How to inspire others and build successful relationships. This course is designed to support professionals in business to develop communication skills through understanding and applying knowledge of personality and behaviour in the workplace. It is based upon the book "The Authority Guide to Behaviour in Business: How to Inspire Others and Build Successful Relationships" by Robin Hills (ISBN: 1912300087).
3 QLS Endorsed Diploma | QLS Hard Copy Certificate Included | Plus 10 CPD Courses | Lifetime Access
10 QLS Endorsed Courses for Teacher | 10 Endorsed Certificates Included | Life Time Access
DIY Bag Kit Leather Rucksack/ Backpack. No specialist tools or experience required. A Leather Bag Kit to Make at Home! This DIY Bag Kit is a step up from the other bags in the range. It is suitable for all, though it is more challenging and takes longer to craft. You will learn the basics of leather craft for accessories and be introduced to techniques including application of wax and edge finishing, screw rivets, hand stitching on leather and bag construction. This is a perfect introductory project to start your journey into Leather work and bag making as you will experience the wide variety of tasks involved in the work and create a bag to be proud of. This is the perfect pack to keep you busy crafting at home when you are looking for a new hobby. In order to complete your bag you will need to follow the step-by-step instructions included in the pack. There will be pre-cut leather pieces which require you to finish with a wax included in the pack. You will rivet and sew the leather to complete the bag. It is great if you have a small screw driver to hand to tighten the rivets. Although the pack is pre-prepared and work has been completed for you, do not fear as there is still plenty of work and learning for you to do. The bag has a flap and buckle closure and two adjustable back straps. It is a raw edge construction to give a rustic look but completed in a buttery soft vegetable tanned leather which results in a supple but structured piece. The bag is unlined but the size ensures the perfect space for all essentials. The dimensions of the backpack/ rucksack are H:250mm x H:350mm x D:150mm and it will be the same construction as the bag in the photos featured. A drawstring top and flap closure with buckle. Straps are adjustable with buckles. There are NO ADDITIONAL COSTS. All leather, hardware and products will be included in the kit. There is a selection of leather and hardware colours for you to choose from but if you require a bespoke colour please get in touch as we may be able to help. What's included in the price? The kit contains: 1. Pre-cut and pre-punched leather pieces ready to use(A variety of leather colours to choose from) 2. A pot of homemade wax and a soft cloth 3. Metal hardware of your choice 4. Needle and thread 5. Unique 'Made by' card6. Instruction booklet7. Video Link to instruction video What you will need You will need: 1. Small flat head screw driver 2. Scissors
Description Palaeography Diploma Introducing the Palaeography Diploma, a comprehensive and unique course designed to equip enthusiasts and scholars alike with the skills and knowledge needed to unravel the mysteries of ancient scripts. This course provides a fascinating journey through the history and development of written communication, from its earliest origins to its contemporary relevance. With a focus on diverse cultural and linguistic traditions, the Palaeography Diploma offers students the chance to immerse themselves in the rich tapestry of written heritage. The Palaeography Diploma begins with an exploration of the origins of palaeography. Students delve into the fascinating history of written communication and the development of various scripts throughout the ages. The course introduces the process of deciphering ancient scripts, providing essential tools and techniques for understanding and interpreting these intriguing documents. As students progress through the course, they will gain insights into Latin Palaeography, Greek Palaeography, Hebrew and Aramaic Palaeography, and Islamic Palaeography. Each section offers a comprehensive understanding of the script's historical context, the intricacies of its letterforms, and the fascinating stories these scripts can tell. The Palaeography Diploma also delves into the lesser-known realms of Chinese and East Asian Palaeography, exploring the beautiful scripts that have shaped the literary traditions of this vast region. Pre-Columbian Scripts and Palaeography introduces students to the captivating world of ancient American writing systems, unearthing the secrets of the Maya, Aztec, and other indigenous cultures. Medieval and Early Modern Palaeography forms a cornerstone of the Palaeography Diploma, connecting the dots between the ancient and modern worlds. Students will examine the evolution of writing during these transformative periods, discovering the artistic and cultural significance of illuminated manuscripts, as well as the fascinating tales they hold. Finally, the Palaeography Diploma looks towards the future, examining the continuing relevance of palaeography in an increasingly digital age. Students will learn how technology is revolutionising the field and transforming the ways in which scholars can access and study ancient texts. Throughout the Palaeography Diploma, students will be guided by experienced instructors who are passionate about their respective fields. Upon completion of the Palaeography Diploma, students will have acquired a solid foundation in the field and be well-equipped to pursue further research or professional opportunities in academia, museums, libraries, or other cultural institutions. The course will also appeal to those with a personal interest in history, linguistics, and archaeology, providing a unique and enriching educational experience. The Palaeography Diploma is a highly sought-after programme, attracting students from around the world who share a common passion for uncovering the hidden treasures of written heritage. Enrolment is now open for the upcoming intake, and places are limited, so prospective students are encouraged to secure their spot as soon as possible. In summary, the Palaeography Diploma offers a rare opportunity to embark on a captivating journey through the world of ancient scripts, providing students with the expertise and confidence needed to decipher and interpret some of history's most fascinating documents. With a strong emphasis on practical skills and a broad range of cultural and linguistic traditions, this course promises to ignite a lifelong passion for the study and preservation of our collective written heritage. Don't miss the chance to be part of this exceptional learning experience - enrol in the Palaeography Diploma today! What you will learn 1:The Origins of Palaeography 2:Deciphering Ancient Scripts 3:Latin Palaeography 4:Greek Palaeography 5:Hebrew and Aramaic Palaeography 6:Islamic Palaeography 7:Chinese and East Asian Palaeography 8:Pre Columbian Scripts and Palaeography 9:Medieval and Early Modern Palaeography 10:The Future of Palaeography Course Outcomes After completing the course, you will receive a diploma certificate and an academic transcript from Elearn college. Assessment Each unit concludes with a multiple-choice examination. This exercise will help you recall the major aspects covered in the unit and help you ensure that you have not missed anything important in the unit. The results are readily available, which will help you see your mistakes and look at the topic once again. If the result is satisfactory, it is a green light for you to proceed to the next chapter. Accreditation Elearn College is a registered Ed-tech company under the UK Register of Learning( Ref No:10062668). After completing a course, you will be able to download the certificate and the transcript of the course from the website. For the learners who require a hard copy of the certificate and transcript, we will post it for them for an additional charge.
Description Medicines Management Diploma Introducing the Medicines Management Diploma, a comprehensive online course that offers in-depth exploration into the multifaceted world of medicines management. The course has been meticulously designed for those looking to enhance their knowledge and expertise in this critical field within healthcare. The Medicines Management Diploma is ideal for pharmacists, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in the safe and effective management of medicines. With an ever-increasing need for skilled professionals in this domain, this online course provides the perfect platform to launch or enhance a career in medicines management. Starting with an introduction to medicines management, students will gain a fundamental understanding of the subject. They will explore the essential principles that govern the usage and control of medicines, paving the way for more complex concepts as the course progresses. Key Stakeholders in Medicines Management is another vital module that delves into the roles and responsibilities of various individuals and organisations involved in the field. Students will learn to appreciate the intricate interplay between different stakeholders and how collaboration ensures efficient medicines management. In the Medicines Supply Chain Management section, learners will discover the end-to-end process of pharmaceutical supply. They will explore the complexities of sourcing, procurement, distribution, and other vital aspects that are fundamental to ensuring that medicines are available where and when they are needed. The module on Medication Safety and Quality Assurance presents a detailed overview of the procedures and practices that guarantee the safety and quality of medicines. From manufacturing to administration, students will grasp the measures in place to mitigate risks and errors. The Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics section offers a robust insight into the science behind medicines. Learners will explore how drugs interact with the human body, their pharmacological effects, and how they are used to treat various medical conditions. Information Technology in Medicines Management provides a modern perspective on how technology facilitates and streamlines the handling of medicines. From electronic health records to intelligent dispensing systems, this module equips students with the knowledge to navigate the digital landscape of medicines management. The Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medicines Management module equips students with a clear understanding of the laws and ethical considerations that guide the practice. It provides a critical framework for decision-making within the various legal boundaries. Medicines Management in Special Populations educates students on the particular challenges and requirements associated with managing medicines for specific groups such as children, the elderly, and those with chronic diseases. The Economics of Medicines Management explores the financial factors that influence medicines management. This includes cost-effectiveness, budgeting, and other economic considerations that impact decision-making within healthcare. Finally, The Future of Medicines Management looks at the emerging trends and innovations shaping the field. This forward-thinking module prepares students for the dynamic and ever-evolving landscape of medicines management. Enrolling in the Medicines Management Diploma offers a gateway to a fulfilling and rewarding career in a vital area of healthcare. The online course format allows flexibility and convenience, providing a rich learning experience that can be tailored to fit individual schedules. With expert guidance and comprehensive content, this diploma empowers students with the skills, knowledge, and confidence they need to excel in the world of medicines management. It's an investment in a future where medicines are managed with utmost competence and care. What you will learn 1:Introduction to Medicines Management 2:Key Stakeholders in Medicines Management 3:Medicines Supply Chain Management 4:Medication Safety and Quality Assurance 5:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 6:Information Technology in Medicines Management 7:Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medicines Management 8:Medicines Management in Special Populations 9:Economics of Medicines Management 10:The Future of Medicines Management Course Outcomes After completing the course, you will receive a diploma certificate and an academic transcript from Elearn college. Assessment Each unit concludes with a multiple-choice examination. This exercise will help you recall the major aspects covered in the unit and help you ensure that you have not missed anything important in the unit. The results are readily available, which will help you see your mistakes and look at the topic once again. If the result is satisfactory, it is a green light for you to proceed to the next chapter. Accreditation Elearn College is a registered Ed-tech company under the UK Register of Learning( Ref No:10062668). After completing a course, you will be able to download the certificate and the transcript of the course from the website. For the learners who require a hard copy of the certificate and transcript, we will post it for them for an additional charge.
Description Day Trading Diploma The world of finance is both thrilling and intricate, with day trading being one of the most fascinating yet challenging arenas. Whether you're a novice eager to begin or an intermediate trader wanting to elevate your skills, the Day Trading Diploma provides a complete online learning experience tailored for success in the fluctuating markets. The Day Trading Diploma serves as a guiding beacon, introducing participants to the foundational aspects of day trading. The course demystifies the complexities, taking learners through the fundamental principles that govern this dynamic world of buying and selling financial instruments within a single trading day. Grasping market terminology and key concepts is crucial for any aspiring day trader. With the Day Trading Diploma, participants gain an in-depth understanding of the essential jargon and underlying principles that are the building blocks of the trade. This foundational knowledge prepares learners for the deeper complexities and strategies that lie ahead. One of the standout features of this course is its comprehensive coverage of day trading strategies. A systematic approach is presented, teaching learners the various techniques that experienced traders employ to maximise their profits while minimising potential losses. Techniques are drawn from both the realms of technical and fundamental analysis, two cornerstones of successful day trading. Technical analysis for day trading involves studying price movements and trading volume to predict future price moves. This course equips learners with the tools and knowledge to identify patterns and trends effectively. On the other hand, fundamental analysis focuses on evaluating a security's intrinsic value by examining related economic, financial, and other qualitative and quantitative factors. The Day Trading Diploma provides a balanced perspective, allowing learners to harness the power of both analyses to make informed decisions. Managing risk is paramount in day trading. It's not just about the potential for profits but also safeguarding oneself from catastrophic losses. This diploma emphasises the importance of sound risk management practices, educating participants on setting clear limits and understanding the crucial concept of the risk-reward ratio. But it doesn't stop at the basics. For those aiming for the pinnacle of day trading, advanced trading techniques are also covered. This ensures that by the end of the course, participants are well-versed in a spectrum of strategies, ready to tackle various market scenarios. Building a fruitful day trading career requires more than just technical know-how. It demands discipline, resilience, and continual learning. The Day Trading Diploma offers guidance on establishing oneself in the competitive world of day trading, ensuring that learners are not just equipped with strategies but also the mindset to thrive. As with any profession, pitfalls are a part and parcel of day trading. However, the key to success lies in recognising these challenges and circumventing them. This course dedicates a portion to addressing common pitfalls, offering tried and tested advice on avoiding common mistakes. Lastly, in an ever-evolving financial landscape, it's essential to be forward-thinking. The Day Trading Diploma concludes with a peek towards the future, giving learners a sense of the advancements and trends on the horizon. In conclusion, for those who seek a comprehensive, well-structured, and expertly delivered online course in day trading, the Day Trading Diploma is the go-to choice. Enrol today and embark on a journey to mastering the art and science of day trading. What you will learn 1:The Foundations of Day Trading 2:Market Terminology and Key Concepts 3:Day Trading Strategies 4:Technical Analysis for Day Trading 5:Fundamental Analysis in Day Trading 6:Managing Risk in Day Trading 7:Advanced Trading Techniques 8:Building a Day Trading Career 9:Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 10:Looking Towards the Future Course Outcomes After completing the course, you will receive a diploma certificate and an academic transcript from Elearn college. Assessment Each unit concludes with a multiple-choice examination. This exercise will help you recall the major aspects covered in the unit and help you ensure that you have not missed anything important in the unit. The results are readily available, which will help you see your mistakes and look at the topic once again. If the result is satisfactory, it is a green light for you to proceed to the next chapter. Accreditation Elearn College is a registered Ed-tech company under the UK Register of Learning( Ref No:10062668). After completing a course, you will be able to download the certificate and the transcript of the course from the website. For the learners who require a hard copy of the certificate and transcript, we will post it for them for an additional charge.
Description Moon Magic Diploma Discover the ethereal realm of the celestial body that governs the night - the moon. With the Moon Magic Diploma, aspiring lunar enthusiasts and seekers of mystic knowledge can embark on a journey to uncover the secrets of moon magic and its profound influences. The course begins with an enlightening 'Introduction to Moon Magic'. Here, one can learn about the fundamentals and history of moon magic, setting a solid foundation for the modules that follow. Understanding the significance of the moon, its cycles, and its energies is crucial, and this diploma will ensure learners acquire a deep understanding of these aspects. Next, students explore the 'Full Moon and other Important Phases'. These are the moments when the moon's energy is at its zenith, offering the greatest potential for harnessing its magic. By knowing the intricacies of each phase, one can align their spiritual practices accordingly. The 'Cultural Beliefs' segment of the Moon Magic Diploma provides a perspective into the different global beliefs and traditions associated with the moon. From ancient civilisations to modern communities, the moon has played a pivotal role in shaping beliefs and practices. 'Harnessing Moon Magic with Herbs and Nature' takes learners on an enchanting voyage into the natural world. Nature is brimming with materials that amplify moon magic, and this module helps in identifying and utilising them to their maximum potential. Similarly, the power of 'Crystals and Gems' in moon magic is undeniable. This section reveals the different crystals and gems that resonate best with lunar energies and how to employ them in one's magical endeavours. The 'Essential Oils and Candles' module illuminates the senses, explaining how these elements can complement moon magic practices. Whether for healing, protection, or amplification, the right oil or candle can make all the difference. Moon Magic Diploma then segues into 'Moon Astrology and Tarot'. This integration of the moon, stars, and cards provides a holistic view of moon magic, granting learners insights into the future and the energies at play. 'Rituals and Spells' are the practical applications of all the knowledge acquired. The course offers well-detailed guidance on conducting powerful moon magic rituals and spells, ensuring that students can wield the moon's energy with expertise. 'Daily Moon' emphasises the influence of the moon on everyday life. From the food we eat to the mood we're in, the moon silently weaves its magic every day. Understanding and tapping into this daily influence can bring about positive changes in one's life. Finally, 'Beyond Moon Magic' extends the horizon of learning, touching upon advanced topics and practices that go beyond traditional moon magic. This ensures that the Moon Magic Diploma isn't just about the basics; it takes students a step further into the world of mysticism. Offered exclusively online, this course offers flexibility and convenience, allowing learners to progress at their own pace. Whether one is a novice or has some prior knowledge, the Moon Magic Diploma offers a comprehensive and enriching experience that promises to illuminate and empower. Join this journey to tap into the moon's timeless energy and discover the transformative magic it holds. The Moon Magic Diploma awaits those eager to learn and harness the ethereal power of the moon. What you will learn 1:Introduction to Moon Magic 2:Full Moon and other Important Phases 3:Cultural Beliefs 4:Harnessing Moon Magic with Herbs and Nature 5:Harnessing Moon Magic with Crystals and Gems 6:Essential Oils and Candles 7:Moon Astrology and Tarot 8:Rituals and Spells 9:Daily Moon 10:Beyond Moon Magic Course Outcomes After completing the course, you will receive a diploma certificate and an academic transcript from Elearn college. Assessment Each unit concludes with a multiple-choice examination. This exercise will help you recall the major aspects covered in the unit and help you ensure that you have not missed anything important in the unit. The results are readily available, which will help you see your mistakes and look at the topic once again. If the result is satisfactory, it is a green light for you to proceed to the next chapter. Accreditation Elearn College is a registered Ed-tech company under the UK Register of Learning( Ref No:10062668). After completing a course, you will be able to download the certificate and the transcript of the course from the website. For the learners who require a hard copy of the certificate and transcript, we will post it for them for an additional charge.
Description Charity Accounting Diploma Navigating the financial landscape of charities requires a unique skill set and a deep understanding of specific regulations. Charities operate under a different set of rules than other businesses, and ensuring their financial management is up to par is critical for their success. This is where the Charity Accounting Diploma comes into play. Tailored exclusively for online learning, this comprehensive course seeks to arm students with the knowledge and tools they need to excel in the world of charity accounting. First and foremost, the course begins with an overview of charity accounting. This foundation ensures that all participants start with a clear understanding of the basics. It's essential to grasp the unique nature of charities and how their financial operations differ from other entities. The course then proceeds to unpack the regulatory landscape for charities. With ever-changing rules and guidelines, it's crucial for charity accountants to remain updated. This section demystifies the regulations governing charities, ensuring that they remain compliant and uphold their reputation. A deep exploration into financial management in charities offers insights into best practices and potential pitfalls. With donations, grants, and various funding methods at play, managing a charity's finances can be intricate. This course ensures that learners can navigate these complexities with ease. One of the significant components of the course is understanding charity funds and reserves. Given that charities function largely on donations and grants, knowing how to manage and report on these funds is imperative. Additionally, the role of trustees in charity accounting is another focal point. Their responsibilities and influence on the financial aspect of charities are crucial for any accountant in this field to understand. No financial course would be complete without discussing auditing and assurance. For charities, these elements offer a layer of credibility and trust. This course provides a comprehensive look into the preparation of charity accounts, offering a step-by-step guide to ensure accuracy and compliance. Transparency and accountability hold a special place in charity accounting. The course delves into the importance of these factors, teaching students how to maintain clarity in their accounts and ensuring stakeholders always have a clear view of the charity's financial health. Gift Aid and VAT have unique implications for charities. With specific rules governing these areas, it's vital for charity accountants to know the ins and outs. This course covers these topics in-depth, providing clarity and guidance on how to manage and report on them accurately. Lastly, given the evolving nature of the sector, the course touches on the future of charity accounting. With technology, regulations, and societal changes always on the horizon, being prepared for what's next is paramount. In conclusion, the Charity Accounting Diploma is not just another online course. It's a journey into the world of charity finance, offering insights, tools, and knowledge that are both comprehensive and relevant. Whether you're a seasoned accountant looking to transition into the charity sector or a newcomer wanting to embark on a meaningful career, this course is the gateway to mastering charity accounting. Register today and elevate your skills in the world of charitable financial management. What you will learn 1:An Overview of Charity Accounting 2:The Regulatory Landscape for Charities 3:Financial Management in Charities 4:Understanding Charity Funds and Reserves 5:The Role of Trustees in Charity Accounting 6:Auditing and Assurance for Charities 7:Preparing Charity Accounts: A Step-by-Step Guide 8:Transparency and Accountability in Charity Accounting 9:Gift Aid and VAT in Charity Accounting 10:The Future of Charity Accounting Course Outcomes After completing the course, you will receive a diploma certificate and an academic transcript from Elearn college. Assessment Each unit concludes with a multiple-choice examination. This exercise will help you recall the major aspects covered in the unit and help you ensure that you have not missed anything important in the unit. The results are readily available, which will help you see your mistakes and look at the topic once again. If the result is satisfactory, it is a green light for you to proceed to the next chapter. Accreditation Elearn College is a registered Ed-tech company under the UK Register of Learning( Ref No:10062668). After completing a course, you will be able to download the certificate and the transcript of the course from the website. For the learners who require a hard copy of the certificate and transcript, we will post it for them for an additional charge.
Description Traditional Chinese Medicine Diploma Step into the world of ancient healing practices with the Traditional Chinese Medicine Diploma. This online course provides a comprehensive overview of the philosophies, techniques, and applications of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the modern world. It's the perfect starting point for those keen on integrating ancient wisdom with contemporary practices. The course kicks off by exploring 'The Roots of Traditional Chinese Medicine'. By understanding its historic origins, learners will be better equipped to appreciate the depth and complexity of these time-tested techniques. It's fascinating to trace back how age-old practices are still relevant and effective in today's healthcare landscape. Following this, the course journeys through 'The Fundamental Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine'. This section demystifies the core beliefs that underpin TCM, including Yin and Yang, the Five Elements, and Qi. These principles, though ancient, continue to inform the practice and application of TCM across the globe. Accurate diagnosis is at the heart of any medical system. 'Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis' will introduce students to the unique methods by which practitioners identify and understand illnesses and imbalances. By understanding the subtleties of pulse reading, tongue analysis, and other diagnostic tools, one can gain insights that are often overlooked in conventional medicine. Once the diagnosis is established, the next step is treatment. 'Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment Modalities' explores the diverse range of approaches employed by TCM practitioners. From acupuncture to cupping, from herbal remedies to qigong, this segment illuminates the tools and techniques that define this ancient practice. The 'Traditional Chinese Medicine Practice and Safety' section ensures that all practitioners operate with the highest standard of care. Here, students will be acquainted with best practices, safety protocols, and ethical considerations crucial to a successful TCM practice. Nutrition, an essential part of wellbeing, is not overlooked. 'Traditional Chinese Medicine Nutrition Therapy' sheds light on the role of diet and dietary therapy in TCM. Students will learn how food, like medicine, can be used to balance and restore health. Complementing the therapeutic approaches is the 'Traditional Chinese Medicine Massage and Bodywork' segment. This teaches the art of using touch and manipulation techniques to promote healing, reduce pain, and improve overall wellbeing. The 'Common Health Conditions Treated with Traditional Chinese Medicine' section provides a practical look into the myriad health challenges that TCM can address. From common colds to chronic conditions, discover how TCM provides holistic solutions. Recognising the importance of collaboration in healthcare, the course addresses 'Integrative Medicine'. This part of the course shows how TCM can be seamlessly integrated with other forms of healthcare, enhancing outcomes and providing patients with the best of both worlds. Lastly, students will reflect upon 'The Future of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Challenges'. As TCM gains traction globally, it's imperative to understand its future trajectory and potential challenges. This ensures that practitioners remain ahead of the curve and continue to offer effective and relevant care. In conclusion, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Diploma is not just an educational endeavour but a journey. A journey into the heart of a healing tradition that has endured for millennia and continues to thrive today. Join this online course and become part of the next generation of TCM practitioners and enthusiasts. Your adventure into the world of holistic health and wellness starts here. What you will learn 1:The Roots of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2:The Fundamental Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine 3:Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis 4:Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment Modalities 5:Traditional Chinese Medicine Practice and Safety 6:Traditional Chinese Medicine Nutrition Therapy 7:Traditional Chinese Medicine Massage and Bodywork 8:Common Health Conditions Treated with Traditional Chinese Medicine 9:Integrative Medicine 10:The Future of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Challenges Course Outcomes After completing the course, you will receive a diploma certificate and an academic transcript from Elearn college. Assessment Each unit concludes with a multiple-choice examination. This exercise will help you recall the major aspects covered in the unit and help you ensure that you have not missed anything important in the unit. The results are readily available, which will help you see your mistakes and look at the topic once again. If the result is satisfactory, it is a green light for you to proceed to the next chapter. Accreditation Elearn College is a registered Ed-tech company under the UK Register of Learning( Ref No:10062668). After completing a course, you will be able to download the certificate and the transcript of the course from the website. For the learners who require a hard copy of the certificate and transcript, we will post it for them for an additional charge.