299 Power courses in Manchester

About this Training Course This course will provide detailed learning to the various aspects of the design, analysis and operation of subsea control systems for a variety of field development options to allow effective management of subsea facilities either from offshore structures or from shore bases. This will include power and telemetry focussing on electrical, hydraulic and electro-hydraulic systems, shut down systems, and application of intelligent monitoring and 'smart' fields. Training Objectives By attending this course, participants will be able to: To provide detailed knowledge and understanding of the requirements for, and design of, subsea electrical, electro-hydraulic, hydraulic and programmable control systems. Knowledge of the components and uses of a wide variety of subsea control systems the requirements for and design implications, of umbilicals and control lines (power and telemetry) Knowledge of, and ability to model, power requirements subsea and detailed understanding of the requirements and objectives of pre-commissioning, both at the factory and in situ. Knowledge of the standards involved in design of equipment, control and application of manual and automatic shut-down valves, and emergency response systems Introduction to design of redundancy and the role of spare capacity and to be able to put this knowledge to effect to contribute to detailed field design. An understanding of obsolescence management in subsea control systems Target Audience This course is intended for Offshore and Onshore Subsea Production Control Systems; Engineers, Technicians, Supervisors, Operators; Graduates; Apprentices; transfers from other industries, and existing staff with a limited exposure to Production Control and a need to understand the more technical aspects of the system. Companies not directly involved in the day-to-day support of the industry, but occasionally involved in supplying and supporting operators; manufacturers and suppliers of Oil and Gas equipment and services may also find this a useful course to understand how their equipment and technical expertise is integrated into the Offshore system. Trainer For most of his working life, your expert course leader has been in a role that has enabled him to pass on skills and knowledge to others. A full-time role in Training and Development came about in 1996 with the offer to take up a full-time teaching post at Aberdeen College. In 1998, he was recruited by Kvaerner Oilfield Products, an Oil & Gas industry company, specialising in Subsea Control Systems, to develop and implement a Training & Competence program acceptable for its staff of over 600 and their client companies - a challenge he could not resist. In 2003, he broadened his horizons and became an independent Training & Development consultant. Building a reputation for delivering training and development to the Oil & Gas industry to the highest standards, he later joined Jee Ltd, a leading subsea engineering and training company based in Aberdeen. He was tasked with a wide portfolio of training, coaching & mentoring to achieve high levels of competence for the client's staff and customers. He is also a Science and Engineering Ambassador (Scotland), promoting the need for engineers and technicians for Scotland's industries, a frequent consultant to the European Economic & Social Committee for standardising Vocational Skills training and competence throughout the EU. He holds memberships in the Society of Operations Engineers, Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development and Society of Underwater Technologies. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

CWNA training course description A hands-on course focusing on the technical support of WiFi. Wireless LANs are often seen as simple communications that are simply installed and then left alone to work. This course ensures that delegates will be able to install WiFi networks which work but also enable the delegates to troubleshoot WiFi when it does go wrong. What will you learn Compare 802.11 standards. Configure WiFi networks. Troubleshoot WiFi networks using spectrum analysers, Wireshark and other tools. Implement 802.11 security. Perform RF surveys. CWNA training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with WiFi networks. Anyone wishing to pass the CWNA exam. Prerequisites: Intro to data communications & networking Duration 5 days CWNA training course contents Introduction History, standards. RF fundamentals What is RF? Wavelength, Frequency, Amplitude, Phase. Wave behaviour. RF components. Watts, mW, dB, SNR, Link budgets. Hands on Spectrum analysis. Listing WiFi networks. WiFi connection. inSSIDer. Antennas Radiation envelopes, polar charts, gain, Antenna types. Line of Sight, MIMO. Hands on Connecting, installing, changing antennae. RSSI values. 802.11 802.11-2007, 802.11 post 2007, 802.11 drafts. 802.11 b/g/n. Hands on WiFi performance measurement. Spread Spectrum RF frequency bands, FHSS, DSSS, OFDM. Channels. Hands on Configuring channels. Topologies Mesh, Access points, distribution systems, SSID. Hands on AP configuration. Client connection profiles. 802.11 MAC CSMA/CA, Management frames, control frames, data frames. Passive scanning, active scanning. Open system authentication. Shared Key authentication. Association. RTS/CTS. Power management. Hands on Capturing frames, analysing frames. WiFi architecture WiFi client, WLAN architecture: Autonomous, Centralised, distributed. WiFi bridges. WiFi routers. PoE. Hands on WLAN controllers. Troubleshooting RF interference, multipath, adjacent channels, low SNR, mismatched power. Coverage, capacity. 802.11 Security Basics, Legacy security: WEP, MAC filters, SSID cloaking. PSK, 8021.X/EAP, WPA/WPA2. TKIP/ CCMP encryption. Guest WLANs. Wireless attacks, intrusion monitoring. Hands on WEP cracking, WPA2 configuration. RADIUS. RF Site surveys Protocol and spectrum analysis, coverage analysis. Site survey tools. Hands on Performing a site survey.

CWAP training course description This WiFi analysis course consists of hands-on learning using the latest enterprise wireless LAN analysis and troubleshooting tools. The course takes an in-depth look at the functionality of WLANs, intended operation of the 802.11 protocol and Wi-Fi Alliance specifications, WLAN frame formatting and structure, troubleshooting methodology, and protocol analysis. It also includes extensive training in modern spectrum analysis with a focus on advanced RF behaviour analysis, data collection methods, interpreting spectrum plots and charts, and understanding advanced features of WLAN spectrum analysers. What will you learn Analyse WiFi frames using Wireshark. Explain 802.11 protocol operation. Troubleshoot WiFi networks using Wireshark. Troubleshoot WiFi networks using spectrum analysers. CWAP training course details Who will benefit: Technical Network Staff Anyone looking to become a CWAP Prerequisites: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Duration 4 days CWAP training course contents Principles of WLAN Communication 802.11 Working Group, OSI reference model and the 802.11 PHY and MAC, Communication sublayers and data units, WLAN architecture components, Organization of station forwarding Addressing and internetworking operation, Modern WLAN product architectures. Physical (PHY) and MAC Layer Formats and Technologies Physical layer functions, Preamble function and format, Header purpose and structure, Analysis of PHY problems, Physical PPDU formats, 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, MAC frame components, MAC encapsulation, Fields and subfields of the MAC header, Frame Control, Frame types and subtypes and their uses, Addressing, Frame body, Data frame format, Control frame format, Management frame format, Information elements and fields. Beaconing and synchronization Scanning, Client state machine, 802.11 contention, QoS, Admission control, Band steering and airtime fairness mechanisms Fragmentation, Acknowledgments and Block acknowledgments, Protection mechanisms and backward compatibility, Power management, Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC), Security components, methods, and exchanges, Roaming procedures exchanges, Future protocol enhancements. 802.11n Transmit beamforming, Spatial multiplexing, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Space-Time Block Coding, 40 MHz channels, Frame aggregation, HT-OFDM format, Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS), HT frame formatting and more. Protocol Analysis Tools and Methodology Troubleshooting methodology, Protocol analyser types, Analysis NIC/adapter selection and constraints, Interpreting results based on location, Analyzer settings and features, Filtering and channel scanning, Interpreting decodes, Using advanced analysis features, Assessing WLAN health and behaviour factors, Evaluating network statistics, Troubleshooting common problems, Wired analysis to support wireless network issues. Spectrum Analysis Tools and Methodology Radio frequency behaviour review, Visualizing RF domains using spectrum measurement tools, Spectrum analyser types and operation, Analyser specifications and characteristics, Understanding spectrum data presentation, Interpreting plots and charts, Common WLAN spectrum analyser features, Identifying transmit patterns, Device classification and network impact, Recognizing transmit signatures. Hands on lab exercises Wireshark Setup, Use, and In-Depth Analysis Wireshark is fundamental to troubleshooting. Labs include: - Capabilities, configuration, and data display - Opening, collecting, saving, and modifying capture files. - Filtering traffic, and using colouring rules as analysis aides. - Live captures based on a set of desired collection criteria. - Identify and isolate network problems. - Conversation analysis. - Remote packet capture with an AP. Understanding Frame Components Familiarity with the frame structure and contents is essential in real -world troubleshooting efforts. Labs include: - Understanding the MAC header - Comparing the three major frame types and their subtypes - Analysing frame formats of individual frame types - Analysing 802.11n frame components - Additional information is reported by protocol analysers - Information not visible in protocol analysers Frame Exchanges Understanding frame exchange rules and behaviors is critical to identifying expected and unexpected. It is also necessary to understand what is normal so that aberrations can be properly troubleshot. Labs include: - Connectivity exchanges and sequences - Legacy and modern security exchanges - ERP and HT protection mechanisms - Power save behaviour - Acknowledgments, block acknowledgments, and supporting action frames - Dynamic rate switching - Band steering Troubleshooting Common Problems This lab exposes students to hands-on troubleshooting skills by setting up common problems in WLANs and allowing students to attempt to solve them. - Trouleshooting connectivity exchanges - Troubleshooting 802.1X and EAP exchanges - Troubleshooting roaming Spectrum Analyzer Setup, Use, and In-Depth Analysis Specifically, it will explore the plots and charts used to display spectrum data and how to interpret this data to define a transmitter's impact on the network. The following are covered: - Installing the analyser and using display and navigation - The 'RF perspective' provided by each plot and chart - Using built-in features and automated device identification - Characterizing the behaviours of an interference source - Assessing the impact of an interference source - Determining the impact of transmitter proximity on interference. - Identifying signatures of common transmitters - Remote spectrum analysis with an AP

About this Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) Hydrogen will play an increasingly critical role in the future of energy system as it moves forward to supplement and potentially replace fossil fuels in the long run. Offshore wind offers a clean and sustainable renewable resource for green hydrogen production. However, it can also be volatile and presents inherent risks that need to be managed. Even though offshore production of hydrogen has yet to achieve a high state of maturity, many current projects are already dealing with the conditions and effects of offshore production of hydrogen and are grappling with the technological requirements and necessary gas transportation with grid integration. This 2 half-day Virtual Instructor Lead Training (VILT) course will examine the technological options for on-site production of hydrogen by electrolysis (onshore or offshore directly at the platform) as well as the transport of hydrogen (pipeline or ship). This VILT course will also explore the economic considerations and the outlook on future market opportunities. There will be exercises for the participants to work on over the two half-days. This course is delivered in partnership with Fraunhofer IEE. Training Objectives By the end of this VILT course, participants will be able to: Understand the technological attributes and options for green hydrogen production based on electricity from offshore wind. Explore the associated economic analysis for offshore wind hydrogen production, including CAPEX, OPEX, LCOE and LCOH Identify the critical infrastructure and technical configuration required for offshore green hydrogen including transportation networks and grid connectivity Learn from recent findings from current Research & Development projects concerning the differences between onshore and offshore hydrogen production. Target Audience This VILT course is intended: Renewable energy developers and operators Offshore oil & gas operators Energy transport and marine operators Energy policy makers and regulators IPPs and power utilities Training Methods The VILT course will be delivered online in 2 half-day sessions comprising 4 hours per day, including time for lectures, discussion, quizzes and short classroom exercises. Course Duration: 2 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (8 hours in total). Trainer Trainer 1: Your expert course leader is Director of Energy Process Technology Division at the Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology, IEE. The research activities of the division link the areas of energy conversion processes and control engineering. The application fields covered are renewable energy technologies, energy storage systems and power to gas with a strong focus on green hydrogen. From 2006 - 2007, he worked as a research analyst of the German Advisory Council on Global Change, WBGU, Berlin. He has extensive training experience from Bachelor and Master courses at different universities as well as in the context of international training activities - recently on hydrogen and PtX for partners in the MENA region and South America. He holds a University degree (Diploma) in Physics, University of Karlsruhe (KIT). Trainer 2: Your expert course leader is Deputy Head of Energy Storage Department at Fraunhofer IEE. Prior to this, he was the director of the Grid Integration Department at SMA Solar Technology AG, one of the world's largest manufacturers of PV power converters. Before joining SMA, he was manager of the Front Office System Planning at Amprion GmbH (formerly RWE TSO), one of the four German transmission system operators. He holds a Degree of Electrical Engineering from the University of Kassel, Germany. In 2003, he finished his Ph.D. (Dr.-Ing.) on the topic of wind power forecasting at the Institute of Solar Energy Supply Technology (now known as Fraunhofer IEE) in Kassel. In 2004, he started his career at RWE TSO with a main focus on wind power integration and congestion management. He is Chairman of the IEC SC 8A 'Grid Integration of Large-capacity Renewable Energy (RE) Generation' and has published several papers about grid integration of renewable energy source and forecasting systems on books, magazines, international conferences and workshops. Trainer 3: Your expert course leader is Deputy Director of the Energy Process Technology division and Head of the Renewable Gases and Bio Energy Department at Fraunhofer IEE. His work is mainly focused on the integration of renewable gases and bioenergy systems into the energy supply structures. He has been working in this field since more than 20 years. He is a university lecturer in national and international master courses. He is member of the scientific advisory council of the European Biogas Association, member of the steering committee of the Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture, member of the International Advisory Committee (ISAC) of the European Biomass Conference and member of the scientific committees of national bioenergy conferences. He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Darmstadt, Germany. He received his Doctoral degree on the topic of aerothermodynamics of gas turbine combustion chambers. He started his career in renewable energies in 2001, with the topic of biogas fired micro gas turbines. Trainer 4: Your expert course leader has an M. Sc. and she joined Fraunhofer IEE in 2018. In the Division of Energy Process Technology, she is currently working as a Research Associate on various projects related to techno-economic analysis of international PtX projects and advises KfW Development Bank on PtX projects in North Africa. Her focus is on the calculation of electricity, hydrogen and derivative production costs (LCOE, LCOH, LCOA, etc) based on various methods of dynamic investment costing. She also supervises the development of models that simulate different PtX plant configurations to analyze the influence of different parameters on the cost of the final product, and to find the configuration that gives the lowest production cost. She received her Bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering at the HAWK in Göttingen and her Master's degree in renewable energy and energy efficiency at the University of Kassel. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

3G training course description This course is designed to give the delegate an understanding of the technologies used within a 3G UMTS mobile network. During the course we will investigate the UMTS air interface and the use of Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) to facilitate high speed data access, together with HSPA to offer mobile broadband services. We will describe the use of soft handover rather than hard handover procedures and soft capacity sharing. The course includes a brief exploration of the UMTS protocol stack and the use of PDP Context and QoS support features. What will you learn Explain the 3G UMTS architecture. Describe the role of a Drifting & Serving RNC. Explain the use of ARQ & HARQ for mobile broadband. Describe how IMS integrates into the architecture. Describe the use of Media Gateway Controllers. Identify the temporary identities used within 3G UMTS. 3G training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working within the telecommunications area, especially within the mobile environment. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Telecommunications Introduction Duration 2 days 3G training course contents D3GPP specifications 3GPP standards body, Evolution path, Frequency and bandwidth, Conceptual model, UMTS general architecture, UTRAN architecture & radio access bearer. CDMA principles CDMA principle, Code characteristics, Code requirements. CDMA requirements Synchronization, Power control, Soft handover, Rake receiver, Antenna consideration, Multi-user detection. Radio interface protocol architecture Access stratum & non-access stratum, Overall protocol structure, Logical and transport channels, Physical channels, Protocol termination. Layer 2 Protocols Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol, Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocol, Radio Interface for Broadcast/Multicast Services. Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol RRC Architecture, RRC Protocol State, Broadcast of information, RRC connection management, Radio bearer management, RRC connection mobility functions, Power control, Ciphering and Integrity. Mobile procedures Mobility management states and transitions, UMTS identities, Procedures in Idle mode (location updates, cell selection/ re-selection), Circuit-switched call set-up, Packet-switched context activation and context preservation, Data transfer initialization, Soft-handover procedure. Introduction to HSPA The need for high speed data, Fast HARQ, Improved scheduling, Additional channels, Soft combining, HS-DSCH codes, Uplink HSPA vs downlink HSPA, Full HSPA, Use of MIMO, Enhanced CELL_FACH.

Overview Effective decision-making requires the adoption of decision approaches that fit the complexities of these situations and the efficient management of decision-making processes. It also requires the ability to think strategically in highly interactive markets and acute insights into the psychology behind people's behaviour. Objectives Develop critical thinking skills, sharpening your intuition in the face of risk and uncertainty Learn ways to discover, manage, mitigate and avoid decision-making traps Learn to leverage the power of 'nudges' - a light-touch way to influence human behaviour and improve decision-making Boost your ability to build high-performing teams by understanding what conditions enable teams to make better decisions than individuals Become a more strategic leader and decision-maker by understanding the long-term impact your decisions can have on your organisation

CWISA training course description This CWISA course covers wireless technologies with reference to IoT. It examines from an IoT perspective how wireless works, and is an excellent introduction to IoT for the wireless engineer. Topics range from wireless technologies, RF, to mobile networks, IoT, and security. What will you learn Describe wireless networking and IoT technologies. Explain basic RF communications. Plan wireless solutions. Describe how to implement wireless solutions. Use best practices in implementing wireless solutions. CWISA training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with IoT technologies. Prerequisites: RF fundamentals. Duration 4 days CWISA training course contents Introduction to wireless technologies History of wireless, radio waves and frequencies, wireless technologies and related components, common components of wireless solutions, LAN networking requirements, Network security, Implementing wireless solutions, staging, documentation, security updates, Industry organizations, IEEE, compatibility and certification groups. Wireless network use cases Wireless BANs, Wireless PANs, Wireless LANs, Wireless MANs, Wireless WANs, Wireless sensor networks, New network driver-Internet of Things, IoT for industry (IIoT), IoT for connected vehicles, Residential environments, Retail, Education (K12), Higher education, Agriculture, Smart cities / Public access, Health care, Office buildings, Hospitality, Industry, Stadiums, arenas, and large public venues. Planning wireless solutions Identifying use cases and applications, common wireless requirements and constraints, performing a wireless system design, selecting and evaluating design parameters. RF communications RF wave characteristics, RF propagation behaviours, RF signal metrics, fundamentals of wireless modulation. other wireless carriers, common frequency bands. Radio frequency hardware Hardware levels, basic RF hardware components (circuit board level), RF link types (use category). RF device types. Mobile communications networks Mobile networks, LTE, 5G, Use cases. Short-range, low-rate, and low-power networks RF and speed, RF and range, RF and power, 802.11, 802.15.4, Bluetooth, LoRa (Long range) / LoRaWAN, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, NB-IoT and LTE-M. Wireless sensor networks What is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)? WSN applications, Sensors and actuators, WSN architectures, Planning a WSN. Internet of Things (IoT) Internet of Things (IoT) defined, IoT history and its definition revisited, one more comment on the definition of IoT, IoT verticals, Oil & Gas, IoT structure/ architecture basics, IoT connected objects. Securing wireless networks Confidentiality, integrity and availability, Privacy, non-repudiation, authenticity & safety, Importance of authentication in wireless networks, Key cryptographic technologies & concepts, Authentication methods, Authorisation, OAuth 2.0 authorisation framework, monitoring. Troubleshooting wireless solutions Proper solutions design, designing and implementing wireless solutions, basic installation procedures, general configuration considerations, troubleshooting and remediation, troubleshoot common problems in wireless solutions. Programming, scripting and automation What is an API? categories of APIs, common API communication methods, choosing a language, why are we integrating systems? Application & integration architectures. Data structures & types, XML, YAML, API types.

Overview Corporate frauds have the inherent power to bring large organizations to their knees, cause huge monetary loss, prompt lawsuits followed by significant legal expenses, lead to the imprisonment of employees and deteriorate confidence in the market, governments, and institutions. In response, corporations and governments across the globe have stepped up their effort to inspect, prevent and penalize fraudulent practices; resulting in a greater emphasis on the domains of forensic auditing and accounting in the current economy. This training course will empower you to recognize the root causes of fraud and white-collar crime in the current economy, understand the categories of fraud, equip you with methodologies of fraud detection and prevention, and heighten your ability to detect potential fraudulent situations. In addition to the fundamentals of fraud investigation and detection in a digital environment; profit-loss evaluation, analysis of accounting books, legal concepts, and quantification of financial damages are also examined in this course

Overview In this course you will learn to build a financial model by working in Excel and how to perform sensitivity analysis in Excel. You will also learn the formulas, functions and types of financial analysis to be an Excel power user. By attending this course, you will be able to effectively prepare and build financial models. Objectives Harness Excel's tools within a best practice framework Add flexibility to their models through the use of switches and flexible lookups Work efficiently with large data volumes Model debt effectively Approach modelling for tax, debt, pensions and disposals with confidence Build flexible charts and sensitivity analysis to aid the presentation of results Learn and apply Excel tools useful in financial forecasting Understand and design the layout of a flexible model Forecast financial statements of a public or private company Apply scenario analysis to the forecasted financial statements and prepare charts for data presentation

LTE Airside training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE airside. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the air interface protocol stack, cell acquisition, transmission and reception of data and of he layer 1 procedures along with layer 2 procedures. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE Airside training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE Airside training course contents Introduction and review of LTE This section describes the requirements of LTE and key technical features, and reviews the system architecture. LTE Architecture, UE, E-UTRAN and EPC. Specifications. OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO antennas This section describes the techniques used in the LTE air interface, notably orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas. Communication techniques for fading multipath channels. OFDMA, FFT processing and cyclic prefix insertion. SC-FDMA in the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna techniques including transmit & receive diversity and spatial multiplexing. Introduction to the air interface This section covers the operation of the air interface, the channels that it uses, and the mapping to the time and frequency domains of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and physical signals. LTE spectrum allocation. Cell acquisition This is the first of three sections covering the air interface physical layer. Here, we cover mobile procedures to start low-level communications with the cell, and base station transmission of the corresponding information. Primary/secondary synchronisation signals. Downlink reference signals. The master information block. Physical control format indicator channel. Organisation and transmission of the system information. Data transmission and reception In this section, we cover procedures used for data transmission and reception on the shared channels, and describe in detail the individual steps. Data transmission and reception on the uplink and downlink. Scheduling commands and grants on the PDCCH. DL-SCH and UL-SCH. Physical channel processing of the PDSCH and PUSCH. Hybrid ARQ indicators on the PHICH. Uplink control information on the PUCCH. Uplink demodulation and sounding reference signals. Additional physical layer procedure This section concludes our discussion of the air interface physical layer, by discussing a number of procedures that support its operation. Transmission of the physical random access channel. Contention and non-contention based random access procedures. Discontinuous transmission in idle and connected modes. Uplink power control and timing advance. Air interface layer 2 This section describes the architecture and operation of layer 2 of the air interface protocol stack. MAC protocol, interactions with the physical layer, use for scheduling. RLC protocol, transparent, unacknowledged and acknowledged modes. PDCP, including header compression, security functions and recovery from handover.