261 Courses in Coventry

Essential OTN training course description An In-depth introduction to the terminology and technology that will comprise tomorrow's Optical Transport Networks. What will you learn Describe the problems with old technologies. Identify the purpose of new technologies. Describe the functionality of the various transmission mediums available Identify OTN features and functionality. Define the issues involved in equipment and application rollout. Essential OTN training course details Who will benefit: Anyone wishing to learn OTN. Prerequisites: SDH foundation or Essential DWDM Duration 2 days Essential OTN training course contents Scope, References Terms and definitions, Abbreviations and Conventions Optical transport network interface structure Multiplexing/mapping principles and bit rates Optical transport module (OTM-n.m, OTM-nr.m, OTM-0.m and OTN 0.mvn) Physical specification of the ONNI Optical channel (OCh) Optical channel transport unit (OTU) Optical channel data unit (ODU) Optical channel payload unit (OPU) OTM overhead signal (OOS) Overhead description and maintenance signals Mapping of client signals and concatenation Mapping ODUk signals into the ODTUjk signal Forward error correction using 16-byte interleaved RS (255,239) codecs ODUk tandem connection monitoring (TCM) overhead OPUk Multiplex Overhead Amendment 2 including: OTN Multiplexing and Mapping, Basic signal structure, ODTU12, ODTU13, ODTU23, OPUk Multiplex Overhead, OPUk Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI). OPU2 Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI), OPU3 Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI), OPUk Payload Structure Identifier Reserved overhead (RES), ODU1 into ODU2 multiplexing, ODU2 into ODU3 multiplexing, ODU1 into ODU3 multiplexing Amendment 3 including: 40 Gbit/s ODU3/OTU3 and 100 Gbit/s ODU4/OTU4, Support of gigabit Ethernet services via ODU0, ODU2e, ODU3 and ODU4, ODU0 and ODUFlex, Multi-lane OTU3 and OTU4 interfaces, Support for InfiniBand Amendment 4 including: OTSn OTN synchronization messaging channel (OSMC) overhead, FC-1600 Amendment 5 Including: ODUk.ts, OTU0LL (OTU0 low latency), OTSiA (optical tributary signal assembly). OTSiG (optical tributary signal group), OTSiG-O (optical tributary signal overhead), CMEP (connection monitoring end- point), CMOH (connection monitoring overhead), MOTU (Multi-OUT), MOTUm (Multi-OTU with management), OTUCn-M (Optical Transport Unit-Cn, with n OxUC overhead instances and 5G tributary slots). SOTU (Single-OUT). SOTUm (Single-OTU with management). Modified bit rates and capacity for OTU1/2/3/4 OTM.nr.m, OTM.n.m, OTM.0.3v4, OTM 0.4v4 Mapping of CBR2G5, CBR10G, CBR10G3 and CBR40G signals into OPUk 64B/66B and 513B block code format PCS lane alignment marker for 40GBASE-R and 100GBASE-R PT=20/PT=21 and AMP/GMP options OTL 4.10 to OTL 4.4 gearbox ODU switching and Line protection Schemes 10 x 10 MSA Overview of current and future coherent and noncoherent technologies 40Gbit and 100Gbit compliant ROADM's Implementers Guide including replacement terms. Differing vendor's equipment and their implementations Individual and group planning exercises: Upgrade a customer STM-64/10G network to a 40G/ OTN network. Upgrade a customer old 16 Wavelength WDM network to be OTN compliant. Implement a new customer 40 wavelength OTU3 OTN compliant MSPP (DWDM) network. Design a cost-effective solution where we can hand over circuits using 'Optical Transport Lanes'.

Essential GEPON training course description Designed to benefit those requiring an in depth knowledge of the principles and applications of the IEEE Ten Gigabit Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Networking and Fibre to the X in NG network applications and their associated equipment, its flexibility and function within a modern transmission network. Using an effective mix of instruction and correlation to theory based learning the delegate will gain a complete understanding of the equipment and the tasks to be undertaken in a real life situation. What will you learn Compare FTTx networks. Compare PON variants. Recognise the GEPON architecture. Explain how GEPON works. Recognise GEPON issues. Essential GEPON training course details Who will benefit: Anyone requiring GEPON knowledge. Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications and networking. Duration 2 days Essential GEPON training course contents FTTN, FTTC, FTTH Single Mode Fibre (SMF) and various types, Multimode Fibre (MMF), Fibre Safety and properties (Dispersion/attenuation), Fibre Reel cables and types, Fibre installation and air blown fibre, Transmitters and receivers - power budget/laser classes, Fibre to the home (FTTH), FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet), FTTN (Fibre to the node), FTTD (Fibre to the Desk), FFTH Topologies and wavelengths, Active or Passive Optical Network (PON). WDM equipment and GPON OSP design Wavelength considerations, WDM/DWDM/CWDM EDFA optical amplification, AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating) splitters, Couplers (splitters) and losses, Optical splitters 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 2x64. IEEE PON variants Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GEPON), Time Division PON (TDM-PON), Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps, Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play. GEPON design GEPON OSP centralized design, GEPON OSP distributed design, GEPON PON splitters x4 x8 x32, Fibre splice trays / fibre cassette trays / fibre enclosures, GEPON field testing /GEPON field installation verification, GEPON physical layer testing, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR), Optical power source /Optical power meter, Optical Return Loss (ORL), APON/BPON/GPON/EPON/GEPON/10-GEPON comparison. IEEE 802.3ah GEPON: Ethernet in the first mile IEEE 802.3 options, Optical Ethernet options, Ethernet in the first mile, 1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-SX, IEEE 802.1Q VLANs, Q-in-Q and MAC-in-MAC. QofS Ethernet TOS and priority methods PCP and DiffServe, Reference model / terminology / architecture, Example of ONT functional blocks, Example of OLT functional blocks, FTTx scenarios, The four switching arrangements for external access network backup. IEEE 802.3av 10-GEPON Physical layer, 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LX4, 10GBASE-ER, 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASESW, 10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-EW, Enhancement band, Bit rate and wavelengths, Compatibility, Forward error correction. IEEE 802.3ca 25G, 50G and 100G NG-EPON MAC frame structure, Downstream multiplexing / Upstream multiplexing, Media access control and ONU registration, Alarm messages. IEEE 802.3bk extended EPON Laser Types PRX40 and PR40, Reference model. GEPON issues and standards GEPON components OLT / GEPON ONT and examples GEPON management, RG (Residential Gateway), HPNA (Home Phone Network Alliance), Power Line Carrier (PLC), GPON DLNI, G.hn or G.9960 MOCA, FTTH Council certification, Standard for network certification, Qualify for use of the fibre-connected home badge, GEPON frame synchronization to network timing, Direct clock synchronization interface (BITS), Multiservice Access Platform (MSAP), Software planning tool. Superconnected cities / voucher scheme. Ethernet OAM Link monitoring, remote failure indication, Remote loopback.

ITIL® 4 Strategist: Direct, Plan and Improve: In-House Training The ITIL® 4 Strategist: Direct, Plan, and Improve course is based on the ITIL® 4 Strategist Direct, Plan, and Improve candidate syllabus from AXELOS. This course is based on the ITIL® 4 Strategist: Direct, Plan and Improve IT exam specifications from AXELOS. With the help of ITIL® 4 concepts and terminology, exercises, and examples included in the course, candidates acquire the relevant knowledge required to pass the certification exam. This course provides the practical skills necessary to create a 'learning and improving' IT organization, with a strong and effective strategic direction. It was designed to provide practitioners with a practical and strategic method for planning and delivering continual improvement with necessary agility. It covers both practical and strategic elements, making it the universal module that is a key component to both ITIL® 4 Managing Professional and ITIL® 4 Strategic Leader streams. What You Will Learn At the end of this course, participants will be able to: Understand the key concepts of direction, planning, improvement Understand the scope of what is to be directed and/or planned and know how to use key principles and methods of direction and planning in that context Understand the role of GRC and know how to integrate the principles and methods into the service value system Understand and know how to use the key principles and methods of continual improvement for all types of improvements Understand and know how to use the key principles and methods of Communication and Organizational Change Management to direction, planning and improvement Understand and know how to use the key principles and methods of measurement and reporting in direction, planning, and improvement Understand and know how to direct, plan, and improve value streams and practices Course Introduction Let's Get to Know Each Other Course Overview ITIL® 4 Certification Scheme Course Learning Objectives Course Components Course Agenda Exercises Case Study: Axle Car Hire Case Study: HandyPerson on Demand Exam Details Core Concepts of DPI Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Basics of Direction Basics of Planning Basics of Improvement Other Core Elements DPI through Service Value Chain and Guiding Principles Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives DPI of the SVS DPI of Guiding Principles Role of Direction in Strategy Management Key Terms Covered in the Module Introducing Strategy Management Developing Effective Strategies Implementation of Strategies Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Managing Risks Making Decisions through Portfolio Management Directing via Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) Introduction to Assessment and Planning Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Core Concepts of Assessment Conducting Effective Assessments Core Concepts of Planning Assessment and Planning through VSM Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Introducing VSM Developing Value Stream Maps Knowing More About VSM Measurement, Reporting, and Continual Improvement Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Measurement and Reporting Alignment of Measurements and Metrics Success Factors and Key Performance Indicators Continual Improvement Measurements and Continual Improvement through Dimensions and SVS Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Measurements for the Four Dimensions Continual Improvement of the Service Value Chain and Practices OCM Principles and Methods Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Basics of OCM OCM throughout DPI and Service Value Chain Resistance and Reinforcement Communication Principles and Methods Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Basics of Effective Communication Communication with Stakeholders SVS Development Using Four Dimensions Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Organizations and People in the SVS Partners and Suppliers in the SVS Value Streams and Processes in the SVS Information and Technology in the SVS

Advanced UNIX shell scripting training course description A follow on hands on course from the Introduction to shell programming course covering the powerful sed and awk tools along with the extra Korn shell programming features. What will you learn Use regular expressions within grep, ed and many other utilities. Use awk and sed. Integrate sed and awk into shell scripts. Recognise the role of shell scripts within the UNIX system. Write shell scripts using new Korn shell features including: The select construct Arrays Arithmetic evaluation Advanced UNIX shell scripting training course details Who will benefit: Programmers developing applications under UNIX. Administrators who need time saving utilities. Technical personnel who wish to make the most out of the Korn Shell. Prerequisites: UNIX shell scripting Duration 3 days Advanced UNIX shell scripting training course contents Regular Expressions What are REs? How can they be used? How to write REs More REs e REs Tagging, matching words, repetitions. The sed editor Basic usage: Saving output, options. sed script files, sed commands, Specifying lines to edit, Hold space and pattern space, advanced commands Awk Basic usage, nawk script files, Patterns, Records and fields, Actions if, while, do, for... System variables NF, NR, RS... Arrays Functions length, printf, cos, user defined... Using nawk in shell scripts Korn shell scripts Review of Bourne shell scripts functions... Variables typeset, manipulating strings Arrays Arithmetic evaluation the let command, (( )), typeset -i The select construct Syntax, workings, REPLY, PS3 Miscellaneous Enhanced I/O, ${10}

Microsoft Access training course description A hands on course providing a solid grounding in Microsoft Access. What will you learn Use and customise the Microsoft Access environment. Select, use and customise queries. Define tables. Design forms and reports. Recognise the use of macros. Microsoft Access training course details Who will benefit: Anyone wishing to work with Microsoft Access. Prerequisites: Database fundamentals Duration 3 days Microsoft Access training course contents Introducing databases Flat file databases, Relational databases, the objects defined in an Access database, planning a simple relational database. Open Access and create a database The database wizards, tables, creating and amending tables, using field properties to improve the quality of data entry and system performance, the primary key. Working in datasheet view View, add, modify and delete records, find records. Advantages and disadvantages of entering data directly into a table. Queries Sort and select records form a single table, advantages and disadvantages of entering data via a query, define simple calculated expressions, use 'Totals' queries. Forms Use the form wizards, basic editing of objects created using the form wizards, Data-entry in form view. Reports Use the report wizard, basic editing of objects created using the report wizard, print reports. The multi table environment Plan and create a related table, define a one-to-many relationship, write multi-table queries and use the 'AutoLookup' feature, use the form wizard to create a subform and carry out data-entry in a main/subform, print and amend reports, use the report wizard to create reports based on multi-table. Relationships Working with one-to-one and one-to-many relationships, recognising and handling many-to-many relationships, referential integrity. Select queries Select queries based on related tables, parameter queries, Crosstab, find unmatched queries and Find Duplicate, the implications of the Join properties in a relational query, conditional expressions, and working with the expression builder. Action queries Make table queries, append queries, update queries, delete queries. Customising forms. Using the Toolbox, calculated controls, Combo and List boxes, query by form, working with form and control properties, domain aggregate functions. Reports Report and control properties, customising sorting and grouping, calculated controls on reports, Sub-reports, editing and altering a report's source. Macros Introduction to macros.

Data comms training course description A hands on training course introducing the concepts of data communications, moving on to covering both LAN and WAN technology. Quizzes are used extensively to ensure material has sunk in and to maximise learning time. Hands on sessions ensure that by the end of the course delegates have made cables, built LANS and WANS, configured TCP/IP, switches and routers. What will you learn Use the seven layer model to classify networking buzzwords. Build and troubleshoot Ethernet, LAN/WAN and WiFi networks Explain the difference between switches and routers. Connect networks with routers. Data comms training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who requires a technical introduction to networks. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days Data comms training course contents What are networks? What is data communications? What are networks? Types of network, LANs, LAN choices, WANs, WAN choices, PANs, SANs, MANs, connecting networks. Internetworks, the internet, clouds. Networks and standards Standards bodies, ISO, ITU, IEEE, IETF, OSI 7 layer reference model, TCP/IP and OSI, ping and the 7 layer model, encapsulation, fragmentation. The physical layer Transmission media: Copper, Fibre, RF, UTP, Cat 5/5e/6/7..., RJ45, straight and cross over cables. Coax, Fibre cable & connectors, SFP, MMF, SMF, radio spectrum, frequencies, ranges, noise and electrical distortion, repeaters. Hands on Cabling, ping. Bandwidth Definition, Bits, bytes, speeds, simplex, half/full duplex, a/symmetrical, aggregation, latency. Calculating bandwidth requirements. The Data Link layer Frames, classifications, standards, LAN/WAN layer 2 technologies (Point to point, virtual circuits). Ethernet What is Ethernet? 802.3, evolution from CSMA/CD, choosing cables, topologies, NICs, MAC addresses. Ethernet frame format. Hands on Analysing Ethernet frames. Ethernet switches Connecting multiple devices, switches work at layer 2, Switches vs. hubs, simultaneous conversations, full duplex, MAC address database, how switches work, switch benefits, loops, STP. Console ports. Hands on Switches and WireShark, configuring switches, broadcast storms, STP. VLANS What are VLANs, why have VLANs. Hands on The effect of VLANs on network traffic. Wireless LANs Type of wireless network. WiFi, 802.11b/g/n/ac, WiFi6, antennae, interference, 802.11 frame format, CSMA/CA, half duplex, Wireless Access Points, security. Hands on Building a WiFi network. WANS WAN architecture, WAN types, service providers, access equipment, DTE, DCE, core equipment, WANs and the 7 layer model, choosing a WAN. WAN access Point to point, multi access, Internet, phone lines, leased lines, xDSL, broadband architecture. DOCSIS, FTTH, PON, SD-WAN. Older technologies (if required): Modems, ISDN, 64k, E1, TDM. Packet switched networks Packet switching, virtual circuits, Hub & spoke, partial & full mesh, MPLS, MPLS and routers, Why MPLS? MPLS -TE, MPLS VPN, Internet VPN. Older technologies (if required). Service provider technologies Transport plane, SDH, SONET, WDM, CWDM, DWDM, DWDM architectures, OTN. TCP/IP Definition, protocols, services, internetworking, the Internet, intranets, IAB, RFCs, IP header, IP addressing, subnet masks, IPv6, TCP, UDP. Hands on IP address and subnet mask configuration. Routers What are routers? Routers vs switches, when to route and when to switch, default gateways, routing tables, static routes, routing protocols. Firewalls, how firewalls work. Hands on Router configuration, tracert. Applications Clients, servers, web, HTTP, Email, resource sharing, IM, VoIP, Video over IP, terminal emulation, ftp, ssh. Hands on telnet

Enhance your skills in promoting positive behavior and creating supportive environments for children with our PBS course. Evidence-based practices and collaboration emphasised.

This is a practical ‘non medical’ day for front line practitioners working with children and young people with serious attachment issues arising from loss, trauma and abuse. We look at what Psychology may help us in our understanding of children who have faced issues with love and attachment. Splitting, handling projected feelings, constancy and permanence are explored. Online Course now available via Teachable Platform – Understanding Attachment Learn at your own pace… lots of text and video support Course Category Meeting emotional needs Behaviour and Relationships Inclusion Teaching and Learning Description This is a practical ‘non medical’ day for front line practitioners working with children and young people with serious attachment issues arising from loss, trauma and abuse. Drawing from the international research and literature and our own experience over many years as educational psychologists of the challenges of children with major social and emotional needs, we will explore together what the best practice can and could look like. We explore the language of attachment and outline very practical classroom strategies. We look at what Psychology may help us in our understanding of children who have faced issues with love and attachment. We explore the feelings of being on a desolate island of relational poverty or to imagine swimming with sharks. We explore the themes of violence, anxiety and experience of being a victim as young people grow older. We look at telling lies and explore how we can respectfully understand this. We reveal the new and innovative compass of vulnerability – the cognitive errors to which some are much more vulnerable. We look at triggers, self regulation and unpack a range of strategies.  Transference and counter transference are examined along with splitting, handling projected feelings, constancy and permanence. We explore what young people with these difficulties really need from us. We also spend time looking at the emotional impact on practitioners working with children with such needs and what helps at an personal and team level. We can all do something – we do not have to wait for expert therapists to arrive!  Testimonials Very moving presentation I will always try and think behind the behaviour now It had a huge impact on all levels We all seem to need it Belonging and feelings are so important Very user friendly Excellent! Learning Objectives Increased confidence regarding developing inclusive practice for children with serious attachment needs in mainstream schools Simple understandable explanation of attachment understood Access to a wider range of practical strategies to impact on social and behavioural needs Deeper understanding of core values surrounding inclusion of emotionally disabled children Opportunity to reflect on professional attitudes and behaviour towards parents and pupils with complex emotional needs New skills, scripts and processes to make inclusion successful Who Is It For ? Practitioners working in schools and other settings with children and young people of all ages Key workers Teaching Assistants with support roles Heads and deputies SENCOs Advanced skills teachers Primary and secondary classroom teachers Parents Local authority support services Course Content The course explores the questions : How can we start to develop an understanding of children with attachment needs? What is the true impact of loss, trauma and abuse? What else can we do to go about including high profile children or young people with challenging emotional needs? What useful psychological constructs can we use to guide us? This course also explores practical strategies and language for key adults rebuilding relationships with individual pupils. This is a participative day that aims to be explorative and practical. Opportunities to develop empathy with the children of concern will be created.

ITIL® 4 Foundation: In-House Training ITIL® 4 is built on the established core of best practice in the ITIL® guidance. ITIL® 4 provides a practical and flexible approach to move to the new world of digital transformation and embrace an end-to-end operating model for the delivery and operation of products and services. ITIL® 4 also provides a holistic end-to-end picture that integrates frameworks such as Lean IT, Agile, and DevOps. The ITIL® 4 Foundation is based on the exam specifications specified by AXELOS for the ITIL® 4 Foundation certification. The fundamental objective of this course is to help the participants understand the key concepts of service management and the ITIL® 4 service management framework and prepare for the ITIL® 4 Foundation exam. In addition, this course offers a rich learning experience that helps the participants relate ITIL® to their own work environment. The course includes a case study (based on a fictitious organization, 'Axle Car Hire') that will help the participants understand and experience the ITIL® guiding principles, service value, practices through real-world challenges and opportunities. The rich learning experience is supported by additional learning tools such as pre-course reading materials, post-course reading material, and a set of quick reference cards. What You Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Understand the key concepts of ITIL® service management Understand how ITIL® guiding principles can help an organization to adopt and adapt ITIL® service management Understand the four dimensions of ITIL® service management Understand the purpose and components of the ITIL® service value system, and activities of the service value chain, and how they interconnect Understand the key concepts of continual improvement Learn the various ITIL® practices and how they contribute to value chain activities Course Introduction Let's Get to Know Each Other Course Overview Course Learning Objectives Course Structure Course Agenda Introduction to IT Service Management in the Modern World Introduction to ITIL® 4 Structure and Benefits of ITIL® 4 Case Study: Axle Car Hire Case Study: Meet the Key People at Axle Case Study: The CIOs Vision for Axle Exam Details ITIL® 4 Certification Scheme Service Management - Key Concepts Intent and Context Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives Value and Value Co-Creation Value: Service, Products, and Resources Service Relationships Value: Outcomes, Costs, and Risks Exercise: Multiple-Choice Questions The Guiding Principles Intent and Context Identifying Guiding Principles Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives The Seven Guiding Principles Applying the Guiding Principles Exercise: Multiple-Choice Questions The Four Dimensions of Service Management Intent and Context The Four Dimensions Key Terms Covered in the Module The Four Dimensions and Service Value System Module Learning Objectives Organizations and People Information and Technology Partners and Suppliers Value Streams and Processes External Factors and Pestle Model Exercise: Multiple-Choice Questions Service Value System Intent and Context Service Value System and Service Value Chain Module Learning Objectives Overview of Service Value System Overview of the Service Value Chain Exercise: Multiple-Choice Questions Continual Improvement Intent and Context Key Terms Covered in the Module Introduction to Continual Improvement Module Learning Objectives The Continual Improvement Model Relationship between Continual Improvement and Guiding Principles Exercise: Multiple-Choice Questions The ITIL® Practices Intent and Context ITIL® Management Practices Key Terms Covered in the Module Module Learning Objectives The Continual Improvement Practice The Change Control Practice The Incident Management Practice The Problem Management Practice The Service Request Management Practice The Service Desk Practice The Service Level Management Practice Purpose of ITIL® Practices Exercise: Crossword Puzzle

SDH training course description Our SDH training course is designed for those with a basic knowledge of the principles of telecommunication digital transmission techniques. An overview of the existing transmission hierarchies and their limitations is provided with an introduction to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The advantages of SDH are explained fully. What will you learn Identify the major limitations of the PDH network. Outline the advantages of using the SDH. Illustrate the various SDH equipment and network topologies. Describe the principles of the SDH multiplexing structure. SDH training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with SDH. Prerequisites: It should be noted that this course will assume some basic telecommunication transmission knowledge from the delegates attending. This may be accomplished by attending the Introduction to Telecommunications course. Duration 2 days SDH training course contents Introduction to SDH Timing and synchronisation of digital signals, the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), service protection with SDH SDH Multiplexing Techniques The multiplexing principles of SDH, mapping and aligning a 2Mbit/s tributary into a TU-12, aligning the VC-12 in a TU-12, multiplexing TU-12's into a TUG-2, multiplexing TUG-2's into a TUG-3, multiplexing TUG-3's into a VC-4, the VC-4 path overhead, the STM-1 frame, the AU-4 pointer, the STM-1 section overheads, multiplexer section protection, transmission at rates higher than STM-1, concatenation line transmission functions in SDH SONET Multiplexing Techniques Mapping a DS1 tributary into a virtual tributary, aligning the VT-SPE into a VT frame, mapping the VTGs into a STS-1 SPE, the STS-1 synchronous payload envelope, the STS-1 frame SONET network sections and lines transmissions at higher rates than STS-1 SDH Functions and Facilities SDH network topologies, structure of SDH equipment, synchronisation of SDH networks, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, SDH performance monitoring, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, network management and SDH, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), future services and technologies OSI Telecommunications Network Management Definition of network management, managing telecom equipment, the managed object library, the management information base, the telecommunications management network (TMN), the Q3 protocol.