlation Correlation Coefficient Simple linear regression Checking the fit of the Regression Model Leverage and influence analysis Correlation and regression pitfalls Regression Analysis: Multiple Regression Analysis Introduction to Multiple Regression Multicollinearity Multiple Regression vs. Simple Linear Regression Regression Analysis: Multiple Regression Analysis with Discrete Xs Introduction Creating indicator variables Method 1: Going straight to the intercepts Method 2: Testing for differences in intercepts Logistic Regression: Logistic Regression Introduction to Logistic Regression Logistic Regression - Adding a Discrete X Design of Experiments: Introduction Design of Experiment OFAT experimentation Full factorial design Fractional factorial design DOE road map, hints, and suggestions Design of Experiments: Full Factorial Designs Creating 2k Full Factorial designs in Minitab Randomization Replicates and repetitions Analysis of results: Factorial plots Analysis of results: Factorial design Analysis of results: Fits and Residuals Analysis of results: Response Optimizer Analysis of results: Review Design of Experiments: Pragmatic Approaches Designs with no replication Fractional factorial designs Screening Design of Experiment Case Study Repair Time Blocking Closing: Organizational Change Management Organizational change management Assuring project sponsorship Emphasizing shared need for change Mobilizing stakeholder commitment Closing: Project Management for Lean Six Sigma Introduction to project management Project management for Lean Six Sigma The project baseline plan Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Resource planning Project budget Project risk Project schedule Project executing Project monitoring and controlling and Closing Closing: Design for Lean Six Sigma Introduction to Design for Lean Six Sigma (DMADV) Introduction to Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Summary and Next Steps IIL's Lean Six Sigma Black Belt Certification Program also prepares you to pass the IASSC Certified Black Belt Exam (optional)

Course Objectives At the end of this course you will be able to: Identify the common objects of an Access database Design and build the structure of a database Input and maintain data Design user-friendly data entry forms Search the database using queries Generate reports from your data 1 year email support service Take a look at the consistent excellent feedback from our corporate clients visiting our site ms-officetraining co uk With more than 20 years experience, we deliver courses on all levels of the Desktop version of Microsoft Office and Office 365; ranging from Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced to the VBA level. Our trainers are Microsoft certified professionals with a proven track record with several years experience in delivering public, one to one, tailored and bespoke courses. Our competitive rates start from £550.00 per day of training Tailored training courses: You can choose to run the course exactly as they are outlined by us or we can customise it so that it meets your specific needs. A tailored or bespoke course will follow the standard outline but may be adapted to your specific organisational needs. Introducing Microsoft Access The Access interface Database terminology Access database objects Fields and records Properties Designing a database Planning and designing a table Creating fields Setting common field properties Defining key fields Working with table data Entering and editing data Sorting and filtering table records Deleting records Relationships Why use table relationships? Relationship types Referential Integrity Working with table subdatasheets Querying a database Creating simple Select Queries Specifying query criteria Sorting query results Adding calculated fields Designing Forms Creating simple forms for data entry Designing custom forms Working with form sections Creating sub forms Designing Reports Creating basic list reports Working with grouping and sorting in a report Adding totals to a report Who is this course for? Who is this course for? This course is intended for the user that wants to explore the creation of a relational database. It will focus on the structuring of the database itself and the creation of the basic functional elements of a database in order to manage data. Certificates Certificates Certificate of completion Digital certificate - Included

Lawful Intercept training course description Packet based networks require a different approach to Lawful Intercept (LI) than that used in circuit switched networks. This course focuses on what Lawful Interception and Data Retention (DR) means to communications service providers in the IP and NGN areas. The course assumes a basic knowledge of IP networking (i.e. DNS, TCP/UDP, IP, RTP) and the building of services on an IP platform (e.g. SIP, SDP, FTP, HTTP). The course first looks at the regulatory context for LI and DR and how this is translated to a practical architecture. What will you learn Recognise the legal and regulatory obligations to provide LI and DR. Identify the components of the handover architecture for each of LI and DR. Identify the preferred location of points of interception and points of retention in the IP network. Map intercepted material to handover protocols. Understand the data mapping defined in the available standards for both LI and DR. Lawful Intercept training course details Who will benefit: Technical and managerial staff needing to implement public networks. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation Duration 1 day Lawful Intercept training course contents What is meant by LI and DR? Review of regulation: Data protection Directive; Data Retention Directive; RIPA. LI architectures Handover and Interception: ETSI standards ES 201 671 and TS 102 232. LI handover protocol IRI and CC handover; correlation; manual interfaces. DR architectures Handover of query results; points of retention. DR query command set Retrieval of retained records. Security concerns Operation privacy; target privacy; storage and transmission integrity. Implementation Identifying PoI and PoR for provided services. LI and DR wrap up Interaction with other services, storage obligations (volume, time, availability).

LINX 3 training course description A detailed study of BGP, from the basics of how it works through to advanced issues such as route reflectors, policy, filtering, route selection and routing registries. The course culminates with a study of an industrial strength BGP template illustrating important issues such as bogon filtering. Practical hands on with routers follow the major sessions to reinforce the theory. A multiple choice exam, leading to the LAIT III certification, is available after the course. The exam consists of 60 questions and lasts 2 hours. What will you learn Connect enterprises to the Internet, and ISPs to each other. Describe how BGP works. List, describe and configure the main BGP attributes. Implement and troubleshoot BGP. Work with route aggregation and calculate CIDR prefixes in seconds. Influence traffic paths with BGP. LINX 3 training course details Who will benefit: Network engineers. Prerequisites: LAIT I and II OR CCNP and take LAIT I and LAIT II exams whilst on this course. Duration 5 days LINX 3 training course contents Basic BGP IGPs, EGPs, What's BGP? BGP RIB, in/out process, tables peers, adding routes. Hands on Simple configuration and troubleshooting. The Internet and peering ASs, AS numbers, Internet structure, ISP types, ISP network design, IXs, peering vs. transit, public/ private peering, bi/multi-lateral peering. Hands on AS information gathering. How BGP works Incremental updates, Path vector protocols, BGP protocol stack, the BGP header, message types, NLRI, withdrawn routes, route refresh, route dampening. Hands on More troubleshooting, packet analysis. MBGP and IPv6 Multiprotocol routing, AFI, SAFI, MBGP and multicasts, IPv6, MPLS VPNs. Hands on IPv6 BGPv4 aggregation CIDR, benefits, techniques, shortcuts, configuring BGP aggregation, leaking routes. Hands on Reducing routing table size. BGP path selection BGP attributes, attribute types, route selection order, Local preference, AS prepend, MEDs. Hands on Influencing traffic with BGP. BGP routing policies What is policy? Examples, route filtering, AS filtering, REs, applying preference selectively, peer groups. Hands on Sophisticated policies. RIPE and routing registries RIRs, Allocations, assignments, PI vs. PA. Objects, RPSL, routing registry, Hands on The RIPE database. Automating BGP configuration Automation tools, whois, IRRToolSet, Bogon lists, tracking bogon lists, HTTP, Peering, routing registries, DNS. Communities What is a community? Community names, communities for: peer types and geography. RFC 1998, default communities. Hands on Setting local preference on other routers. Route servers What are route servers? LINX route servers, route server policy control, What are route collectors, Looking glasses. Hands on Setting up and working with a route server. Peer relationships IBGP, EBGP, next hop self, advertising routes into/out of BGP, synchronisation. Hands on IBGP, troubleshooting a large BGP network. Route reflectors and confederations Full mesh IBGP, Route reflectors, RR configuration and design, confederations, migration issues. Hands on RR configuration. BGP architectures Stub vs. transit AS, when to use BGP, multihoming strategies and issues, default routes. Multihop EBGP, load balancing. Hands on Multihoming. BGP security RFC 7454, security steps, BGP TTL security, filters, RPKI, ROAs, rsync, rrdp, validators. A secure BGP template. Hands on RPKI prefix validation.

Transmission demystified training course description Transmission is the process of sending information along a medium of, copper, fibre or wireless. This course looks at transmission techniques for both telecommunications and data communications with a particular focus on Microwave, SDH, DWDM transmission. The course aims to demystify these technologies by explaining all the buzzwords used in transmission. What will you learn Describe various transmission technologies such as multiplexing and demultiplexing. Explain how Microwave works. Explain how SDH works. Explain how DWDM works. Transmission demystified training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in telecommunications. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days Transmission demystified training course contents Transmission basics Systems, media, signals. Signal degradation, noise, distortion, attenuation. Digital, analogue. Modulation, encoding. RF Frequency, wavelength. Distance / range issues, interference, Antenna, power, dB, RF propagation, testing. Microwave transmission What is microwave transmission, point to point communications, line of sight, parabolic antenna, relays, planning considerations, rain and other issues Wired transmissions Copper, Fibre, optical transmission, fibre characteristics, fibre component parts. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF). Single Mode Fibre (SMF). Fibre connections. Lasers. Attenuations, dispersion, optical signal noise ratios (OSNR) and their effects. Channel Spacing and Signal Direction. Limiting factors to single wavelength. Introduction to SDH Timing and synchronisation of digital signals, the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), service protection with SDH. TDM. SDH6 Standards, basic units, frames, STM1 frame, bit rates, STM0, STM1, STM4, STM16, STM64, STM256, SDH architecture, rings, Add drop multiplexors. SDH network topologies, structure of SDH equipment, SDH synchronisation, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, Ethernet over SDH. WDM overview Multiplexing, TDM, WDM benefits. WDM standards. CWDM vs. DWDM. Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Impact and countermeasures to FWM on WDM.tructure of SDH equipment, SDH synchronisation, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, Ethernet over SDH. DWDM ITU G.694.1, channel and spacing. Optical Terminal Multiplexers (OTM). Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM). Adding versus dropping. Optical Amplifiers. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA). Transponders and Combiners. Optical and Electrical Cross Connects (OXCs/DXCs). Cross Connect types (Transparent/Opaque). Advantages and disadvantages of various Optical cross connects. IP transmission Telecommunications versus data communications, IP transmission, VoIP, MPLS.