58 Courses in London

Airline Cabin Crew also known as: Air Hostess, Flight Attendant and Stewardess. This intensive class based – 10 weeks, part-time (lessons once a week) course will give you all information and tools you will need to succeed. Enter the world of possibilities, adventure and travel with leading Airline Cabin Crew course Provider in the UK. Flight Attendant, Cabin Crew, Stewardess, Air Hostess – Regardless of what this career is called in your part of the world, we have the training program for you. Join the elite team of flight attendants and experience the thrill of flying while making a difference in people’s journey. Fly the world and get paid for it! Join our Airline Cabin Crew course and take the first step towards an exciting career in the skies. Our Airline Cabin Crew course is designed to make you ready for the job. This intensive class based 10 weeks (part time) Airline Cabin Crew course will give you all information and tools you will need to become successful job candidate. You will have one class per week for ten consecutive weeks. Our Aviation Team provide full support to each candidate who wish to become Airline Cabin Crew or start a career in Aviation. We provide A-Z guidance starting from before and after the course. Our graduates are flying around the globe and we are confident that we can help to make your dream a reality! 98% Employment rate after completion of the course. Who is a Flight Attendant? Flight attendant/Airline Cabin Crew/Stewardess/Air Hostess are the most visible, glamorous jobs of all airline employees. A Flight Attendant is someone whose primary duty is to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers during a flight. They are members of an aircrew team , who operate a commercial, business or even military aircraft while travelling domestically or internationally. Flight Attendant benefits: Getting paid for travelling the world Lifestyle Flexible Work Schedules Meeting Interesting People Free Food & Accommodation Excellent Compensation The uniforms Working Environment How to become Flight Attendant?Airline companies look for individuals who share their values and can act as ambassadors for the company’s brand. Airline Cabin Crew are the face of the airline company which means they deliver a fantastic service that makes airline world famous. Airline companies prefer candidates with knowledge of Cabin Crew role. Airline companies have selection day or online tests as a first stage of recruitment, after which, they will take a closer look at applicants CV, skills and experience. If you completed Airline Cabin Crew course at least 70 hours (we offer 90 hour training), your application will stand out and you can get an offer from the first round. You will be able to pass all tasks during interview process as you will have knowledge about Cabin Crew role. Student – Cabin Crew Flying Support Group As a market leading Airline Cabin Crew Training Company with a wealth of experience in Aviation, we constantly upgrading our course and going extra nautical mile to guide and support all our students to ensure they can reach their goals. Graduates who are already flying, offer their full support to us and new students. They share an insight of the airline they already fly with, and help new students through the process of joining them at that airline. It gives a flying start to a career to new learners. Why London Waterloo Academy? Top Airline Cabin Crew course provider in London 98% Employment rate after completion of the course Individual support on the journey from the course to a job placement With years of experience in Airline Cabin Crew industry, London Waterloo Academy has been recognised by major TV, radio channels who have invited our Aviation Team for expert advice or interview. We are recognised by major airline companies in Europe and overseas who have approached London Waterloo Academy to deliver internal cabin crew training, corporate training and to recruit our graduates as a result of their high qualification standards and knowledge. Our graduates are now flying with Etihad, Saudi Air, Hainan Airlines, Small Planet, British Airways, Qatar, EasyJet, Thomas Cook, Ryanair, Cubana de Aviación, Air France,Titan, Norwegian B737 Short Haul and many more. You will become a qualified Cabin Crew, meet the standards and requirements by employers globally On successful completion you will hold: Airline Cabin Crew certificate in Current Airline Training Standards and Equipment, TUI, British Airways or Virgin Atlantic certificates for the SEP (Safety Equipment & Procedures) training Exclusive class visit by Leading Airline Representatives (questions and answers sessions) Exclusive practical training with TUI, Virgin Atlantic or British Airways We will enhance your CV Successful students will get an exclusive VIP hangar tour and a private aircraft recognition certificate of attendance Guidance through the job application process (free of charge) Gain an insight into the airline selection process and final one-to-one interview The vast global experience of our instructors Great working relationship with Corporate Crew Solution This course has been developed in accordance with EASA PART-CC We have a community feel atmosphere where each individual values and respects one another. This may be the reason why our graduates, even those who have completed the course many years ago, continue to come back not only for a chat and a cuppa, but also to share personal issues, tell us of their experience and give us invitations, among many other reasons. Working together – Starting a new career isn’t easy and often it can seem like a lonely and impossible process. Our Aviation Department stays behind each learner, supporting every step of the way. We give you tools, skills and assistance you need to succeed. Our success, built on the success of our students and a long list of graduates with successful stories. How will you learn? The course based on theory and external practical classes with British Airways, Virgin Atlantic or TUI Aviation includes: Aircraft door operations and Passenger Evacuation drills from the crew seat. A320 slide decent, Fire and Smoke drills. Pilot Incapacitation and Immediate Care drills including CPR and Defibrillator training. Course Entry Requirements: English Language at B2 (CEFR) level or above. We accept a huge range of international qualifications so don’t worry. Pop in for a chat with us if you’re unsure (or drop us a line – info@waterlooacademy.co.uk; or, if you prefer speaking to a human voice, +44(0)7484 014980). This is quite important because, for better or for worse, English is the international language. Therefore, your future fly-mates and customers would expect you to speak English. What if I speak broken English or have a strong accent? What can I do? Frantic mode ON. Don’t panic! As a multi-disciplinary Academy, we have a huge range of English language coursesclick here. Our English Language Department is one of the best in London. We are here to help. We won’t let you be deterred simply because of language issues. Courses can be combined, it will also boost your confidence when applying for the job or having an interview. What else do I need? Nothing! Our cabin crew course, as we’ve alluded before, is really good. We teach you everything you need to know from scratch. Since aviation is so different from other fields, we think, as long as you have the passion and determination, we are absolutely honoured to have you on board (pun most certainly intended)! Course dates (please choose one for your course): 15 May 2024 – 17 July 2024, Wednesday classes 18 September 2024 – 20 November 2024, Wednesday classes 14 November 2024 – 16 January 2025, Thursday classes Course duration – 10 weeks, once a week classes. Available Study mode – class based, Virtual (via Zoom) and hybrid Time – 10am to 5pm Registration fee for UK/EU candidates– £300 (includes: examination, Airline Cabin Crew certificate in Current Airline Training Standards and Equipment, participation certificate by TUI/British Airways or Virgin Atlantic in Introduction to SEP (Safety Equipment & Procedures, please note this is not a Cabin Crew attestation)) Tuition fee – £829 (we offer flexible payment plan and accept weekly instalments) International Candidates – Check if you need a UK visa here – £1,729 must be paid in full on registration. In case of visa refusal only £300 will be refunded.

The VTCT (ITEC) Level 4 Certificate in Radio Frequency is a highly sought-after advanced therapy qualification that has been specifically designed for level 3 qualified practitioners aged 18 and above. This certification provides an excellent opportunity for beauty professionals who want to expand their skill set by incorporating this popular treatment into their existing range of services. This qualification is part of a suite of level 4 advanced non-medical aesthetic therapies that are tailored to the needs of level 3 practitioners who want to further enhance their knowledge and expertise in specific treatment modalities. By gaining this certification, learners can showcase their proficiency in providing effective and safe radio frequency treatments that can help clients achieve their beauty goals. To enroll in this course, learners are required to hold a level 3 beauty therapy qualification or its equivalent. This ensures that students have a solid foundation in beauty therapy and are ready to take on the challenges of an advanced course. By obtaining this certification, learners can enhance their employability prospects by demonstrating their expertise in this popular treatment modality. During the course, learners will develop a comprehensive understanding of the principles of radio frequency therapy, including how it works, the benefits it provides, and the potential risks and side effects associated with it. The course will also cover the necessary health and safety considerations and the importance of client consultation to tailor the treatment to the client's needs and preferences. In addition, learners will receive practical training in radio frequency treatment techniques, including how to select the right equipment and settings, how to apply the treatment, and how to manage client expectations. By the end of the course, learners will have gained the knowledge, skills, and confidence to perform radio frequency treatments professionally and safely.

When attending our Radio frequency course, our students are taught the core knowledge behind the technology enabling them to offer safe fat reduction and skin tightening for the face and body. Course prerequisites Minimum 18 years of age Good command of English Be able to learn independently A strong desire to build a career in aesthetics Previous skin and facial training are desirable we suggest that learners new to the industry enrol on our facial and skincare course prior to enrolling on our ClinicCare skin peel course. Course agenda A mixture of online study, virtual lectures and onsite practical sessions. Areas covered in this course: Industry regulation Insurance Client care/consultation Contra-indications and precautions Radio frequency skin tightening core knowledge Aftercare Maintenance Further treatment advice Promotion of this exciting treatment Practical demonstration Practice sessions Practical on-going assessments Health and Safety

3G training course description This course is designed to give the delegate an understanding of the technologies used within a 3G UMTS mobile network. During the course we will investigate the UMTS air interface and the use of Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) to facilitate high speed data access, together with HSPA to offer mobile broadband services. We will describe the use of soft handover rather than hard handover procedures and soft capacity sharing. The course includes a brief exploration of the UMTS protocol stack and the use of PDP Context and QoS support features. What will you learn Explain the 3G UMTS architecture. Describe the role of a Drifting & Serving RNC. Explain the use of ARQ & HARQ for mobile broadband. Describe how IMS integrates into the architecture. Describe the use of Media Gateway Controllers. Identify the temporary identities used within 3G UMTS. 3G training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working within the telecommunications area, especially within the mobile environment. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Telecommunications Introduction Duration 2 days 3G training course contents D3GPP specifications 3GPP standards body, Evolution path, Frequency and bandwidth, Conceptual model, UMTS general architecture, UTRAN architecture & radio access bearer. CDMA principles CDMA principle, Code characteristics, Code requirements. CDMA requirements Synchronization, Power control, Soft handover, Rake receiver, Antenna consideration, Multi-user detection. Radio interface protocol architecture Access stratum & non-access stratum, Overall protocol structure, Logical and transport channels, Physical channels, Protocol termination. Layer 2 Protocols Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol, Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocol, Radio Interface for Broadcast/Multicast Services. Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol RRC Architecture, RRC Protocol State, Broadcast of information, RRC connection management, Radio bearer management, RRC connection mobility functions, Power control, Ciphering and Integrity. Mobile procedures Mobility management states and transitions, UMTS identities, Procedures in Idle mode (location updates, cell selection/ re-selection), Circuit-switched call set-up, Packet-switched context activation and context preservation, Data transfer initialization, Soft-handover procedure. Introduction to HSPA The need for high speed data, Fast HARQ, Improved scheduling, Additional channels, Soft combining, HS-DSCH codes, Uplink HSPA vs downlink HSPA, Full HSPA, Use of MIMO, Enhanced CELL_FACH.

Voice over LTE training course description This course provides a basic understanding of the 3G LTE Air Interface, SAE, as well as Voice over LTE options and LTE Advanced features. Investigating the standards for the EPS , formulated by the 3GPP standards body, the course will set out to examine and explain the 4G environment from user equipment to border gateway and beyond. This course will ensure the delegate has a grasp of all aspects of the current global deployments, the next steps in upgrades and the promise of things to come. What will you learn Describe the complete EPC architecture. Explain the use of QoS within the air interface & core network. Explore the features of LTE advanced. Describe the various methods of supporting voice services with 3G LTE. Describe IMS structure and control entities. Explain an IMS session. Voice over LTE training course details Who will benefit: Any engineers who are assisting in the deployment of voice services within their LTE networks. Prerequisites: Intro to Data comms & networking Telecommunications Introduction Duration 3 days Voice over LTE training course contents 3GPP standards body Release 8 - Release 12, Supported and expected features. The EPC revisited EPC revisited 3G LTE & EPC Architecture, NB, MME, SGW, PDNGW, PCRF, Interworking capabilities, Protocol stack explored, NAS signalling, Default EPS bearer, Slot allocation algorithms, Scheduling algorithms, Quality of Service requirements, Dedicated EPS bearers. VoLTE deployment strategies Common networks everywhere, GSM/WCDMA view, CDMA view. VoLTE system architecture LTE radio, LTE Radio background, LTE radio architecture, Evolved packet core, EPC entities & functions, EPS mobility management, MS entities, Home subscriber server, Policy & charging rules function. VoLTE functionality Radio functionality, Bearers & schedulers, Mobility, Circuit switched fall back handover, Mobility from 2G/3G back to LTE, Power Saving Features, Positioning services, UE radio access capabilities for VoLTE users. EPC functionalities, LTE subscriber identification, PDN connectivity establishment, EPS dedicated bearer setup, IMS identification, IP multimedia identification module, Public user identity, Private user identity, Relationship between public & private identity, identification of users device, identification of network entities, identification of services, identification without ISIM. IMS service provisioning, Enforcement of allowed services, Service triggering information, Selection of the AS, AS behaviour, Service provisioning in action. VoLTE end-to-end & signalling VoLTE subscription & device configuration. EPS attach for CSFB/IMS VoIP & default bearer. IMS registration, Constructing the REGISTER request, From UE to P-CSCF, From P-CSCF to I-CSCF, From I-CSCF to S-CSCF, S-CSCF challenges the UE, UE's response to the challenge, Registration at the S-CSCF, The 200 OK response, Third-party registration to application servers, Subscription to registration event package, Re-registration & re-authentication, De-registration, Related standards. IMS VoIP session, Constructing the INVITE request, Routing, Media negotiation, Media resource reservation & policy control, Charging, Session release. Voice continuity, PS - PS intersystem handover, Single radio voice call continuity. IMS emergency session, PDN Connection setup for emergency session, Emergency registration, Emergency session. CS fallback for EPS call case, Architecture of CS fallback in EPS, Description of SGs interface, Idle mode signalling reduction, Idle mode vs active mode, CS fallback attachment, Mobile originating call using CSFB, Mobile terminating call using CSFB, Call unrelated CSFB procedures, Mobile terminating roaming retry & forwarding. VoLTE Messaging, Native IMS messages, SMS interworking, Multimedia messaging service. Unstructured supplementary services data simulation in IMS. IMS services VoLTE radio performance Coverage, Latency, Capacity. LTE advanced features Carrier aggregation, Coordinated mMulti-point Operation (CoMP), ICIC & eICIC, Relay node deployment & donor eNBs, Improved cell edge coverage, Reduced control plane latency, Heterogeneous networks, HeNB, security gateways, HeNB gateways.

CPRI training course description This course is designed to give the delegate a technical overview of the CPRI protocols and link setup. We will explain the industry cooperation to define the key internal interface between the radio equipment control (REC) and the radio equipment (RE). Also explained will be the SAP that the CPRI link supports for IQ Interface, frame synchronisation, link control and management and the master and slave ports. We will investigate the CPRI block diagram and together with the data formats and sample mapping solutions. The CPRI frame hierarchy and hyperframe construction will be detailed during this three day overview course. What will you learn Explain the CPRI Block diagram. Understand hyperframing capabilities. Explain the CPRI frame format. Understand how the synchronisation is compliant with 3GPP & WiMAX requirements. Understand the two electrical characteristics of CPRI standard. Understand the CPRI standards structure. Understand the CPRI system & Interface definitions. List the four standard bit rates of the CPRI specification. Understand the CPRI Protocol stacks. CPRI training course details Who will benefit: Anyone looking for a technical overview of the CPRI protocols and link set up. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days CPRI training course contents System Description Subsystems. Nodes. Protocol layers. Protocol data planes. User data planes. Antenna carriers. Service Access Points (SAP). Link. Passive Link. Hop. Multi-hop Connection. Logical Connection. Master Port & Slave Port. System Architecture Basic System Architecture & Common Public Radio Interface Definition. System Architecture with a link between Res. Reference configurations: Chain topology, Tree topology, Ring topology. RECs & REs in both chain & tree topology Functional description Radio Functionality. Functional Decomposition between REC and RE: For UTRA FDD, For WiMAX & E-UTRA, For GSM. CPRI Control Functionality. Interface Baseline Interface Specification. Protocol Overview. IQ Data. Synchronisation. L1 Inband Protocol. C & M Data. Protocol Extensions. Vendor Specific Information. Physical Layer Specifications Line Bit Rate. Physical Layer Modes. Electrical Interface. Optical Interface. Line Coding. Bit Error Correction/Detection. Frame Structure. Mapping Methods. Container Blocks. Hyperframes. GSM, UMTS & WiMAX Timing. Link Delay Accuracy & Cable Delay Calibration. Link Maintenance Data Link Layer (Layer 2) Specification Layer 2 Framing for Fast & Slow C & M Channels. Medium Access Control/Data Mapping. Flow Control. Start-up Sequence General. Layer 1 Start-up Timer. State Description. Transition Description. Interoperability Reserved Bandwidth. Version Numbers. Supplementary Specification Details Delay Calibration Example. Reference Test Points. List of Abbreviations & Gloss

UMTS training course description An in-depth study of the UMTS technologies and network structure. What will you learn Explain what 3G and UMTS are. Describe the migration path to UMTS. Describe the UMTS architecture. UMTS training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who needs to know more about UMTS. Prerequisites: Total GSM Duration 3 days UMTS training course contents Introduction 3G WCDMA 2G WCDMA comparison. European and international spectrum allocations. UMTS Services UMTS QoS classes, Conversational, Streaming, Interactive and Background. UMTS bearer services. Radio Access Network (RAN) Architecture System architecture. The Radio Network Controller (RNC) and Node B functionality. Protocol model. The Iu interface for Circuit and Packet switching. The Iur interface and RNSAP. RNC node B interface and NBAP. The Physical layer Spread spectrum coding and modulation. Logical and physical channels. User data rates and transmission. Power control. Signalling, synchronisation, common control, access and indicator channels. Procedures for transmit diversity, measurement, power control and handover. Radio Resource Management Fast and outer loop power control. Transmit power and power rise. Handover algorithms. Intra frequency and inter system handovers. Load, measurement on the air interface. Admission and load control. Packet Access Packet data traffic. Packet data transport channels. Packet scheduling algorithms. Handover, load and administration control. Packet data performance. UTRA TDD Mode Time Division Duplex (TDD). UTRA TDD modulation and spreading, transport channels, physical channels and their structure. Noise and interference limited network. Interference, FDD and TDD co-existence.

Advanced RF training course description This course provides a follow on to our popular RF fundamentals course for those that need to know more. What will you learn Explain RF propagation Describe the importance of transmission lines in RF systems. Recognise the issues in RF systems. Describe transmission measurements. Advanced RF training course details Who will benefit: Those working with RF systems. Prerequisites: RF fundamentals. Duration 3 days Advanced RF training course contents RF propagation The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Electromagnetic Radiation, Spherical Wave Front, The Space Wave, Receive Antenna below the Horizon, Bending the Space Wave , Surface Wave Path, Tilting of Surface Wave, Conductivity, Layers of the Atmosphere, Variations of the Ionosphere, Variations caused by Solar Activity, Multi Hop Transmission, Classification of Radio Waves, Fading, Fading Reduction, Free Space Path Loss, Shadowing of Radio Wave, Signal Levels after Shadowing, Radio Waves as Wavelets, Fresnel Zone. Transmission Lines Transmission Line Construction, Primary Line Constants, 'T' Networks, Input Impedence, Lossless Unbalanced Line, Standing Waves, Open Circuit / Short Circuit Termination, Short Circuit Standing Waves, Open Circuit Standing Waves, Voltage Standing Wave Pattern, Short Circuit Termination, Open Circuit Termination, The Directional Coupler, Effect of E and M Coupling, Practical Reflectometer. Antenna Theory The Open Circuit Line, Dipole V/I Distribution, Polar Diagram, Power Pattern ½ Wave Dipole, Half Wave Dipole, Vehicle Mount, Centre Fed Whip Antenna, Antenna Beamwidth, The Yagi Array, Uda Yagi array, Antenna Characteristics, 6 Element Yagi Polar Diagram, Log Periodic Antenna, Helical Antenna. Microwave Dish Array, Typical Microwave Dish Antenna. Transmission Measurements Transmission Measurements, Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, Fade Margin. Noise Noise in Communications, Noise Voltage Equivalent Circuit. Satellite Communications Satellite Communications, Large Earth Station, The Satellite Payload, Geo Stationary Orbit, Basic Orbits, VSAT Terminal, Iridium Phone, The Space Segment, Satellite Footprint, Typical System Hardware. Mobile Communications Mobile Evolution, The Path to UMTS, Technologies Bit Rate and Mobility, Systems and Specifications, Wireless Networks, Diffraction, Multi Path Propagation, Loss Models, GSM Architecture, OSI Model - GSM, OSI Reference Model, OSI Layers.

LTE Backhaul training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE backhaul. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the transport of messages and the S1 and X2 protocols. What will you learn Describe the overall architecture of LTE. Explain how data and signalling messages are transported in LTE. Describe the S1 protocol. Describe the X2 protocol. LTE Backhaul training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 2 days LTE Backhaul training course contents Introduction In the first section of the course, we review LTE and its hardware and software architecture. Requirements and key features of LTE. LTE Architecture and capabilities of the UE. Architecture of the E-UTRAN, functions of the eNB. EPC architecture, and functions of the MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. System interfaces and protocol stacks. Example information flows. Dedicated and default bearers. EMM, ECM and RRC state diagrams. Architecture of the radio access network In this section, we look in more detail at the architecture of the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). Logical and physical architecture of the E-UTRAN. Numbering, addressing and identification. E-UTRAN functions. E-UTRAN protocol stacks. Timing and frequency synchronisation in LTE. Transport of data and signalling in LTE Here, we look in more detail at the techniques and protocols that are used to transport data and signalling messages across the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network and the evolved packet core. Quality of service in LTE. The GPRS tunnelling protocol. Differentiated services Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS). The stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). The S1 application protocol This section gives a detailed account of the signalling procedures in the S1 application protocol, which the MME uses to control the operation of the eNB. The material looks at the procedures, messages and information elements, and relates them to the system-level procedures in which they are used. S1 setup procedure. UE context management procedures. Non access stratum information transport. Procedures for managing the evolved radio access bearer (E-RAB). Paging procedures. Mobility management procedures for S1-based handovers. Procedures in support of self-optimising networks. The X2 application protocol This section gives a detailed account of the signalling procedures in the X2 application protocol, which is used for peer-to-peer communication between eNBs. The material looks at the procedures, messages and information elements, and relates them to the system-level procedures in which they are used. X2 setup procedure. Mobility management procedures for X2-based handovers Procedures in support of self-optimising networks. High level system operation In the final section, we bring our discussions of the S1 and X2 application protocols together by reviewing the system-level operation of LTE. Attach procedure. Transitions between the states of RRC Idle and RRC Connected. Tracking area updates in RRC Idle. Handover procedures in RRC Connected.

If you got a call from a TV producer asking you to appear on Newsnight, would you say ‘yes’? And if you did, could you make your argument in a way that captured the attention of the audience without being interrupted? Our media training courses are aimed at senior spokespeople and experts who give interviews on TV, radio or in print. We equip them with the skills and confidence to take control and give engaging, memorable and effective performances in which they deliver their key messages, no matter what the circumstances. Highly interactive and practical, each course includes a series of realistic print, radio and television exercises with experienced journalists. We provide immediate feedback following each interview, including techniques for improvement, advice about potential answers and the framing of key messages. While all our media training courses are bespoke, on a typical course we will cover: how the media operates how to prepare for interviews the differences between TV, radio and print interviews how to conduct different types of interview, such as pro-active, reactive, expert commentator and hostile (crisis communications) developing key messages which convey your views persuasively how to take control of an interview, stick to your own agenda and deliver key messages successfully use of language, body language, dress and delivery After the course, each delegate receives the Rough House Media Toolkit, including written feedback, recorded copies of their interview exercises, the Rough House Media Guide to Interviews and further supporting materials. We also provide a confidential assessment to the PR team of each delegate’s suitability for different types of interview. Venue We deliver courses in the most appropriate format for your circumstances – whether face to face or online. Face to face courses are portable: they can be held in purpose-built studios, at your own offices or at an external venue. In the latter two cases, we create a mock studio for the practical exercises. Online courses give you flexibility and enable you to offer training to delegates from all over the world. We have run virtual courses for people from the Far East, South Asia, North America and Europe, as well as the UK.