1015 FA courses in Coventry

Overview Overview The purpose of this course is to enable participants to understand and apply the principles of emergency response planning and crisis management. It considers the need for emergency and crisis response planning and an integrated approach to emergency management. Training typically covers: Crisis management structure and staffing an emergency response team Incident reporting and notification Operational processes Guidance of facility response policies and procedures Annual testing and evaluation of the crisis management plan Upcoming Events Online (USD 1950) Online Streaming Live (Flexible Dates) At Venue (USD 4500) Dubai 13 March - 17 March Istanbul 20 March - 24 March London 20 March - 24 March For more dates and Venue, Please email sales@gbacorporate.co.uk

Support The analysation of options to a resolution Understanding of families perspective Mediation methods Emotional intelligence Compromise methods 6 sessions 1 hour each Implementation of diplomacy tactics Conclusion and 1 session with family member that issue is stemming from 1 free follow up call of 30 mins after package is completed https://relationshipsmdd.com/product/m-d-d-my-family-hates-my-partner-package/

About this Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) This 5 half-day Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) course will assist energy professionals in the planning and operation of a power system from renewable energy sources. The VILT course will discuss key operating requirements for an integrated, reliable and stable power system. The unique characteristics of renewable energy are discussed from a local, consumer centric and system perspective, bringing to life the ever-changing paradigm in delivering energy to customers. The course will explore the technical challenges associated with interconnecting and integrating hundreds of gigawatts of solar power onto the electricity grid in a safe and reliable way. With references to international case studies, the VILT course will also demonstrate the state of the art methodologies used in forecasting solar power. The flexibility of the invertor-based resources will facilitate higher penetrations of photovoltaic, battery electricity storage systems and demand response while co-optimizing customer resources. The contribution of inverter-based generators that provides voltage support, frequency response and regulation (droop response), reactive power and power quality with a high level of accuracy and fast response will be addressed. Furthermore, this VILT course will also describe how microgrids' controllers can allow for a fully automated energy management. Distributed energy resources are analyzed in detail from a technical and financial aspect and will address the best known cost based methodologies such as project financing and cost recovery. Training Objectives Upon completion of this VILT course, participants will be able to: Learn about renewable energy resources, their applications and methods of analysis of renewable energy issues. Review the operational flexibility of renewable energy at grid level, distribution network and grid edge devices. Understand and analyze energy performance from main renewable energy systems. Get equipped on the insights into forecasting models for solar energy. Predict solar generation from weather forecasts using machine learning. Explore operational aspects of a complex power system with variability from both the supply & demand sides. Manage the impact of the design of a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) on the power system operation. Target Audience Engineers, planners and operations professionals from the following organizations: Energy aggregators who would like to understand the system operations of renewable energy power plants Renewable energy power system operator Energy regulatory agencies who aim to derive strategies and plans based on the feedback obtained from the power system operations Course Level Basic or Foundation Training Methods The VILT course will be delivered online in 5 half-day sessions comprising 4 hours per day, including time for lectures, discussion, quizzes and short classroom exercises. Course Duration: 5 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (20 hours in total). Trainer Your first expert course leader is a Utility Executive with extensive global experience in power system operation and planning, energy markets, enterprise risk and regulatory oversight. She consults on energy markets integrating renewable resources from planning to operation. She led complex projects in operations and conducted long term planning studies to support planning and operational reliability standards. Specializing in Smart Grids, Operational flexibilities, Renewable generation, Reliability, Financial Engineering, Energy Markets and Power System Integration, she was recently engaged by the Inter-American Development Bank/MHI in Guyana. She was the Operations Expert in the regulatory assessment in Oman. She is a registered member of the Professional Engineers of Ontario, Canada. She is also a contributing member to the IEEE Standards Association, WG Blockchain P2418.5. With over 25 years with Ontario Power Generation (Revenue $1.2 Billion CAD, I/S 16 GW), she served as Canadian representative in CIGRE, committee member in NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada), and Senior Member IEEE and Elsevier since the 90ties. Our key expert chaired international conferences, lectured on several continents, published a book on Reliability and Security of Nuclear Power Plants, contributed to IEEE and PMAPS and published in the Ontario Journal for Public Policy, Canada. She delivered seminars organized by the Power Engineering Society, IEEE plus seminars to power companies worldwide, including Oman, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Portugal, South Africa, Japan, Romania, and Guyana. Your second expert course leader is the co-founder and Director of Research at Xesto Inc. Xesto is a spatial computing AI startup based in Toronto, Canada and it has been voted as Toronto's Best Tech Startup 2019 and was named one of the top 10 'Canadian AI Startups to Watch' as well as one of 6th International finalists for the VW Siemens Startup Challenge, resulting in a partnership. His latest app Xesto-Fit demonstrates how advanced AI and machine learning is applied to the e-commerce industry, as a result of which Xesto has been recently featured in TechCrunch. He specializes in both applied and theoretical machine learning and has extensive experience in both industrial and academic research. He is specialized in Artificial Intelligence with multiple industrial applications. At Xesto, he leads projects that focus on applying cutting edge research at the intersection of spatial analysis, differential geometry, optimization of deep neural networks, and statistics to build scalable rigorous and real time performing systems that will change the way humans interact with technology. In addition, he is a Ph.D candidate in the Mathematics department at UofT, focusing on applied mathematics. His academic research interests are in applying advanced mathematical methods to the computational and statistical sciences. He earned a Bachelor's and MSc in Mathematics, both at the University of Toronto. Having presented at research seminars as well as instructing engineers on various levels, he has the ability to distill advanced theoretical concept to diverse audiences on all levels. In addition to research, our key expert is also an avid traveler and plays the violin. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

Elevate your expertise in LNG terminal operations safety through our classroom training course. Energyedge provides industry-leading expertise and guidance.

About this Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) This Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) course presents advanced methodologies that implement demand response and energy conservation programs in light of the integration of new technologies, regulatory changes and the accelerated penetration of renewable energy resources. This VILT course provides examples and case studies from North American and European jurisdictions covering the operational flexibilities on the demand side including requirements for new building codes to achieve zero net energy. The course describes a public agency's goals and objectives for conserving and otherwise reducing energy consumption and managing its demand for energy. This course presents the demand response implemented for economics and system security such as system balancing and relieving transmission congestion, or for system adequacy. The course also presents the principal attributes of conservation programs and the associated success criteria. In a system with increased penetration of renewable resources, demand response provides flexibility to system operators, helping them to maintain the reliability and the security of supply. Demand response is presented as a competitive alternative to additional power sources, enhancing competition and liquidity in electricity markets. The unique characteristics are discussed from a local, consumer centric and also from a system perspective bringing to life the ever changing paradigm for delivery energy to customers. Interoperability aspects and standards are discussed, as well as the consumer centric paradigm of Transactive Energy with IOT enabled flexibilities at system level, distribution networks and microgrids. The VILT course introduces the blockchain as a new line of defense against cyber threats and its increasing application in P2P transactions and renewable certificates. Our trainer's industry experience spans three decades with one of the largest Canadian utilities where she led or contributed to large operational studies and energy policies and decades of work with IEEE, NSERC and CIGRE. Our key expert also approaches to the cross sectional, interdisciplinary state of the art methodologies brings real life experience of recent industry developments. Training Objectives Innovative Digital Technologies How systems Facilitate Operational Flexibility on the Demand Side The Ecosystem of Demand Side Management Programs Advanced Machine Learning techniques with examples from CAISO Regulatory Policy Context and how to reduce regulatory barriers Industry Examples from NERC and ENTSO Relevant Industry standards: IEEE and IEC Manage Congestion with Distributed Operational Flexibilities: Grid to Distribution Controls; examples from NERC (NA) and ENTSO (Europe) Grid solutions with IEC 61850 communication protocols Decentralized grid controls The New Grid with accelerated V2G and Microgrids How DSM is and will be applied in Your System: Examples and discussions Target Audience Regulators and government agencies advising on public energy conservation programs All professionals interested in expanding their expertise, or advancing their career, or take on management and leadership roles in the rapidly evolving energy sector Energy professionals implementing demand side management, particularly in power systems with increased renewable penetration, to allow the much needed operational flexibility paramount to maintaining the reliability and stability of the power system and in the same time offering all classes of customers flexible and economical choices Any utility professional interested in understanding the new developments in the power industry Course Level Basic or Foundation Training Methods The VILT course will be delivered online in 5 half-day sessions comprising 4 hours per day, with 2 x 10 minutes break per day, including time for lectures, discussion, quizzes and short classroom exercises. Course Duration: 5 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (20 hours in total). Trainer Your first expert course leader is a Utility Executive with extensive global experience in power system operation and planning, energy markets, enterprise risk and regulatory oversight. She consults on energy markets integrating renewable resources from planning to operation. She led complex projects in operations and conducted long term planning studies to support planning and operational reliability standards. Specializing in Smart Grids, Operational flexibilities, Renewable generation, Reliability, Financial Engineering, Energy Markets and Power System Integration, she was recently engaged by the Inter-American Development Bank/MHI in Guyana. She was the Operations Expert in the regulatory assessment in Oman. She is a registered member of the Professional Engineers of Ontario, Canada. She is also a contributing member to the IEEE Standards Association, WG Blockchain P2418.5. With over 25 years with Ontario Power Generation (Revenue $1.2 Billion CAD, I/S 16 GW), she served as Canadian representative in CIGRE, committee member in NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada), and Senior Member IEEE and Elsevier since the 90ties. Our key expert chaired international conferences, lectured on several continents, published a book on Reliability and Security of Nuclear Power Plants, contributed to IEEE and PMAPS and published in the Ontario Journal for Public Policy, Canada. She delivered seminars organized by the Power Engineering Society, IEEE plus seminars to power companies worldwide, including Oman, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Portugal, South Africa, Japan, Romania, and Guyana. Your second expert course leader is the co-founder and Director of Research at Xesto Inc. Xesto is a spatial computing AI startup based in Toronto, Canada and it has been voted as Toronto's Best Tech Startup 2019 and was named one of the top 10 'Canadian AI Startups to Watch' as well as one of 6th International finalists for the VW Siemens Startup Challenge, resulting in a partnership. His latest app Xesto-Fit demonstrates how advanced AI and machine learning is applied to the e-commerce industry, as a result of which Xesto has been recently featured in TechCrunch. He specializes in both applied and theoretical machine learning and has extensive experience in both industrial and academic research. He is specialized in Artificial Intelligence with multiple industrial applications. At Xesto, he leads projects that focus on applying cutting edge research at the intersection of spatial analysis, differential geometry, optimization of deep neural networks, and statistics to build scalable rigorous and real time performing systems that will change the way humans interact with technology. In addition, he is a Ph.D candidate in the Mathematics department at UofT, focusing on applied mathematics. His academic research interests are in applying advanced mathematical methods to the computational and statistical sciences. He earned a Bachelor's and MSc in Mathematics, both at the University of Toronto. Having presented at research seminars as well as instructing engineers on various levels, he has the ability to distill advanced theoretical concept to diverse audiences on all levels. In addition to research, our key expert is also an avid traveler and plays the violin. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

UK Sedation & Mellow Dental Presents: The New Starter Sedation Course for Dentists and Dental Nurses With Dr Roy Bennett and Dr Robert Endicott Are you a dentist or Dental Nurse looking to expand your skills and provide a more comfortable experience for your patients? If so, we’ve got the perfect opportunity for you. Introducing our brand-new, comprehensive New Starter Sedation Course. This innovative course is brought to you by two leading names in dental education – UK Sedation and Mellow Dental. Our commitment is to empower you with the skills and confidence to provide effective sedation in your practice. The Starter Sedation Course spans two days, offering a blend of online and face-to-face learning for the best educational experience: 🌐 Day 1 – Online Learning: Dive into the theory of dental sedation from the comfort of your own home. Our expert instructors will guide you through comprehensive video tutorials, live webinars, and interactive quizzes, making learning both easy and engaging! 👥 Day 2 – Face-to-Face Workshop: Put your newfound knowledge into action with a hands-on, practical workshop held at one of our state-of-the-art training facilities. Here, you’ll learn directly from experienced professionals in a safe, supportive environment. Once those two parts are complete, you have all the theory training required to enter the mentoring phase of your training. 🌐 Post course – Exclusive access to our online mentoring and logging programme. You need to carry out at least 20 mentored cases in practice after the course and our programme helps you accomplish this once you have sourced a mentor. We can help you find a mentor with our extensive list, including some of the team at UKSedation.  Once at least 20 cases are completed mentored, you are then free to carry out IV Sedation independently. THE FEES WILL BE £1100 FOR DENTISTS AND £550 FOR DENTAL NURSES, INCLUDING ALL RESOURCE MATERIALS. IF BOOKING DENTIST AND NURSE TOGETHER USE PRODUCT CODE “UKSEDATION250” TO GET A £250 DISCOUNT ON THE NURSES TICKET. New course also delegates get access to exclusive offers from dental sedation equipment providers Once mentoring is completed, there is an additional fee of £150 for final certification. Key features of the course: Comprehensive Curriculum: Covering everything from patient assessment, sedation techniques, monitoring, and emergency protocols, our course gives you all the tools you need to safely administer dental sedation. Expert Instruction: Our instructors are experienced sedation practitioners who are passionate about sharing their knowledge. CPD Certified: The course is fully accredited for Continuing Professional Development, providing 14 verifiable sedation CPD hours upon completion. Post-course Support: We’re committed to your ongoing development, offering post-course support and resources to help you apply your new skills confidently in your practice. Mentoring – at UkSedation we can provide the mentors to visit your practice to help you with your required 20 cases (charged separately). We will train you in how to find the patients who would benefit from sedation and to have that discussion with them. Whether you’re a newly qualified dentist or nurse or a seasoned practitioner looking to expand your services, our New Starter Sedation Course is the perfect stepping stone to elevate your practice and help many more patients visit the dentist. Don’t miss out on this fantastic opportunity to enhance your professional skills, deliver better patient care, and grow your practice. Limited spaces are available, so sign up today and take the next step in your dental career with the UK Sedation & Mellow Dental’s New Starter Sedation Course. Course Includes 24 Lessons 14 Quizzes Course Certificate About Instructor Rob Endicott Roy Bennett Dr Roy Bennett is the director of Mellow Dental Training, IACSD accredited trainer and mentor and former director of Portmans Dental Care. Dr Rob Endicott is an IACSD accredited trainer and mentor and is the ViceChair of the ADAS (Association of Dental Anaesthetists and Sedationists)

Portfolio, Programme, and Project Offices (P3O®) Foundation: In-House Training P3O® is the AXELOS standard for the design of decision-making processes regarding changes in organizations. P3O provides a guideline for the design of portfolio, programme, and project offices in organizations. The P3O Foundation course is an interactive learning experience. The P3O Foundation-level content provides you with sufficient knowledge and understanding of the P3O guidance to interact effectively with, or act as an informed member of, an office within a P3O model. It enables you to successfully complete the associated P30 Foundation exam and achieve the qualification. In this course, you will be prepared to successfully attempt the P3O Foundation exam and learn how to implement or re-energize a P3O model in their own organization. What you will Learn Individuals certified at the P3O Foundation level will be able to: Define a high-level P3O model and its component offices List the component offices in a P3O model Differentiate between Portfolio, Programme, and Project Management List the key functions and services of a P3O List the reasons for establishing a P3O model Compare different types of P3O models List the factors that influence selection of the most appropriate P3O model for an organization Define the processes to implement or re-energize a P3O Benefits: Fast-track programme for those who want to achieve P3O Foundation qualification Practical case study and scenarios Attractive slides and course book Introduction to P3O What is the purpose of P3O? Definitions What are P3Os? Portfolio, programme, and project lifecycles Governance and the P3O Designing a P3O Model Factors that affect the design Design considerations What functions and services should the P3O offer? Roles and responsibilities Sizing and tailoring of the P3O model Introduction to P3O What is the purpose of P3O? Definitions What are P3Os? Portfolio, programme, and project lifecycles Governance and the P3O Designing a P3O Model Factors that affect the design Design considerations What functions and services should the P3O offer? Roles and responsibilities Sizing and tailoring of the P3O model Why Have a P3O? How a P3O adds value Maximizing that value Getting investment for the P3O Overcoming common barriers Timescales How to Implement or Re-Energize a P3O Implementation lifecycle for a permanent P3O Identify Define Deliver Close Implementation lifecycle for a temporary programme or project office Organizational context Definition and implementation Running Closing Recycling How to Operate a P3O Overview of tools and techniques Benefits of using standard tools and techniques Critical success factors P3O tools P3O techniques

Management of Value (MoV®) Foundation This interactive MoV® Foundation course provides a modular and case-study-driven approach to learning Management of Value (MoV). The core knowledge is structured and comprehensive; and well-rounded modules cover the methodology and various techniques. A case study is used to help appreciate the relevance of MoV in its practical application. What you will Learn Upon completion of an MoV course candidates should be able to discuss and explain: The main processes and techniques used within MoV and the reasons for using them How MoV may be applied at portfolio, program, project and operational levels The differences in applying MoV at different stages in a project and the expected outputs from a MoV Study at each stage The circumstances under which MoV should be used The concept of value and how value may be improved The main benefits arising from the use of MoV Approaches for implementing MoV How to respond to external and internal influences The principles of embedding MoV into an organization The key topics in document checklists, the toolbox, health check, organizational maturity and individual competence. Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to: Organize and contribute constructively to a Management of Value (MoV) Study Demonstrate a knowledge of MoV principles, processes, approach and environment Analyse a company, program or project to establish its organizational value; includes identification and weighting of Value Drivers Pass the AXELOS MoV Foundation Examination Introduction to value management and MoV Value and Value Management Capabilities, Outcomes, Benefits and Disbenefits What is Value? What is Management of Value (MoV)? Why use MoV? Where use MoV? When MoV should be used? What using MoV involve? Selected MoV benefits Relationship with other AXELOS Global Best Practices and Models How MoV fits with other AXELOS Global Best Practice Guides MoV principles Align with organization's objectives Focus on functions and required outcomes Balance the variables to maximise value Apply throughout the investment decision Tailor MoV to suit the subject Learn from experience and improve Assign clear roles and responsibilities and build a supportive culture MoV processes Frame the programme or project Gather information Analyse information Process information Evaluate and select Develop Value Improving Proposals Implement and share outputs MoV techniques Function Analysis Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) Traditional (or classic) FAST Technical FAST Customer FAST Value Trees Measuring value Value profiling (a.k.a. value benchmarking) Simple multi-attribute rating technique (a.k.a. SMART) Value index Value metrics Value for money (VfM) ratio Value Engineering / Analysis Common techniques used in MoV Analysis of information Benchmarking Process Mapping Root Cause Analysis Discounted Cash Flow Analysis Generating Ideas Brainstorming Evaluation and option selection Option Selection Matrix Idea selection Allocation to Categories Idea Selection Matrix Weighting techniques Paired Comparisons Points Distribution Developing VIPs Developing Proposals Cost Benefit Analysis Building Decisions Implementing VIPs Implementation Plans Feedback Following up Tracking Benefits Approach to Implementation Generic approach to MoV implementation Plan the MoV activities Understand and articulate value Prioritize value Improve value Quantify value Monitor improvements in value Learn lessons Environmental factors Portfolio Considerations Programme considerations Project considerations Operational Considerations Embedding MoV into an organization Benefits of Embedding MoV into an organization MoV Policy MoV Policy Composition Embedding MoV into an organisation Key steps Suggested MoV Management Structure Overcoming barriers We do it anyway It takes up too much time We can't afford to make the changes What's in it for me? Don't fix it if it ain't broke Fixed returns on investment MoV products Briefing Meeting Agenda (A.1) Communications Checklist (A.2) Equipment list for an Effective Study/Workshop (A.3) Invitation to join the Study Team (A.4) Option Evaluation Matrix (A.5) Plan the Study (A.6) Recording Idea Selection (A.7) Reporting Study outputs (A.8) Scoping the Study (A.9) Study or Workshop Handbook (A.10) Value-Improvement Proposal Forms (A.11) Value Improvement Tracking Report (A.12) MoV toolbox MoV health check and maturity model P3M3 Maturity Model MoV Maturity Model (aligned with P3M3)

Better Business Cases™ Foundation: In-House Training: In-House Training Better Business Cases™ is based on the Five Case Model - which is the UK government's best practice approach to structuring spending proposals and making effective business decisions. Using this best practice approach will allow organizations to reduce unnecessary spending and improve the decision-making process which gives you a greater chance of securing necessary funding and support for initiatives. The goal of the foundation course is to enable participants to work effectively with a team to develop a strong business case in their work environment. What You Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Describe the philosophy and the underlying rationale of the Five Case Model Identify different types of business case, their purpose, who is responsible for them Recognize when the different types are required in the development of a spending proposal Develop the business case in relation to other recognized and recommended best practices for programme and project management Overview of the Five Case Model Five key components of a business case and the order in which they are presented Three key stages in the development of a spending proposal Definition of a programme / project and the key differences between programmes and projects Purpose of a Business Justification Case (BJC) and in what circumstances it should be considered Purpose of a Strategic Outline Case (SOC) Purpose of an Outline Business Case (OBC) Purpose of a Full Business Case (FBC) Relationship between policies, strategies, programmes, and projects and their deliverables Developing the Strategic Case Purpose and core content of a Strategic Case Purpose of SMART robust spending objectives and the key objectives for spend: economy, efficiency, effectiveness, re-procurement, and statutory or regulatory compliance Four main categories of benefits criteria and the parties involved in their development Three key categories of risk Purpose of identifying constraints and dependencies Difference between direct and indirect benefits Developing the Economic Case Purpose and core content of an Economic Case Purpose of critical success factors and the key critical success factors based upon the Five Case Model Purpose of the long list options and how to generate options and undertake SWOT analysis Minimum of four short-list options, how they are derived, and what they should include (Reference Project / Public Sector Comparator [PSC]) Difference between the preferred way forward and the preferred option Purpose, objectives, key participants, and outputs of Workshop Stage 2 - identifying and assessing the options Rules that should be followed for the treatment of costs and benefits Key differences between economic appraisals and financial appraisals Factors considered when selecting the preferred option Developing the Commercial Case Purpose and core content of a Commercial Case Guiding principles when apportioning risk between the contractual parties Purpose of payment mechanisms Purpose of Step 9 in the development framework: Contracting for the deal Developing the Financial Case Purpose and core content of a Financial Case The financial statements required for all projects The possible impacts to consider Developing the Management Case Purpose and core content of a Management Case Purpose of a programme / project management strategy, framework, and plan Purpose of a change management strategy, framework, and plan Purpose of a benefits realization strategy, framework, and register / plan Purpose of a risk management strategy, framework and register / plan Purpose of a post programme / project evaluation strategy, framework, and plan

DWDM training course description A concise overview of Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) with both Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) and Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) being covered. The course starts with a review of the relevant elements of fibre transmission and multiplexing before then studying WDM components and architectures. Reliability, resilience and management are then followed by WDM services and futures. What will you learn Explain the benefits of WDM. Describe Dispersion and four way mixing. Describe the different WDM equipment components. Describe different WDM architectures. Explain How DWDM works. DWDM training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with CWDM/DWDM. Prerequisites: Telecommunications Introduction Duration 2 days DWDM training course contents Fibre communications review Optical transmission, Fibre characteristics, Fibre component parts. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF). Single Mode Fibre (SMF). Fibre connections. Lasers. Attenuations, dispersion, optical signal noise ratios (OSNR) and their effects. Channel Spacing and Signal Direction. Limiting factors to single wavelength. WDM overview Multiplexing, TDM, WDM benefits. WDM standards. CWDM vs. DWDM. Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Impact and countermeasures to FWM on WDM. CWDM ITU G.694.2, channels, channel spacing. DWDM ITU G.694.1, channels, channel spacing. WDM Equipment Components Equipment components and building blocks. Optical Terminal Multiplexers (OTM). Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM). Adding versus dropping. Optical Amplifiers. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA). Transponders and Combiners. WDM/DWDM Hubs. Optical and Electrical Cross Connects (OXCs/DXCs). Types of Cross Connects (Transparent/Opaque). Advantages and disadvantages of various Optical cross connects. WDM Architectures WDM network sections. Point-to-Point, Optical switches, mesh, ring and star topology. Example of combined WDM and other technology network. Wavelength converting transponders, 1R, 2R, 3R. Protection for WDM Sub 50ms failover. Equipment protection. Card protection. Y cable, Splitter protection. Far end laser control. Line protection. OMSP 1+1, OMSP 1:1, OMSP 1: N. Self healing optical ring. Sub Network Connection Protection (SNCP). Automatically Switched Optical Networks (ASON). WDM Management Options In band management. Out of band management. The Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC). OSC capabilities. WDM services WDM Access. Bit rates, Transparent Networks. Modulation, DQPSK. SDH over WDM. Migrating from SDH to DWDM. Ethernet over WDM, IP over WDM. Optical Transport Networks G.709, 'digital wrapper', Optical Channel Payload Unit (OPU), Optical Channel Transport Unit ( OTU), Optical Channel Data Unit (ODU). OTU1, OTU2, OTU3, OTU4. WDM Futures All optical amplification, Raman amplification, distributed, lumped. Bit rates. Solitons. Coherent technologies.