SAP Training London: Overview What is SAP? SAP is one of the largest ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning) software in the world. It provides end to end solution for Financials, Manufacturing, Logistics, Distributions etc. SAP applications, built around their latest R/3 system, provide the capability to manage financial, asset, and cost accounting, production operations and materials, personnel, plants, and archived documents. The R/3 system runs on a number of platforms including Windows and MAC and uses the client/server model. SAP Business Cases/ Live Project Our SAP training courses are designed in a way which gives the students maximum exposure of real-life scenario through no of business cases and guidance on implementation by professional SAP Consultants. Free SAP Access Free SAP Sandbox Access provided for 6 months so that you can practice even after your SAP training course. Certificate of Attendance- You receive a certificate once you finish the course from Osborne Training, You can also do an external exam to receive certification from SAP (Optional), for details on exam booking you may visit the SAP website. SAP Training Modules Available Financial & Controlling (FICO) High-Performance Analytic Appliance (HANA) Supply Relationship Management (SRM) Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Overview Uplift Your Career & Skill Up to Your Dream Job - Learning Simplified From Home! Kickstart your career & boost your employability by helping you discover your skills, talents, and interests with our special Scrum Immersion Course. You'll create a pathway to your ideal job as this course is designed to uplift your career in the relevant industry. It provides the professional training that employers are looking for in today's workplaces. The Scrum Immersion Course is one of the most prestigious training offered at Skillwise and is highly valued by employers for good reason. This Scrum Immersion Course has been designed by industry experts to provide our learners with the best learning experience possible to increase their understanding of their chosen field. This Scrum Immersion Course, like every one of Skillwise's courses, is meticulously developed and well-researched. Every one of the topics is divided into elementary modules, allowing our students to grasp each lesson quickly. At Skillwise, we don't just offer courses; we also provide a valuable teaching process. When you buy a course from Skillwise, you get unlimited Lifetime access with 24/7 dedicated tutor support. Why buy this Scrum Immersion? Unlimited access to the course forever Digital Certificate, Transcript, and student ID are all included in the price Absolutely no hidden fees Directly receive CPD Quality Standard-accredited qualifications after course completion Receive one-to-one assistance every weekday from professionals Immediately receive the PDF certificate after passing Receive the original copies of your certificate and transcript on the next working day Easily learn the skills and knowledge from the comfort of your home Certification After studying the course materials of the Scrum Immersion there will be a written assignment test which you can take either during or at the end of the course. After successfully passing the test you will be able to claim the pdf certificate for free. Original Hard Copy certificates need to be ordered at an additional cost of £8. Who is this course for? This Scrum Immersion course is ideal for Students Recent graduates Job Seekers Anyone interested in this topic People already working in the relevant fields and want to polish their knowledge and skills. Prerequisites This Scrum Immersion does not require you to have any prior qualifications or experience. You can just enroll and start learning. This Scrum Immersion was made by professionals and it is compatible with all PCs, Macs, tablets, and smartphones. You will be able to access the course from anywhere at any time as long as you have a good enough internet connection. Career path As this course comes with multiple courses included as a bonus, you will be able to pursue multiple occupations. This Scrum Immersion is a great way for you to gain multiple skills from the comfort of your home. SCRUM Immersion Module 01: Introduction 00:10:00 Module 02: Agile Overview 01:06:00 Module 03: SCRUM Overview 00:25:00 Module 04: Roles and Responsibilities 00:22:00 Module 05: Project Lifecycle 01:03:00 Module 06: Building High Performing Teams 00:35:00 Module 07: Scaling Agile 00:50:00 Module 08: Closure 00:16:00 Assignment Assignment - Scrum Immersion 06:05:00
Overview Uplift Your Career & Skill Up to Your Dream Job - Learning Simplified From Home! Kickstart your career & boost your employability by helping you discover your skills, talents, and interests with our special Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course Course. You'll create a pathway to your ideal job as this course is designed to uplift your career in the relevant industry. It provides the professional training that employers are looking for in today's workplaces. The Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course Course is one of the most prestigious training offered at Skillwise and is highly valued by employers for good reason. This Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course Course has been designed by industry experts to provide our learners with the best learning experience possible to increase their understanding of their chosen field. This Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course Course, like every one of Skillwise's courses, is meticulously developed and well-researched. Every one of the topics is divided into elementary modules, allowing our students to grasp each lesson quickly. At Skillwise, we don't just offer courses; we also provide a valuable teaching process. When you buy a course from Skillwise, you get unlimited Lifetime access with 24/7 dedicated tutor support. Why buy this Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course ? Lifetime access to the course forever Digital Certificate, Transcript, and student ID are all included in the price Absolutely no hidden fees Directly receive CPD Quality Standard-accredited qualifications after course completion Receive one-to-one assistance every weekday from professionals Immediately receive the PDF certificate after passing Receive the original copies of your certificate and transcript on the next working day Easily learn the skills and knowledge from the comfort of your home Certification After studying the course materials of the Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course there will be a written assignment test which you can take either during or at the end of the course. After successfully passing the test you will be able to claim the PDF certificate for free. Original Hard Copy certificates need to be ordered at an additional cost of £8. Who is this course for? This Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course course is ideal for Students Recent graduates Job Seekers Anyone interested in this topic People already work in relevant fields and want to polish their knowledge and skills. Prerequisites This Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course does not require you to have any prior qualifications or experience. You can just enrol and start learning. This Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course was made by professionals and it is compatible with all PCs, Macs, tablets, and smartphones. You will be able to access the course from anywhere at any time as long as you have a good enough internet connection. Career path As this course comes with multiple courses included as a bonus, you will be able to pursue multiple occupations. This Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course is a great way for you to gain multiple skills from the comfort of your home. Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course Advance Parenting Skills Promo 00:02:00 Training Goals 00:12:00 The Myth of: Nothing to It Parenting 00:31:00 2 Phases of Parenting: Point and Click Phase, Adolescent Phase 00:26:00 Adolescent Phase 00:17:00 Start to Teach Good Values Early! 00:13:00 Parenting Basic 00:05:00 Communication Skills 00:33:00 Re-Framing 00:13:00 Why Do Kids Do The Things They do 00:15:00 Parents Pledge 00:16:00 Discipline 00:13:00 Life Lessons 00:10:00 Assignment Assignment - Advanced Parenting Skills Training Course 02:27:00 Order Your Certificate Order Your Certificate QLS
Course Overview This comprehensive course on "Data Analysis and Forecasting in Excel" provides learners with essential skills to manage, analyse, and visualise data effectively using Excel. Whether you are analysing historical data or forecasting future trends, this course covers key tools such as PivotTables, charts, and lookup functions to make your data work for you. Learners will also gain proficiency in automating tasks and creating dynamic reports, which are invaluable for decision-making processes in various professional settings. By the end of the course, you will have the capability to work with complex data sets, produce insightful reports, and apply forecasting techniques to guide future strategies. Course Description In this course, learners will delve into the full spectrum of data analysis capabilities offered by Excel. Topics include modifying worksheets, working with lists, and using advanced tools such as PivotTables, PivotCharts, and lookup functions. Learners will explore the process of visualising data through charts and sparklines, allowing them to convey complex information in an accessible manner. The course also covers automating workbook functionality and creating mapping data for better analysis. Additionally, learners will gain expertise in forecasting data trends to support strategic planning. By the end of the course, participants will have developed a comprehensive understanding of Excel’s analytical tools, enabling them to manage data with efficiency and precision in various business contexts. Course Modules Module 01: Modifying a Worksheet Module 02: Working with Lists Module 03: Analyzing Data Module 04: Visualizing Data with Charts Module 05: Using PivotTables and PivotCharts Module 06: Working with Multiple Worksheets and Workbooks Module 07: Using Lookup Functions and Formula Auditing Module 08: Automating Workbook Functionality Module 09: Creating Sparklines and Mapping Data Module 10: Forecasting Data (See full curriculum) Who is this course for? Individuals seeking to enhance their Excel data analysis skills. Professionals aiming to improve their forecasting and reporting capabilities. Beginners with an interest in data management and analysis. Those seeking to enhance their proficiency in Excel for career advancement. Career Path Data Analyst Business Analyst Financial Analyst Marketing Analyst Operations Manager Project Manager Excel Specialist in various industries such as finance, marketing, and logistics
Course Overview The Food Safety and Hygiene Level 2 course is designed to equip learners with a strong understanding of the key principles underpinning food hygiene and safety in the UK. Covering essential topics such as microbiological hazards, legislation, allergen control, and hygiene practices, this course prepares learners to contribute effectively to safe food handling environments. Whether you're working in catering, hospitality, retail, or food production, the knowledge gained through this course helps ensure food is handled in compliance with UK standards. By the end of the course, learners will be confident in identifying hazards, understanding legal responsibilities, and maintaining hygienic practices within food premises. It also includes timely guidance for adapting food businesses during COVID-19, supporting learners in meeting current industry expectations. Course Description This CPD-accredited course explores the foundations of food safety and hygiene, including a detailed look into food legislation, storage, preparation, and cleaning protocols. Learners will gain insights into the causes of foodborne illnesses, methods to prevent cross-contamination, and best practices for managing allergenic, chemical, and physical hazards. The course also highlights the importance of personal hygiene, structural cleanliness, and effective waste control within food premises. A dedicated module addresses how food businesses can operate safely during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Designed to support learners in understanding their responsibilities under food law, this course promotes awareness and compliance in diverse food-handling settings, from small catering units to large-scale food operations. Course Modules Module 01: Food Safety Legislation Module 02: Microbiological Hazards Module 03: Physical, Chemical and Allergenic Hazards Module 04: Food Storage Module 05: Food Preparation Module 06: Personal Hygiene Module 07: Food Premises Design and Cleaning Schedules Module 08: Further Information Module 09: Reopening and Adapting Your Food Business During COVID-19 (See full curriculum) Who is this course for? Individuals seeking to meet UK food safety training requirements. Professionals aiming to develop their food safety knowledge for supervisory or compliance roles. Beginners with an interest in food hygiene and regulatory standards. Business owners and managers in catering, hospitality, or food production. Career Path Food Safety Officer Catering Assistant Kitchen Supervisor Restaurant or Café Manager Food Retail Worker Compliance Assistant in Food Manufacturing
Masterclass on Stakeholder Engagement for Project Managers Are you navigating a complex landscape of stakeholders, each with unique influences and expectations? This masterclass is designed to empower project managers with practical, proven techniques for identifying, analysing, and engaging stakeholders effectively. Participants will learn how to categorise stakeholders using tools like the Influence/Interest Matrix and Salience Model, and assess engagement levels to craft tailored communication strategies. This masterclass focuses on clear, adaptable communication, backed by insights from real-world project challenges. You’ll gain the skills to turn even the most resistant stakeholders into project allies, ensuring smoother project delivery and stronger stakeholder relationships. Key Takeaways: - Techniques to identify and categorise stakeholders based on influence and interest. - Tools to assess engagement levels and determine the best engagement approach. - Tailored communication strategies to keep stakeholders aligned with project goals. Join me to transform your approach to stakeholder management, moving from managing challenges to building sustainable, strategic partnerships.
our electrical safety requirements as a landlord, electrician, or maintenance worker. Even if you want to be your own boss and start a PAT business or simply want to learn a new skill, PAT may be the ideal expertise to build. The Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) course will help you achieve your goal since it includes an expertly designed learning curriculum and lessons filled with almost everything you need to know. You will learn how to reduce and control the hazards associated with Portable Appliance Testing (PAT), including choosing and inspecting the correct equipment, pre-use inspections, safely using and storing equipment, fire safety, and reacting to emergency procedures. This course will cover everything from the basics to the advanced theoretical knowledge needed to excel in the relevant field. Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) is not a legal mandate or obligation in and of itself. However, current UK regulation requires firms to keep electrical equipment in good working order. They are also legally obligated to safeguard the safety of their employees and the general public. As a result, the demand for PAT expertise has grown in the job sectors. If you want to develop these demanding skills, join us now. Hope to see you inside! Learning Outcomes You will be able to do the following after finishing the Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) course: Learn the basics of Portable Appliance Testing (PAT). Learn about the applicable PAT legislative provisions. Learn the skills and talents required for risk assessment. Discover how to do a first visual assessment. Familiarise yourself with the instruments used for testing. Discover the basics of electrical installation testing. Discover the safeguards performed during electrical testing. Learn the ins and outs of reporting and record-keeping. Experts created the course to provide a rich and in-depth training experience for all students who enrol in it. Enrol in the course right now and you'll have immediate access to all of the course materials. Then, from any internet-enabled device, access the course materials and learn when it's convenient for you. Start your learning journey straight away with this course and take a step toward a brighter future! *** Course Curriculum *** Here is the curriculum breakdown of the course: Module 01: Introduction to Portable Appliance Testing This module covers the following topics: What is a Portable Electrical Appliance? What are the risks? Understanding shock risk A little about risk assessment In-service Inspection and Testing Procedures Updated CE and UKCA Marking Regulations Setting Up for Appliance Testing Module 02: Relevant Statutory Provisions for Portable Appliance Testing This module covers the following topics: Legislation Who is responsible for Portable Appliance Testing? The long-term safety of appliances The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HSWA) The Management of the Health and Safety at Work Act Regulations 1999 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EWR) Legal measures Module 03: Risk Assessment This module covers the following topics: What you need to know about risk assessments What is a risk assessment? Factors to consider during a risk assessment Performing a risk assessment Who should perform a risk assessment? Operatives' obligations during risk assessments Risk Assessment during Portable Appliance Testing The Code of Practice for In-Service Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment Issues when planning Portable Appliance Testings Module 04: Reducing and Controlling Risks This module covers the following topics: Reducing risks: fire safety What must you do to ensure fire safety? Performing the fire safety risk assessment Itemised process of fire safety risk assessment Emergency procedures What Should Be Included in Your Emergency Procedures? Module 05: Electrical Units and Appliance Classification This module covers the following topics: Electrical Units Appliance Classification Module 06: Initial Visual Examination This module covers the following topics: The Choice and Different Kinds of Equipment Inspecting Equipment General Things to Look for During a Visual Inspection Inspecting the Equipment Formal Visual Inspection Module 07: Instruments for Testing and Equipment Inspection This module covers the following topics: Testing Instruments Frequency of In-service Inspection and Testing Module 08: Electrical Installation Testing This module covers the following topics: The Protective Conductor Continuity Test The Insulation Resistance Test Protective Conductor and Touch Current Measurements Ring Final Circuit Test Polarity Test Earth Electrode Testing Prospective Fault Current Test Functional Checks Substitute Leakage Test Load Test Flash Testing Module 09: Safety Precautions in Electrical Testing This module covers the following topics: Correct Selection of Protective Devices Test Equipment Electric Shock Testing Transformers Testing a 3 Phase Induction device Module 10: Reporting and Record-keeping This module covers the following topics: The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR) Documentation Labelling Damaged or Faulty Equipment User Responsibility Summary Assessment Process Once you have completed all the modules in the course, you can assess your skills and knowledge with an optional assignment. Our expert trainers will assess your assignment and give you feedback afterwards. CPD 10 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Is This Course Right for You? Anyone interested in learning more about this subject should take this course. This will help you grasp the basic concepts as well as develop a thorough understanding of the subject. All are welcome to take this course. There are no prerequisites for enrolment, and you can access the course materials from any location in the world. Requirements The programme does not require any prior knowledge; everyone may participate! This course is open to anyone who is interested in learning from anywhere in the world. Every student must be over the age of 16 and have a passion for learning and literacy. This 100% online course can be accessed from any internet-connected device, such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone. This course allows you to study at your own speed and grow a quality skillset. Career path The Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) course is essential information to have and would be beneficial in a variety of career fields, including: Electricians Maintenance Staff Facility Management Staff The average annual salary for these occupations in the United Kingdom is £34,774. Certificates CPD Accredited Certificate Digital certificate - £10 CPD Accredited Certificate Hard copy certificate - £29 If you are an international student, then you have to pay an additional 10 GBP as an international delivery charge.
Overview With the ever-increasing demand for Child Psychology in personal & professional settings, this online training aims at educating, nurturing, and upskilling individuals to stay ahead of the curve - whatever their level of expertise in Child Psychology may be. Learning about Child Psychology or keeping up to date on it can be confusing at times, and maybe even daunting! But that's not the case with this course from Compete High. We understand the different requirements coming with a wide variety of demographics looking to get skilled in Child Psychology. That's why we've developed this online training in a way that caters to learners with different goals in mind. The course materials are prepared with consultation from the experts of this field and all the information on Child Psychology is kept up to date on a regular basis so that learners don't get left behind on the current trends/updates. The self-paced online learning methodology by Compete High in this Child Psychology Diploma course helps you learn whenever or however you wish, keeping in mind the busy schedule or possible inconveniences that come with physical classes. The easy-to-grasp, bite-sized lessons are proven to be most effective in memorising and learning the lessons by heart. On top of that, you have the opportunity to receive a certificate after successfully completing the course! Instead of searching for hours, enrol right away on this Child Psychology Diploma course from Compete High and accelerate your career in the right path with expert-outlined lessons and a guarantee of success in the long run. Who is this course for? While we refrain from discouraging anyone wanting to do this Child Psychology Diploma course or impose any sort of restrictions on doing this online training, people meeting any of the following criteria will benefit the most from it: Anyone looking for the basics of Child Psychology, Jobseekers in the relevant domains, Anyone with a ground knowledge/intermediate expertise in Child Psychology, Anyone looking for a certificate of completion on doing an online training on this topic, Students of Child Psychology, or anyone with an academic knowledge gap to bridge, Anyone with a general interest/curiosity Career Path This Child Psychology Diploma course smoothens the way up your career ladder with all the relevant information, skills, and online certificate of achievements. After successfully completing the course, you can expect to move one significant step closer to achieving your professional goals - whether it's securing that job you desire, getting the promotion you deserve, or setting up that business of your dreams. Course Curriculum
Overview The demand for skilled cybersecurity professionals is soaring in today's digital landscape. The CompTIA CySA+ Cybersecurity Analyst (CS0-002) course is your gateway to a lucrative and rewarding career in this high-demand industry. This course delves deep into various aspects of cybersecurity, from threat analysis and vulnerability identification to incident response and digital forensics. It's designed to ensure you're ready to excel in the field. This course covers various topics, including threat intelligence, vulnerability identification, incident response, and forensics analysis. With 60+ hours of engaging content, our expert instructors will equip you with the knowledge and skills required to excel in the CompTIA CySA+ certification exam and kickstart your career in cybersecurity. Enrol in the CompTIA CySA+ Cybersecurity Analyst (CS0-002) course today and secure your future in this high-demand industry! How will I get my certificate? You may have to take a quiz or a written test online during or after the course. After successfully completing the course, you will be eligible for the certificate. Who is This course for? There is no experience or previous qualifications required for enrolment on this CompTIA CySA+ Cybersecurity Analyst (CS0-002). It is available to all students, of all academic backgrounds. Requirements Our CompTIA CySA+ Cybersecurity Analyst (CS0-002) is fully compatible with PC's, Mac's, Laptop, Tablet and Smartphone devices. This course has been designed to be fully compatible with tablets and smartphones so you can access your course on Wi-Fi, 3G or 4G. There is no time limit for completing this course, it can be studied in your own time at your own pace. Career Path Learning this new skill will help you to advance in your career. It will diversify your job options and help you develop new techniques to keep up with the fast-changing world. This skillset will help you to- Open doors of opportunities Increase your adaptability Keep you relevant Boost confidence And much more! Course Curriculum 22 sections • 96 lectures • 11:35:00 total length •Introduction: 00:02:00 •All about the Exam: 00:08:00 •What's New on the CompTIA CySA+ Exam?: 00:05:00 •Meet the Instructors: 00:02:00 •Thinking like the Enemy: 00:09:00 •Tools of the Trade: 00:08:00 •Intelligence Sources and Confidence Levels: 00:08:00 •Threat Indicators and Actors: 00:08:00 •Threat Trends: 00:07:00 •Intelligence Cycle and ISACs: 00:06:00 •Attack Frameworks: 00:06:00 •Threat Research: 00:11:00 •Threat Modeling and Intelligence Sharing: 00:06:00 •Vulnerability Identification: 00:07:00 •Scanning Parameters and Criteria: 00:09:00 •Scanning Special Considerations: 00:06:00 •Validation: 00:03:00 •Remediation and Mitigation: 00:08:00 •Inhibitors to Remediation: 00:07:00 •Web Applications Scanners, Part 1: 00:10:00 •Web Applications Scanners, Part 2: 00:05:00 •Scanning: 00:06:00 •Configuring and Executing Scans: 00:08:00 •Vulnerability Scanning: 00:10:00 •Reverse Engineering: 00:08:00 •Enumeration: 00:06:00 •Wireless Assessment Tools: 00:08:00 •Cloud Assessment Tools: 00:04:00 •Mobile and IoT: 00:10:00 •Embedded and Firmware Systems (RTOS, SoC, and FPGA): 00:09:00 •Access and Vehicles Risk: 00:08:00 •Automation and Control Risk: 00:10:00 •Cloud Models: 00:07:00 •Remote Service Invocation (FaaS, IaC, API): 00:10:00 •Cloud Vulnerabilities: 00:06:00 •Injection and Overflow Attacks: 00:09:00 •Injection and Overflow Attacks: 00:09:00 •Exploits: 00:08:00 •Application Vulnerabilities, Part 1: 00:08:00 •Application Vulnerabilities, Part 2: 00:07:00 •Network Architecture and Asset Management: 00:09:00 •Protecting Your Territory: 00:05:00 •Identity and Access Management: 00:11:00 •Encryption and Active Defense: 00:08:00 •Platforms: 00:07:00 •SOA and DevSecOps: 00:09:00 •Secure Software Development: 00:08:00 •Best Coding Practices: 00:04:00 •Trusted Hardware: 00:10:00 •Hardware Encryption: 00:04:00 •Hardware Security: 00:08:00 •Data Analytics: 00:10:00 •Endpoint Security: 00:08:00 •Recon Results, Part 1: 00:13:00 •Recon Results, Part 2: 00:05:00 •Impact Analysis: 00:05:00 •Collective Tools: 00:09:00 •Query Writing: 00:07:00 •E-mail Analysis, Part 1: 00:10:00 •E-mail Analysis, Part 2: 00:08:00 •Permissions: 00:09:00 •Firewalls: 00:08:00 •Intrusion Prevention Rules: 00:05:00 •DLP and Endpoint Detection: 00:05:00 •Threat Hunting and the Hypothesis: 00:06:00 •Threat Hunting Process: 00:07:00 •Results and Benefits: 00:05:00 •Workflow and Scripting: 00:07:00 •API and Malware Signature Creation: 00:08:00 •Threat Feeds and Machine Learning: 00:06:00 •Protocols, Standards, and Software Engineering: 00:05:00 •IR Roles and Responsibilities: 00:08:00 •IR Active Preparation: 00:10:00 •Incident Response Process: 00:07:00 •Network Symptoms: 00:04:00 •Host Symptoms: 00:08:00 •Application Symptoms: 00:04:00 •Digital Forensics: 00:10:00 •Seizure and Acquisitions: 00:05:00 •Forensics Acquisition Tools: 00:09:00 •Mobile, Virtualization, and Cloud: 00:06:00 •Forensics Analysis, Part 1: 00:04:00 •Forensics Analysis, Part 2: 00:08:00 •Packet Capture: 00:12:00 •Data Privacy and Security: 00:06:00 •Nontechnical Controls: 00:09:00 •Technical Controls: 00:08:00 •Business Impact Analysis: 00:05:00 •Risk Identification: 00:05:00 •Risk Calculation and Communication: 00:06:00 •Training: 00:04:00 •Supply Chain Assessment: 00:04:00 •Frameworks: 00:13:00 •Policies and Procedures: 00:05:00 •Controls and Procedures: 00:08:00 •Verification: 00:06:00
This comprehensive 3-hour Online Family First Aid course has been created by Mini First Aid to give you the knowledge to help a baby, child or adult with both minor and major first aid incidents as well as giving advice on how to manage a range of common illnesses and conditions.