2500 Courses in Ellesmere Port

Voice over LTE training course description This course provides a basic understanding of the 3G LTE Air Interface, SAE, as well as Voice over LTE options and LTE Advanced features. Investigating the standards for the EPS , formulated by the 3GPP standards body, the course will set out to examine and explain the 4G environment from user equipment to border gateway and beyond. This course will ensure the delegate has a grasp of all aspects of the current global deployments, the next steps in upgrades and the promise of things to come. What will you learn Describe the complete EPC architecture. Explain the use of QoS within the air interface & core network. Explore the features of LTE advanced. Describe the various methods of supporting voice services with 3G LTE. Describe IMS structure and control entities. Explain an IMS session. Voice over LTE training course details Who will benefit: Any engineers who are assisting in the deployment of voice services within their LTE networks. Prerequisites: Intro to Data comms & networking Telecommunications Introduction Duration 3 days Voice over LTE training course contents 3GPP standards body Release 8 - Release 12, Supported and expected features. The EPC revisited EPC revisited 3G LTE & EPC Architecture, NB, MME, SGW, PDNGW, PCRF, Interworking capabilities, Protocol stack explored, NAS signalling, Default EPS bearer, Slot allocation algorithms, Scheduling algorithms, Quality of Service requirements, Dedicated EPS bearers. VoLTE deployment strategies Common networks everywhere, GSM/WCDMA view, CDMA view. VoLTE system architecture LTE radio, LTE Radio background, LTE radio architecture, Evolved packet core, EPC entities & functions, EPS mobility management, MS entities, Home subscriber server, Policy & charging rules function. VoLTE functionality Radio functionality, Bearers & schedulers, Mobility, Circuit switched fall back handover, Mobility from 2G/3G back to LTE, Power Saving Features, Positioning services, UE radio access capabilities for VoLTE users. EPC functionalities, LTE subscriber identification, PDN connectivity establishment, EPS dedicated bearer setup, IMS identification, IP multimedia identification module, Public user identity, Private user identity, Relationship between public & private identity, identification of users device, identification of network entities, identification of services, identification without ISIM. IMS service provisioning, Enforcement of allowed services, Service triggering information, Selection of the AS, AS behaviour, Service provisioning in action. VoLTE end-to-end & signalling VoLTE subscription & device configuration. EPS attach for CSFB/IMS VoIP & default bearer. IMS registration, Constructing the REGISTER request, From UE to P-CSCF, From P-CSCF to I-CSCF, From I-CSCF to S-CSCF, S-CSCF challenges the UE, UE's response to the challenge, Registration at the S-CSCF, The 200 OK response, Third-party registration to application servers, Subscription to registration event package, Re-registration & re-authentication, De-registration, Related standards. IMS VoIP session, Constructing the INVITE request, Routing, Media negotiation, Media resource reservation & policy control, Charging, Session release. Voice continuity, PS - PS intersystem handover, Single radio voice call continuity. IMS emergency session, PDN Connection setup for emergency session, Emergency registration, Emergency session. CS fallback for EPS call case, Architecture of CS fallback in EPS, Description of SGs interface, Idle mode signalling reduction, Idle mode vs active mode, CS fallback attachment, Mobile originating call using CSFB, Mobile terminating call using CSFB, Call unrelated CSFB procedures, Mobile terminating roaming retry & forwarding. VoLTE Messaging, Native IMS messages, SMS interworking, Multimedia messaging service. Unstructured supplementary services data simulation in IMS. IMS services VoLTE radio performance Coverage, Latency, Capacity. LTE advanced features Carrier aggregation, Coordinated mMulti-point Operation (CoMP), ICIC & eICIC, Relay node deployment & donor eNBs, Improved cell edge coverage, Reduced control plane latency, Heterogeneous networks, HeNB, security gateways, HeNB gateways.

Concise Cisco routers course description A fast paced practical hands on introduction to Cisco routers concentrating on basic product knowledge needed for the real world. Starts with the basics of routing through configuring static routes, RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP ending with access lists. Hands on sessions follow all the major chapters with a major practical at the end to reinforce all that was learnt in the course. What will you learn Use the Cisco setup script. Use the Cisco command line. Perform basic troubleshooting. Configure - Interfaces - RIP, IGRP - OSPF, EIGRP Concise Cisco routers course details Who will benefit: Anyone who will be working with Cisco routers. In particular: Network Administrators, Field engineers, Network support personnel Prerequisites: None, although a knowledge of the TCP/IP protocols would be advantageous. Duration 3 days Concise Cisco routers course content Basics of routing What are routers? Network protocols, Routing protocols. The Cisco routers Router models, The IOS, DRAM, SRAM, NVRAM, Flash, ROM and boot flash. Getting started Accessing the router, installing a Cisco, using the setup script. The command line interface User and privilege modes, online help show, debug, basic troubleshooting Configuring Ciscos The configuration editor, Global, major and sub commands, enable, secret and other passwords, telnet. Miscellaneous exercises Buffered logging, web access, CDP… Subnetting IP addressing rules. The need for subnetting, subnet masks, Calculating network numbers. Configuring Interfaces Basics, Ethernet, Serial lines, PPP, DCE, loopback interfaces. Static routes Why use static routes? Configuring static routes, default routes. Configuring RIP and IGRP How they work, configuration, troubleshooting. OSPF Configuration and troubleshooting. EIGRP Configuration and troubleshooting. Housekeeping Configuration management, offline editing and TFTP usage. Cisco boot sequence, IOS upgrades. Bypassing Cisco passwords. Access lists What are access lists? General rules, basic and extended IP access lists. Putting it all together A series of exercises based around, installs, adds, moves, changes, upgrades and troubleshootin

SIP training course description A hands on course covering IP telephony with SIP. The course starts with a brief review of knowledge students should already possess including RTP and RTCP. The main focus is on SIP though, progressing from what SIP is through SIP signalling, call processing and architectures, moving onto more advanced issues including security, multimedia, and interoperability. Hands-on practicals follow each major theory session. What will you learn Explain how SIP works. Analyse SIP packets. Deploy SIP IP telephony solutions. Integrate SIP with other telephony solutions. SIP training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with SIP. Prerequisites: Definitive VoIP for engineers Duration 3 days SIP training course contents VoIP review What is VoIP? Brief review of IP, Brief review of telephones and voice. RTP, RTCP, mixers and translators. Hands on Analysing RTP packets. What is SIP? Why SIP? SIP history, SIP standards, SIP capabilities, key services, how SIP works, and a basic SIP call. Hands on Peer to peer SIP. SIP messages SIP sessions, SIP flows, Message structure, INVITE, ACK, BYE, CANCEL, OPTIONS, REGISTER. Extension methods. Response codes. SIP call flows. Hands on Analysing SIP packets. SIP architectures UA client, UA server, Proxy servers, Redirect servers, registrars. SIP phones, gateways, application servers, and other products. Stateful and stateless servers. Various call scenarios. Hands on SIP proxies. SIP addressing URLs, SIP addresses, registration, Location and Directory servers. Address tracking. Hands on SIP and DNS. Supplementary services SIP signalling, signalling compression, Call hold, Call forwarding, Home and away scenarios, transfers, conferences, call control. Hands on Analysing SIP supplementary services. SDP What is SDP? Multimedia, multimedia session announcement, invitation and others. Relationship with SIP. Hands on Video conferencing with SIP. SIP security Access control, Authentication, encryption, firewalls. Hands on SIP authentication. Interoperability Inter working with PSTN, ISUP to SIP mapping, SIP and 3G, SIP-T, SIP and SIGTRAN. SIP and H323. Hands on SIP and gateways. SIP mobility Terminal mobility, service mobility, personal mobility, Mobile IP, SIP signalling flows in 3G.

Definitive Segment Routing course description This Segment Routing (SR) training course is a comprehensive program designed to equip network professionals with the knowledge and skills needed to implement and manage SR in modern networking environments. Segment Routing is a cutting-edge network architecture that enhances network flexibility, scalability, and efficiency. This course offers in-depth coverage of SR principles, protocols, and practical implementation techniques. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. What will you learn Explain packet paths when implementing SLB. Explain how Segment Routing works. Explain the relationship between SR and MPLS. Use SR for Traffic Engineering. Troubleshoot Segment Routing. Implement TI-LFA using Segment Routing Definitive Segment Routing course details Who will benefit: This course is ideal for network engineers, architects, and administrators who want to stay up-to-date with the latest networking technologies and enhance their expertise in Segment Routing. Prerequisites: Concise MPLS for engineers Duration 3 days Definitive Segment Routing course contents Introduction to Segment Routing (SR) What is SR? Source based routing, SPRING, history, segments, why SR? SR benefits.SR usage: Traffic Engineering, Shortest path, local protection. Relationship between SR and MPLS, SRv6. Hands on Investigating the base network. Segment Routing architecture SR domains, SR paths, SR segments. Segment types. Segment IDs, combining segments, IGP extensions, control plane components. Hands on Configuring SR, exploring how SR works, Segment Routing protocols SR-MPLS. MPLS label stack operations. Segment Routing Global Block (SRGB). SRLB. IS-IS and OSPF extensions for SR. Prefix segments, adjacency segments. SRGB/IGP interactions. Multidomain SR policies. SPF, Strict SPF. Hands on Analysing IGP SR extension operation. Investigating the SRGB. Segment Routing Traffic Engineering RSVP-TE versus SR-TE. SR policies. Anycast and binding SIDs. SR flexible algorithm flex-algo, Performance measurement delay. Hands on Optimising network paths for various applications. SR integration with 'older' technologies MPLS and LDP integration with SR. Hands on Integration. Topology Independent Loop Free Alternative Classic LFA and IP/MPLS protection mechanisms. TI-LFA protection options. Hands on TI-LFA operation with SR and LDP traffic. Scenarios SDN. Managing SR with SR controllers. Analyse, optimise, automate. Network slicing. BGP peering segments Path Computation Elements, BGP Link State. BGP prefix segments, BGP peer segments. Egress peer engineering. SR enabled VPNs. Hands onBGP segment routing. Troubleshooting Segment Routing IP toolkit: ping and traceroute. MPLS toolkit: MPLS ping, MPLS echo request/reply, MPLS ping, MPLS traceroute and path discovery. Router show commands. Hands on Used throughout the course during exercises. SRv6 Note this is an optional extra day. See our one day SRv6 course for details. IPv6 headers review, routing headers, IPv6 segment, SRv6 segment Identifiers. IPv6 Segment Routing Header. SRH procedures. Hands on Configuring SRv6, Analysing SRv6 operation.

Asterisk training course description This 3 day hands on Asterisk training course covers all the ground for you to get an Asterisk PBX installed and configured. After installation the course progresses from a simple first configuration onto VoIP and PSTN integration along with the provision of PBX features such as ACD and IVR. Practical sessions follow each major section to reinforce the theory. What will you learn Install and configure Asterisk. Connect Asterisk to the Internet and PSTN. Integrate VoIP and the PSTN. Configure Asterisk for PBX features such as voicemail, ACD and IVR. Asterisk training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with or evaluating Asterisk. Prerequisites: None although hands on experience of UNIX systems would be beneficial, as would knowledge of VoIP. Duration 3 days Asterisk training course contents What is Asterisk? PBXs, what Asterisk does, Asterisk features, Asterisk VoIP support, Asterisk and the Internet, Asterisk and the PSTN, hosted VoIP systems. Asterisk installation Linux installation, Asterisk package compilation and installation. Timing sources. Hands on Installing Asterisk Managing Asterisk Starting/stopping Asterisk, command arguments, Asterisk commands, log files, logger.conf, remote management. Hands on Controlling Asterisk. First Asterisk configuration The role of SIP, IP phones, DHCP, IP addressing, sip.conf, extensions.conf. Hands on Simple SIP configuration Asterisk architecture Server hardware, interfaces, channels, Zaptel, Digium, Asterisk filesystem, connections. The configuration files, syntax, asterisk.conf. Hands on Adding hardware for Asterisk, exploring the configuration files. DAHDI configuration Digium hardware, DAHDI architecture, DAHDI installation, DAHDI configuration, system.conf, FXS, FXO, E1, chan_dahdi.conf, dahdi_cfg, DAHDI tools. Hands on Connecting Asterisk to the PSTN. Dial plans extensions.conf detail, contexts, priorities. Hands on Configuring dial plans. SIP configuration sip.conf in detail, defining SIP channels, incoming SIP channels, outgoing SIP channels, SIP variables, Asterisk as a SIP client and SIP server. Hands on SIP configuration. IAX configuration What is IAX, IAX server, IAX client, IAX channels, iax.conf, IAX syntax in extensions.conf, IAX trunking. Hands on Linking Asterisk systems. Implementing PBX functions Voicemail, voicemail trees, voicemail passwords, Music on hold, meetme conferencing, call parking. ACD, IVR, fax. Hands on Configuring PBX features.

DNS training course description This three-day hands on DNS training course studies both the UNIX BIND and the Microsoft (MS DNS) implementations. The course starts with the big picture of how DNS works, then client configuration. Primary and secondary servers are then configured, progressing to DDNS, subdomains and security issues. Hands on sessions follow all sections ensuring that troubleshooting techniques are used throughout the course. Students choose whether to use Windows or UNIX for the hands on sessions. What will you learn Describe the architecture of DNS. Explain how DNS works. Install, configure, maintain and troubleshoot DNS DNS training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff wanting to learn DNS including: Network personnel System administrators. Prerequisites: UNIX Fundamentals (or Windows knowledge). TCP/IP foundation for engineers. Duration 3 days DNS training course contents What is DNS? Hostnames, Name resolution, host files, host file problems, What is DNS? The DNS namespace, TLDs, gTLDs, registering domains, Nameservers, how DNS works. Hands on Testing DNS servers on the Internet. DNS clients Ways to use DNS, dynamic and static configuration, multiple nameservers, domain name, searchlist, resolution issues, testing the configuration. Hands on Client configuration. DNS server software Implementations, Microsoft, BIND, daemons and services, installation, starting and stopping servers. Hands on Setting up a DNS server. DNS zone files What is a zone, Zone file overview, Forward zones, Reverse zones, Resource records, A records, PTR, CNAME, Root hints, local zone file. BIND and Microsoft configuration. Hands on Server configuration files. NS and applications MX records, Mail server load balancing, SPF, SRV records, VoIP and SRV, Microsoft and SRV, NAPTR. Hands on Testing records with dig and nslookup. DNS slaves and other servers DNS server types, Server resilience, Slaves, Zone transfers, SOA records, Serial numbers, recommendations, polling based zone transfers, NOTIFY, AD integration, DNS caching, Negative caching, TTL, Caching only servers. Hands on Masters, slaves and zone transfers. The DNS protocol The DNS stack, DNS port numbers, DNS queries, The DNS header, header section format, question format, other section format. Hands on Troubleshooting DNS with Wireshark. Dynamic DNS DHCP, DDNS, IXFR, WINS integration. Hands on Dynamic DNS. Subdomains Root servers, root server selection, Authority, delegation, NS records, subdomain with and without delegation, reverse delegation. Hands on Delegation, setting up a subdomain server. DNS security Restricting queries, DNS and firewalls, Split DNS, forwarders, internal root servers, the use of proxy servers, DNSSEC, TSIG. Hands on Hardening a DNS server. DNS and IPv6 What is IPv6, IPv6 addressing, IPv6 DNS issues, AAAA, IPv6 reverse delegation. Troubleshooting DNS Problem solving, DNS troubleshooting, Zone file checking, Some common errors, Log files, tools, nslookup, dig, host, DNS design, performance, load balancing. Hands on Putting it all together. Summary Useful books, Internet sites, RFCs. Appendix: ENUM What is ENUM, How ENUM works, NAPTR.

Definitive Ethernet switching course description A hands on comprehensive look at Ethernet switches with extensive coverage of VLANs. The course focuses on the technology and not any one manufacturers product enabling delegates to configure switches from any manufacturer. What will you learn Configure and troubleshoot switches using: Console port telnet HTTP TFTP Configure and troubleshoot switch features such as: Duplex/speed Port based MAC security Spanning Tree Link aggregation Tagged ports Configure and troubleshoot VLANs. Definitive Ethernet switching course details Who will benefit: Technical staff. Prerequisites: Intro to data communications & networking. Duration 3 days Definitive Ethernet switching course contents What is Ethernet? LANs, network cards and cables, CSMA/CD, Ethernet frames, Ethernet evolution, 802.3. Hands on: ping, Ethernet speeds, CSMA/CD. Ethernet layer 2 Layer 2 functions, NICs, MAC addresses, unicasts, multicasts and broadcasts, frame formats. Hands on: Configuring NICs, Analysing MAC addresses with Wireshark IP and Ethernet Relationship Hands on: ARP. What is a switch? Switches connect multiple devices, switches versus hubs, simultaneous conversations, switches work at layer 2, the forwarding database, how the forwarding database is built, broadcast and collision domains Hands on: Difference between hubs and switches. Switch configuration Switch configuration Managed/unmanaged switches, configuration methods, reasons to configure switches. Console ports, HyperTerminal (and alternatives). Hands on: Using the console port to troubleshoot and configure switches. Switches in more detail Latency, forwarding mechanisms, switch fabrics. Hands on: Using telnet and HTTP to switches. Ethernet extensions Auto negotiation, Power over Ethernet. Hands on:Configuring and troubleshooting switch ports: Speed, duplex and security. Redundant links Loops, broadcast storms, STP, BPDU format, STP convergence. Hands on: Tracking blocked ports. STP convergence. Backbone links Architectures, link aggregation, LACP, load sharing, resilience. Hands on: fail over times. VLANs Virtual versus physical LANs, Why have VLANs? Broadcast domains, Creating VLANs, Assigning ports to VLANs. Hands on: Analysing the effect of VLANs on traffic. Enterprise VLANs VLANS are internal, multiple VLANs, Load balancing, Default VLAN, VLAN registration protocols: VTP, GVRP, MVRP. Hands on: VLANs on multiple switches. Tagging/Trunking Reason for tagging, terminology, tagging process, 802.1Q, Tag format, VLAN stacking. Hands on: Configuring and troubleshooting tags. STP variants RSTP, Common STP, Multiple STP, PVST, ring alternatives. Hands on: RSTP. Inter VLANs Layer 3 switching, IP addressing rules, Interconnecting VLANs. Hands on: Routing between VLANs. Troubleshooting Ethernet Methods, tools, locating faults, layer 1 issues, layer 2 issues Hands on: Fixing the network.

IPTV training course description A current hot topic in recent years has been the provision of multimedia services over IP networks aka triple or quadruple play. This course investigates the characteristics of video transmission and then studies the impact on IP networks. What will you learn Use Wireshark to analyse and troubleshoot TV streams. Describe techniques, which can be used in IP to provide low uniform delay. Evaluate IPTV technologies. Design data networks, which will support IPTV. IPTV training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with IPTV. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Intro to data communications & networking. Duration 3 days IPTV training course contents What is IPTV? What is IP? What is TV? Pixels, frames, colour, digital modulation, digital video broadcasting. SDTV, HDTV, 4K. IPTV architectures, Contribution, distribution, delivery. IPTV standards. Hands on Base IP connectivity, VLC. IPTV protocol stacks IP, TCP, UDP, RTP. IPv6. HTTP. Bandwidth requirements. Hands on IPTV bandwidth calculations. Video codecs What is a CODEC, pictures and audio, digitisation, sampling, quantisation, encoding, compressing. MPEG, bit rates, resolution. I, B, P frames, GOP. MPEG 2, MPEG 4, H.264, H.265, VP9, AV1. Hands on Analysing MPEG frames. IP issues Quality vs. bandwidth. Bandwidth, delay, latency, jitter, signalling. Routers. Hands on Analysing jitter and other performance issues. IPTV performance and QoS IP DSCP field, queuing strategies; FIFO, WFQ, custom, priority, RED. Differentiated services, Diffserv. 802.1Q. Traffic shaping. QoE. Hands on best effort versus prioritisation. UDP versus TCP Reliable, unreliable, connection oriented, connectionless. Broadcasts, multicasts and unicasts. TCP flow control, TCP and performance. Hands on TCP window sizes. RTP RTP, ports, mixers, translators, RTCP, SMPTE, FEC. Hands on RTP analysis with Wireshark. Multicasting Multicasting compared to unicasting and broadcasting, when to use and when not to use multicasting. IGMP, PIM-SM, SSM. MLD. Hands on Analysing multicast streams. OTT TV HTTP, HTTPS, Chunked HTTP. Adaptive streaming. HTML5. DASH vs HLS. Hands on Analysing HTTP streams. Security Firewalls, TLS, DRM, watermarking. Encryption. Geolocation. VPNs. IPTV architecture and other protocols Content providers, Service providers, delivery networks, home networks. Caching, Service discovery. RTSP. SAP, SDP. DHCP, DNS, NTP Hands on Fixing the network.

Total PHP training course description PHP provides for the creation of dynamic web sites. This hands on training course looks at programming with PHP with an emphasis of building dynamic websites. Forms, state management and database integration are all covered with practicals used throughout the course to reinforce theory sessions. What will you learn Create dynamic web sites using PHP. Write PHP programs. Debug PHP programs. Examine existing code and determine its function. Total PHP training course details Who will benefit: Anyone creating dynamic web sites. Prerequisites: Software development fundamentals Duration 3 days Total PHP training course contents What is PHP? PHP history, dynamic web pages, how PHP works, alternatives to PHP. Downloading and installing PHP. Installing MySQL, installing Apache, platform issues. A first PHP web page A basic PHP script, PHP page structure. PHP comments. Integrating PHP and HTML. PHP forms HTML forms, taking values from forms. PHP and HTML Page inputs, environment inputs. phpinfo(), other form elements, sticky fields, generalised code, tables, forms, form elements, style sheets, JavaScript. Variables operators and expressions Expressions, data types, assignments, scope, constants, HTTP environment variables, getting data from forms using variables. Operators Arithmetic, logical, relational, Boolean, others. Control statements Conditional: if, else, elseif, switch. Loops: while, do while, for, break, continue, exit. Functions Built in functions, declaration, arguments, scope, loading functions from other files, defaulting parameters, call by value/ name. Arrays Indexes, array initialisation, array manipulation, multi dimensional arrays, array functions. String handling What is a string, string functions, matching, extraction, replacement. String operations, cleansing, sprintf, formatting web pages, strops and others, splitting strings, REs. PHP and databases Database structure, Database APIs, MySQL, Creating tables, Editing tables, simple SQL queries using PHP, building HTML tables using SQL queries, SQL injection, security issues, error handling. File I/O Opening, reading, writing files. Permissions, ownership, locking, directories. PHP, cookies and sessions State, Cookie properties, setting cookies, retrieving cookies, expiring/deleting cookies. Sessions, session variables, session IDs. PHP and email Emailing from servers, attachments. Objects OOP, PHP classes, constructors, instances.

MPLS training course description A hands-on introduction to MPLS covering the basics of what MPLS is and how to configure it, through to more advanced concepts such as MPLS VPNs and traffic engineering with MPLS. What will you learn Describe MPLS Explain how MPLS works Describe the interaction between OSPF/IS-IS/BGP and MPLS Describe MPLS traffic engineering MPLS training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with MPLS. Prerequisites: IP Routing BGP Duration 3 days MPLS training course contents What is MPLS? What does MPLS stand for? What is MPLS? Core MPLS, MPLS and the 7 layer model, MPLS is a protocol, MPLS is a standard, MPLS runs on routers, MPLS history, Why MPLS? For service providers, For enterprises. MPLS Architecture Label Switch Routers, two types of LSR, PE and P router roles, FEC, swapping labels, MPLS packet format, Loops, TTL control. Hands on: Building the base network. Enabling MPLS. Simple testing and troubleshooting of MPLS. Label distribution Label review, label switch path, label distribution methods, piggybacking, Label distribution Protocols, LDP, LDP operation, LDP packets, discovery messages, session messages, advertisement messages, notification message, Label Information Base, routing tables, the LFIB, MPLS forwarding, penultimate hop popping, handling labels, LSP control modes, when to distribute labels, how long to keep labels, aggregation, label merging. Hands on: LDP traffic analysis. MPLS TE and QoS What is MPLS TE? Why TE? TE versus shorted path, how MPLS TE works, CR-LDP, OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE, TE with BGP, RSVP-TE, MPLS Fast reroute, MPLS QoS. Hands on: Enabling MPLS-TE. BFD BFD, hello the BFD protocol. MPLS VPN What is a VPN? MPLS VPN types, MPLS VPN comparison, MPLS L3 VPN, VRFs, MBGP, MPLS VPN architecture, VRF RD, VRF RT, the label stack, L2 VPNs, VPWS, AToM, VPLS. Hands on: MPLS L3 VPN setup, troubleshooting.