504 Courses in Cardiff

Overview Objectives Define brands and understand the opportunities and challenges facing them in highly competitive business landscapes Plan and craft a powerful brand positioning statement that reflects the brand's promise and the expectations of their most valued customers Build a strategic brand and track its growth and sustainability using researched processes Explore the elements of brand equity and the constituents of brand identity to build consistent and sustainable brands Identify various brand strategies to come up with sound actions aligned with the status of existing and new markets and products Master the process for conducting a full brand audit to evaluate brand performance and take remedial actions

Overview Corporate frauds have the inherent power to bring large organizations to their knees, cause huge monetary loss, prompt lawsuits followed by significant legal expenses, lead to the imprisonment of employees and deteriorate confidence in the market, governments, and institutions. In response, corporations and governments across the globe have stepped up their effort to inspect, prevent and penalize fraudulent practices; resulting in a greater emphasis on the domains of forensic auditing and accounting in the current economy. This training course will empower you to recognize the root causes of fraud and white-collar crime in the current economy, understand the categories of fraud, equip you with methodologies of fraud detection and prevention, and heighten your ability to detect potential fraudulent situations. In addition to the fundamentals of fraud investigation and detection in a digital environment; profit-loss evaluation, analysis of accounting books, legal concepts, and quantification of financial damages are also examined in this course

Overview This Compliance and Risk Management Course is designed for anyone looking for a pathway into this profession and wanting to develop their industry knowledge and skills. It covers the role of the Compliance Officer and compliance department in detail, with step-by-step training in compliance auditing and risk management. This Compliance and Risk Management Training Course will equip you with the fundamental skills needed to identify and manage regulatory risk in your organization, taking you through key topics such as how to implement an efficient Compliance Management System, ethics and compliance, risk types and classifications, and how to design a solid risk management strategy. By the end of this Compliance and Risk Management Training Course, you'll have an excellent understanding of core compliance issues, as well as how to promote a positive compliance culture for your organization, which will give you a head start when it comes to standing out in the relevant job market. 

About this Training Course This 5 full-day course is aimed at engineers and supervisors who already have a basic understanding of well construction methods but who would benefit from a more detailed knowledge of completion design. The course will concentrate on the important aspects of completion design and what makes a safe and efficient well. A common thread of practical examples will be used throughout the course in the form of a case study or 'red-thread' exercise. The case study is based around data all taken from a single field where those attending will work through all the basic issues of a completion design. The exercises associated with the case study is performed in the student's own time after each of the formal sessions. However, at the start of the next day, the case study is reviewed and discussed. The whole case study will continue through all sessions, with each element being reviewed at the start of the next session. There is no 'right' answer to the exercise - producing interesting discussions! The purpose of the course is not to go over specific equipment in detail. Teaching methods include presentations, videos, and animations and the case study. The course will cover: Types and configurations of completions The completion design process Inflow performance, skin and formation damage Perforating; selection, deployment and interface with rest of completion Stimulation and impact on completion and flow performance with coverage of modern horizontal multifrac tools Open hole, non-sand control completions including open hole packers and horizontal well clean up Sand control; when do you need it, basic types and selection guidelines. Includes standalone screens, ICDs, various gravel packing techniques, frac packs and expandable screens Tubing sizing, flow estimation and liquid loading Artificial lift; types and selection criteria, interface with drilling, reservoir and facilities. Design of gas lift and ESPs included Production chemistry impacts on completion, prevention and removal (scales, wax, asphaltene, hydrates, and souring) Metallurgy, corrosion, and erosion; metal types and selection of Elastomers and plastics; types and selection of Tubing stress analysis; picking the grade and weight of tubing, plus selection criteria for packers and expansion devices. Interface between tubing stress analysis and casing design Completion equipment; basic types of equipment, reliability and selection criteria for each (tree, safety valve, mandrel, packers, expansion devices etc) Completion installation; importance of wellbore clean-out, function and types of brines, pointers for efficient completion installation Non-conventional wells; types and when / where to use them (multilaterals, smart (intelligent) wells and also SAGD, CO2 sequestration, CBM, etc) Training Objectives By the end of this course, the participants should be able to: Have a good understanding of the completion design process and what makes a good completion design Understand the importance of the installation process (completion running) in the design process Have an appreciation of new and developing completion techniques (intelligent wells) Target Audience This course will benefit engineers and field-based personnel such as completion supervisors and production engineers. It is also suitable for completion vendors, specialists such as chemists and subsurface personnel including geologists, reservoir engineers and petrophysicists. Trainer Your expert course leader has 30 years of oil and gas industry experience. A first class degree in geophysics and a master degree in Petroleum Engineering was a prelude to seven years with BP as a petroleum engineer. He left BP and following a short spell in Camco, jointly founded ICE Energy. After six years of completions and petroleum engineering consultancy and training, ICE Energy merged with TRACS International, where he continued with petroleum and completion engineering studies, leading integrated teams, and developing / delivering training courses for a variety of different clients in diverse world-wide locations. In the last five years, he is independent again - focusing on technical consulting and course delivery. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

The Emotional Logic workshop is designed to provide enlightening mindset shifts and educational activities around emotions, their purpose, and our values.

GPON and FTTx networks training course description Designed to benefit those requiring an in depth knowledge of the principles and applications of Ten Gigabit and Gigabit Passive Optical Networking and Fibre to the X in NG Networks applications and their associated equipment, its flexibility and function within a modern transmission network. Using an effective mix of 'hands on' equipment instruction and correlation to theory based learning the delegate will gain a complete understanding of the equipment and the tasks to be undertaken in a real life situation. What will you learn Compare PON/FTTx systems. Explain network elements and designs. Support applications and network interfaces. List circuit provisioning and bandwidth requirements. Understand upstream & downstream issues. Describe headend & network elements/OLT-ONT. Perform network testing with OTDR test sets. GPON and FTTx networks training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with GPON and FTTx. Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications and networking. Duration 5 days GPON and FTTx training course contents FTTN, FTTC, FTTH SMF, MMF, Fibre safety and properties (dispersion/attenuation), Fibre reel cables and types, Fibre installation and air blown fibre, Transmitters and receivers - power budget/laser classes. Fibre to the home (FTTH), FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet), FTTN (Fibre to the node) , FTTD (Fibre to the desk), FFTH topologies and wavelengths, Active or passive optical network. WDM equipment and GPON OSP design Wavelength considerations, WDM/DWDM/CWDM, EDFA optical amplification, AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating) splitters , Couplers (splitters) and losses, Optical splitters 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 2x64. PON variants Gigabit passive optical network (GPON), Gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON), Time division PON (TDM-PON), Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps FSAN (Full Service Access Network) NGA (Next Generation Access), Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play. GEPON design GPON OSP centralized and distributed design, GPON PON splitters x4 x8 x32, Fibre splice trays /cassette trays & enclosures, GPON field testing and installation verification, GPON physical layer testing, Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), Optical power source & meter, Optical return loss (ORL), APON/BPON/GPON/EPON comparisons. GPON ITU-T G.984.1 Reference model, terminology & architecture, Access network system management functions. ONT & OLT functional block examples. FTTx scenarios, 4 switching arrangements for external access network backup. GPON ITU-T G.984.2 Physical layer, Enhancement band, Bit rate and wavelengths, FEC and RAMAN. GPON ITU-T G.984.3 Frame structure, GPON encapsulation method (GEM), GTC adaptation and framing sublayer protocol stack, Status reporting & traffic monitoring DBA (SR-DBA & TM-DBA), Transmission container (T-CONT) types, Downstream & upstream multiplexing, GEM port identifier, Media access control and ONU registration, Extended bandwidth assignment model scheduling architecture, PLOAM & alarm messages, Downstream & Upstream FEC, Process order in a GTC transmit flow. GPON ITU-T G.984.4 and G.988 ONT management and control interface (OMCI) Management interface, Reference model, Typical ONT with SCTE 55-1 or SCTE 55-2 compliancy. GPON ITU-T G.984.5 enhancement band Band options, GPON NGA, Wavelength allocation. GPON ITU-T G.984.6 optical reach extension (G.984.re) Reach extension (RE), OA-based and OEO-based reach extenders, Protection, Reach extender with OTDR blocking filters (BF) and bypass (BYP) filters. GPON ITU-T G.984.7 long reach Quiet Window. 10-GPON ITU-T G.987.1 (XG-PON) Scenarios, reference access network architecture, XG-PON with G-PON through WDM1r, G-PON and XG-PON wavelength allocation, G-PON and XG-PON co-existence with video overlay option, RE migration scenarios. G.989 40Gbps XG-PON2 Functional reference architecture, NG-PON2 system coexistence with legacy systems, Definitions of legacy compatibility terminology. GPON issues and standards GPON components GPON OLT / GPON ONT, GPON management, Operational support systems (OSS), Network management systems (NMS), OMCI (ONT Management control interface), RG (Residential gateway), Data and prioritised voice channel product, GPON broadband-forum standards, Broadband-forum , TR-069 and TR-156, HPNA (home phone network alliance), Powerline carrier (PLC), GPON DLNI G.hn or G.9960, MOCA, FTTH council certification standard for network certification. Fibre-connected home badge, Ethernet in the first mile (EFM), GPON frame synchronization to network timing, Direct clock synchronization interface (BITS), Multiservice access platform (MSAP), Software planning tool, Superconnected cities / voucher scheme. Hands on practical assignments Single and multimode fibre recognition, Fibre Cleaning methods, Checking cleaning with an optical microscope, Optical light source and optical power meter referencing, PON splitter and fibre drum testing with an optical power meter, 6km classroom passive optical network testing with an OTDR at 1310/1550nm, Using decibels (dB's) and decibel milliwats (dBm's), Designing networks up to 20km long using vendor specifications (power budget), Fault finding with a visible fault locator.

Network management technologies course description A comprehensive tour of the available network management technologies available for todays networks. The course starts with basic tools such as syslog along with Python network automation. SNMP is then covered with the *flow technologies and streaming telemetry. Configuration management with ansible, Python, NETCONF and RESTCONF is then studied. The final part of the course looks at SDN. Hands on sessions are used throughout to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. Note that sections are available as individual courses. What will you learn Evaluate network management technologies. Evaluate network management technologies. Recognise the weaknesses of SNMP versus NETCONF and streaming telemetry. Explain the role of NETCONF and RESTCONF. Compare & contrast *flow and streaming telemetry. Explain the role of SDN in network management. Automate network configuration with ansible and Python. Network management technologies course details Who will benefit: Those wishing to manage networks. (Previous Python experience is NOT needed) Prerequisites: Intro to data comms Duration 5 days Network management technologies course content Basic network management Network management What is network management? Benefits, issues. FCAPS model. Fault management, Configuration management, accounting, performance, security. What to manage, what not to manage. Managing network devices, managing servers. Monitoring networks Traditional network tools Ping..., SSH, syslog, TFTP for configurations. nmap. Wireshark. CLI. Web based management. Splunk. Nessus, snort, Kali. Hands on syslog, network inventories. Network automation using the CLI Programming and automating networks, netOps. Python, Git. Python network modules, SSH, paramiko, netmiko. EVE-NG. Hands onPython network modules. Structured versus unstructured data Problems with automation and unstructured data. XML, JSON, YAML. The role of YANG. Hands on Parsing data. SNMP SNMP architecture, SNMP MIBs, SMI, the SNMP protocol, polling security. Configuring SNMP. SNMPv1, v2, v3, SNMP security. Which version should you use? MIBs and MIB structure. mib-2, extra parts of mib-2, Private enterprise MIBs. Summary: What SNMP is good/bad at. Hands on Configuring agents and a NMS. MIB browsing. Server management Microsoft, Linux, application polling. WMI vs SNMP. Hands on: Application polling. Performance management *flow Polling, push vs pull, netflow, sflow, IPFIX, *flow. Flows. Where to monitor traffic. Comparing *flow with SNMP. Architecture: Generators and collectors. When flows are exported. NetFlow reporting products. SolarWinds. Hands on Netflow configuration. Collectors. Streaming telemetry Model driven telemetry, periodic/on change. Structured data. Telemetry protocol stack. gRPC and gNMI. Protobuf. gNMI operations. Telemetry architecture. Telegraf, databases, Grafana. Hands on Telemetry example. Configuration management Configuration management tools Chef, puppet, ansible, saltstack. Ansible architecture, controlling machines, nodes, agentless, SSH, modules. Inventories, playbooks, modules, network modules, jinja2 templates. Hands on Network configuration with ansible. NETCONF What is NETCONF? Protocol stack, Data stores, traffic flows, validating configurations, rollback. YANG data models and how YANG is used by NETCONF. XML. Explorers and other tools. Hands on anx, Python and NETCONF. RESTCONF The REST API, HTTP, What is RESTCONF? Tools including Postman. Comparison with NETCONF. Hands on Configuration with RESTCONF. Python network automation: configuration SSH issues. Using structured data. Jinja2. ncclient, requests, NAPALM, Nornir. Automated testing. Hands on Python network device configuration with nornir. Software Defined Networks and orchestration Classic SDN What is SDN? benefits. SDN architecture. SDN applications, SDN switches, SDN controllers, Network Operating Systems. Control plane, data plane. Northbound interfaces. SDN components. Southbound interfaces. OpenFlow. ONF, OpenFlow ports, Flow tables. Network virtualization Virtual networks, virtual switches, NfV. Service chaining. NfV and SDN. SDN implementations Classic SDN, Hybrid SDN, SDN via APIs, SDN via overlays. Data centre SDN, VXLAN, Service Provider SDN, SD WAN, Enterprise SDN, WiFi. SDN and open source OpenDaylight, OpenVSwitch, Open Networking Forum, Open Network Operating System. Hands onOpenStack. SD-WAN What is SD-WAN? Architecture: Edge, gateway, orchestrator, controller. Overlay and underlay. Use of MPLS, 4G/5G. Benefits and features. Secure Access Service Edge (SASE).

CPRI training course description This course is designed to give the delegate a technical overview of the CPRI protocols and link setup. We will explain the industry cooperation to define the key internal interface between the radio equipment control (REC) and the radio equipment (RE). Also explained will be the SAP that the CPRI link supports for IQ Interface, frame synchronisation, link control and management and the master and slave ports. We will investigate the CPRI block diagram and together with the data formats and sample mapping solutions. The CPRI frame hierarchy and hyperframe construction will be detailed during this three day overview course. What will you learn Explain the CPRI Block diagram. Understand hyperframing capabilities. Explain the CPRI frame format. Understand how the synchronisation is compliant with 3GPP & WiMAX requirements. Understand the two electrical characteristics of CPRI standard. Understand the CPRI standards structure. Understand the CPRI system & Interface definitions. List the four standard bit rates of the CPRI specification. Understand the CPRI Protocol stacks. CPRI training course details Who will benefit: Anyone looking for a technical overview of the CPRI protocols and link set up. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days CPRI training course contents System Description Subsystems. Nodes. Protocol layers. Protocol data planes. User data planes. Antenna carriers. Service Access Points (SAP). Link. Passive Link. Hop. Multi-hop Connection. Logical Connection. Master Port & Slave Port. System Architecture Basic System Architecture & Common Public Radio Interface Definition. System Architecture with a link between Res. Reference configurations: Chain topology, Tree topology, Ring topology. RECs & REs in both chain & tree topology Functional description Radio Functionality. Functional Decomposition between REC and RE: For UTRA FDD, For WiMAX & E-UTRA, For GSM. CPRI Control Functionality. Interface Baseline Interface Specification. Protocol Overview. IQ Data. Synchronisation. L1 Inband Protocol. C & M Data. Protocol Extensions. Vendor Specific Information. Physical Layer Specifications Line Bit Rate. Physical Layer Modes. Electrical Interface. Optical Interface. Line Coding. Bit Error Correction/Detection. Frame Structure. Mapping Methods. Container Blocks. Hyperframes. GSM, UMTS & WiMAX Timing. Link Delay Accuracy & Cable Delay Calibration. Link Maintenance Data Link Layer (Layer 2) Specification Layer 2 Framing for Fast & Slow C & M Channels. Medium Access Control/Data Mapping. Flow Control. Start-up Sequence General. Layer 1 Start-up Timer. State Description. Transition Description. Interoperability Reserved Bandwidth. Version Numbers. Supplementary Specification Details Delay Calibration Example. Reference Test Points. List of Abbreviations & Gloss

About this training course Artificial lift systems are an important part of production operations for the entire lifecycle of an asset. Often, oil and gas wells require artificial lift for most of the life cycle. This 5-day training course offers a thorough treatment of artificial lift techniques including design and operation for production optimization. With the increasing need to optimize dynamic production in highly constrained cost environments, opportunities and issues related to real-time measurements and optimization techniques needs to be discussed and understood. Artificial lift selection and life cycle analysis are covered. These concepts are discussed and reinforced using case studies, quizzing tools, and exercises with software. Participants solve examples and class problems throughout the course. Animations and videos reinforce the concepts under discussion. Understanding of these important production concepts is a must have to exploit the existing assets profitably. Unique Features: Hands-on usage of SNAP Software to solve gas-lift exercises Discussion on digital oil field Machine learning applications in gas-lift optimization Training Objectives After the completion of this training course, participants will be able to: Understand the basics and advanced concepts of each form of artificial lift systems including application envelope, relative strengths, and weaknesses Easily recognize the different components from downhole to the surface and their basic structural and operational features Design and analyze different components using appropriate software tools Understand challenges facing artificial lift applications and the mitigation of these challenges during selection, design, and operation Learn about the role of digital oilfield tools and techniques and their applications in artificial lift and production optimization Learn about use cases of Machine learning and artificial intelligence in the artificial lift Target Audience This training course is suitable and will greatly benefit the following specific groups: Production, reservoir, completion, drilling and facilities engineers, analysts, and operators Anyone interested in learning about selection, design, analysis and optimum operation of artificial lift and related production systems will benefit from this course. Course Level Intermediate Advanced Training Methods The training instructor relies on a highly interactive training method to enhance the learning process. This method ensures that all participants gain a complete understanding of all the topics covered. The training environment is highly stimulating, challenging, and effective because the participants will learn by case studies which will allow them to apply the material taught in their own organization. Course Duration: 5 days in total (35 hours). Training Schedule 0830 - Registration 0900 - Start of training 1030 - Morning Break 1045 - Training recommences 1230 - Lunch Break 1330 - Training recommences 1515 - Evening break 1530 - Training recommences 1700 - End of Training The maximum number of participants allowed for this training course is 20. This course is also available through our Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) format. Prerequisites: Understanding of petroleum production concepts. Each participant needs a laptop/PC for solving class examples using software to be provided during class. Laptop/PC needs to have a current Windows operating system and at least 500 MB free disk space. Participants should have administrator rights to install software. Trainer Your expert course leader has over 35 years' work-experience in multiphase flow, artificial lift, real-time production optimization and software development/management. His current work is focused on a variety of use cases like failure prediction, virtual flow rate determination, wellhead integrity surveillance, corrosion, equipment maintenance, DTS/DAS interpretation. He has worked for national oil companies, majors, independents, and service providers globally. He has multiple patents and has delivered a multitude of industry presentations. Twice selected as an SPE distinguished lecturer, he also volunteers on SPE committees. He holds a Bachelor's and Master's in chemical engineering from the Gujarat University and IIT-Kanpur, India; and a Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Tulsa, USA. Highlighted Work Experience: At Weatherford, consulted with clients as well as directed teams on digital oilfield solutions including LOWIS - a solution that was underneath the production operations of Chevron and Occidental Petroleum across the globe. Worked with and consulted on equipment's like field controllers, VSDs, downhole permanent gauges, multiphase flow meters, fibre optics-based measurements. Shepherded an enterprise-class solution that is being deployed at a major oil and gas producer for production management including artificial lift optimization using real time data and deep-learning data analytics. Developed a workshop on digital oilfield approaches for production engineers. Patents: Principal inventor: 'Smarter Slug Flow Conditioning and Control' Co-inventor: 'Technique for Production Enhancement with Downhole Monitoring of Artificially Lifted Wells' Co-inventor: 'Wellbore real-time monitoring and analysis of fracture contribution' Worldwide Experience in Training / Seminar / Workshop Deliveries: Besides delivering several SPE webinars, ALRDC and SPE trainings globally, he has taught artificial lift at Texas Tech, Missouri S&T, Louisiana State, U of Southern California, and U of Houston. He has conducted seminars, bespoke trainings / workshops globally for practicing professionals: Companies: Basra Oil Company, ConocoPhillips, Chevron, EcoPetrol, Equinor, KOC, ONGC, LukOil, PDO, PDVSA, PEMEX, Petronas, Repsol, , Saudi Aramco, Shell, Sonatrech, QP, Tatneft, YPF, and others. Countries: USA, Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, China, Croatia, Congo, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Oman, Mexico, Norway, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Saudi Arabia, S Korea, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, UAE, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela. Virtual training provided for PetroEdge, ALRDC, School of Mines, Repsol, UEP-Pakistan, and others since pandemic. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

CWDP training course description The CWDP course consists of instructor-led training applicable to the design of wireless LANs using the latest technologies including 802.11n and 802.11ac. The course goes in-depth into the design process and provides attendees with the knowledge needed to plan, deploy and test modern 802.11-based networks. It also prepares students for the CWDP examination. Students who complete the course will acquire the necessary skills for preparing, planning performing and documenting site surveys and wireless LAN design procedures. What will you learn Design enterprise WiFi networks. Select appropriate antennas and Access points. Perform site surveys. Describe the security requirements required for enterprise networks. Test, validate and troubleshoot installations. CWDP training course details Who will benefit: Anyone looking for the skills to analyze, troubleshoot, and optimize any enterprise level Wi-Fi network, no matter which brand of equipment your organization deploys. Anyone looking to become a CWNP. Prerequisites: CWNA Duration 5 days CWDP training course contents WLAN design overview Importance of good design, Impact of bad design, Design process, Design skills, Design toolkit. Requirements analysis Pre-planning, Customer interaction, Requirements gathering, Discovering existing systems, Documenting the environment, Defining constraints, Creating documentation. Designing for clients and applications Client Device types, Application types, Application-specific design, High density design issues. Designing for industry Standard corporate networks, Industry-specific designs, Government, Healthcare, Hospitality, Retail, Public hotspots, Transportation, Mobile offices, Outdoor and mesh, Remote networks and branch offices, Last-miles / ISP and bridging. Vendor selection processes Defining vendor issues, Operational planes, Design models, Understanding architectures. Radio Frequency (RF) planning RF spectrum, RF behaviors, Modulation and coding schemes, RF accessories, Throughput factors. WLAN hardware selection Antennas, 802.11n and antennas, Choosing Aps, Powering Aps. Site surveys Site survey tools, Site survey preparation, Predictive site surveys, Manual site surveys, Site survey principles and processes. Designing for Quality of Service (QoS) QoS overview, QoS application points, Roaming support. Designing for security Bad security, Authentication solutions, Encryption solutions, Security best practices, Intrusion prevention. Installation testing, validation and troubleshooting Network health status, Troubleshooting and validation process, Troubleshooting and validation tools, Common problems. Hands-on lab exercises Hands-on labs depend on the audience and can include use of: Spectrum analyzers, Protocol analyzers, Site Survey software, Diagramming software, Various wireless access points, Various wireless adapters and antennas.