ð« Welcome to the gateway of endless possibilities! Introducing our comprehensive course: Airport Management ð, your passport to a thriving career in the dynamic world of aviation. Whether you're an aspiring professional or a seasoned veteran looking to soar higher, this course is your runway to success. ï¸ Unlock Your Potential: In the fast-paced realm of airport management, staying ahead requires a blend of industry knowledge, strategic thinking, and operational expertise. Our course equips you with the essential skills and insights needed to navigate this complex landscape with confidence. From terminal operations to airside management, you'll gain a holistic understanding of the intricacies involved in running a successful airport. ð Benefits Galore: By enrolling in our Airport Management course, you'll reap a multitude of benefits that will set you apart in the competitive aviation industry: Expert Guidance: Learn from seasoned professionals and industry experts who bring real-world experience to the classroom. Practical Insights: Gain hands-on experience through case studies, simulations, and practical exercises that mirror real-life airport scenarios. Networking Opportunities: Connect with fellow students, instructors, and industry insiders to expand your professional network and uncover exciting career opportunities. Career Advancement: Elevate your career prospects and unlock new opportunities for growth and advancement within the aviation sector. Global Perspective: Explore the nuances of airport management on a global scale, preparing you for roles in diverse environments and settings. Who is this for? ð¨âï¸ Whether you're a recent graduate looking to kickstart your career in aviation, a seasoned professional seeking to broaden your skill set, or an entrepreneur with aspirations of venturing into airport management, this course is tailor-made for you. No matter your background or experience level, our program is designed to accommodate learners of all stripes and empower you to thrive in the dynamic world of airport management. Career Path: Upon completing our Airport Management course, a world of exciting career opportunities awaits: Airport Operations Manager: Oversee day-to-day operations, ensure compliance with safety regulations, and optimize efficiency to keep the airport running smoothly. Airline Operations Coordinator: Coordinate with airlines, ground services, and regulatory agencies to ensure seamless flight operations and exceptional customer service. Airport Security Manager: Implement and enforce security protocols to safeguard passengers, personnel, and assets against potential threats and risks. Aviation Consultant: Provide strategic guidance and expertise to airports, airlines, and other aviation stakeholders to optimize performance, streamline processes, and drive growth. Airport Planning and Development Specialist: Play a pivotal role in the expansion, modernization, and development of airport infrastructure and facilities to meet the evolving needs of travelers and stakeholders. In conclusion, our Airport Management course is your ticket to success in the dynamic and rewarding field of aviation. Are you ready to take off on your journey to greatness? Enroll today and let your career soar to new heights! ðï¸ Course Curriculum Module 1 Introduction to Airport Management Introduction to Airport Management 00:00 Module 2 Airport Operations Airport Operations 00:00 Module 3 Airport Planning and Development Airport Planning and Development 00:00 Module 4 Airport Finances and Economics Airport Finances and Economics 00:00 Module 5 Airport Operations and Safety Airport Operations and Safety 00:00
24-Hour Knowledge Knockdown! Prices Reduced Like Never Before Did you know that in England alone, there are over 20,000 sites designated for their importance for nature conservation? The UK faces a number of environmental challenges, from pollution to habitat loss. A recent report found that 99% of rivers fail good ecological status. Are you passionate about protecting our natural world? Do you want to understand the legal framework that governs human interaction with the environment? If so, this Environmental Law Bundle is the perfect place to start. With a single payment, you will gain access to Diploma in Environmental Law course, including 10 premium courses, a QLS Endorsed Hardcopy certificate (for the title course) and 11 PDF certificates for Absolutely free. This Environmental Law Bundle Package includes the following: Main Course: Advanced Diploma in Environmental Law at QLS Level 6 10 Additional CPDQS Accredited Premium Courses - Course 01: Environment Management Course Course 02: Environmental Health Course 03: Conservation Course 04: Agricultural Science Course 05: Botany Course 06: Land Management Course Course 07: Horticulture Diploma Course 08: Understanding of Homesteading Gardening Diploma Course 09: Gardening And Horticulture Course 10: Renewable Energy: Solar This comprehensive bundle provides a well-rounded education in environmental issues and how the law addresses them. You'll gain a strong foundation in environmental law principles, from pollution control to conservation practices. The bundle also explores practical skills like land management and renewable energy solutions. Whether you're interested in environmental policy, sustainable agriculture, or a career in horticulture, this bundle equips you with the knowledge and expertise to succeed. Learning outcome of this Environmental Law Bundle: Gain a thorough understanding of key environmental laws in the UK. Analyze the impact of human activities on the environment. Develop strategies for sustainable land management practices. Evaluate different renewable energy sources and their applications. Apply horticultural principles to cultivate healthy and sustainable gardens. Identify and implement best practices for environmental conservation. Don't miss this opportunity to make a positive impact! Enrol today and take the first step towards a greener future. Why Choose Us? Get a Free QLS Endorsed Certificate upon completion of Environmental Law Get a free student ID card with Environmental Law Training The Environmental Law is affordable and simple to understand This course is entirely online, interactive lesson with voiceover audio Lifetime access to the Environmental Law course materials The Environmental Law comes with 24/7 tutor support Start your learning journey straight away! ****Course Curriculum**** Main Course: Advanced Diploma in Environmental Law at QLS Level 6 Module 01: Legal System Module 02: What is Environmental Act Module 03: International Environment Act Module 04: Environmental Organisations Module 05: National Environmental Legacy Act Module 06: The Environment and Economics Part 1 Module 07: The Environment and Economics Part 2 Module 08: Climate Change Module 09: Environmental Impact Assessment Module 10: Nature Conservation Module 11: Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement Module 12: Sustainable Development Module 13: Compliance and Governance Module 14: Right to Information, Participation and Justice Module 15: Enforcement of Environmental Course 01: Environment Management Course Module 01: Environment and Ecology Module 02: Environmental Issues Module 03:How to Create a Vision Statement Module 04: Environmental Management System Module 05:What is a Mission Module 06: Environmental Law and Policy Module 07: Improving Environmental Performance Module 08: Environmental Management Audit Module 09: What is a Vision Module 10: Strategic Planning Process Course 02: Environmental Health Module 01: Intro To Environmental Health Module 02: Waste, Pollution And Pollutants Module 03: Environment, Pollution, Climate Change And Health Module 04: Recovering Resources And Managing Waste Module 05: Food Waste Module 06: Plastic Module 07: Air Pollution Module 08: Water Module 09: Environmental Sustainability =========>>>>> And 8 More Courses <<<<<========= How will I get my Certificate? After successfully completing the course, you will be able to order your Certificates as proof of your achievement. PDF Certificate: Free (Previously it was £12.99*11 = £143) QLS Endorsed Hard Copy Certificate: Free (For The Title Course: Previously it was £129) CPD 260 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? This Environmental Law is perfect for highly motivated people who want to improve their technical skills and prepare for the career they want! Requirements No prior background or expertise is required for this Environmental Law bundle. Career path After completing this bundle, you are to start your career or begin the next phase of your career. Environmental Solicitor Real Estate and Legal Counsel Business and Planning Advisor Paralegal Corporation Lawyer Industry Law Advocates Certificates Advanced Diploma in Environmental Law at QLS Level 6 Hard copy certificate - Included Please note that International students have to pay an additional £10 as a shipment fee. CPD Accredited Digital Certificate Digital certificate - Included Upon passing the Course, you need to order a Digital Certificate for each of the courses inside this bundle as proof of your new skills that are accredited by CPD QS for Free.
About this Training Course This interactive training course and workshop session is developed to provide a catalyst for transformation of the legacy systems and adapting to the upcoming trends in the near future in the LPG supply chain. The course curriculum is based on overcoming the challenges of cost and quality enhancement. Both challenges encompass critical review of each aspect from production to transportation with safety of operations and zero loss of energy, thereby enhancing revenue. Training Objectives This course is developed to meet the needs LPG producers, Gas Tankers and Terminals operators, and fraternity of stakeholders, with the following underlying objectives: Conduct assessment of current standards and management systems in context of market forces and economics of demand and supply; Explore impact of emerging markets and user segments of LPG transiting from oil or electricity use; Identify avenues in need of production process review for enhancing the quality in terms of energy content of LPG; Evaluate current and future trends in LPG transportation and the influence of regulatory regimes and incentive schemes, for investment in Storage Terminals and distribution networks; Identify the operations and protocols to be adaptable for compliance with new regulations and trends; Establish transportation and distribution cost control mechanism at optimum level; and Develop guidelines and SOPs for contamination free transfer, loading and discharging of LPG Tankers. Target Audience This is a 'must attend' course if you are a: LPG Gas Producer Process Specialist Buyer Trader LPG Tanker Owner Charterer, and Management personnel holding responsible positions such as Director, General Manager, Commercial Manager, Business Development Manager, Legal Counsel, Post-Fixtures Manager, Fleet Manager, Marine & Technical Superintendent, Senior Engineer or Middle Level Manager as part of succession planning. Training Methods The course will be delivered in 3 full-day sessions comprising 8 hours per day. Course Duration: 3 full-day sessions, 8 hours per session (24 hours in total). Trainer Principal Management Consultant FAIADR, FACICA, FHKIoD, M.S.I.D, Member, AIPN LL.M. (IP Laws), M. Sc. (Maritime Studies) M, Tech (Knowledge Engineering), MBA First Class CoC (DOT, UK), B. E. (Elect) Your expert course leader, during the last 45 year period, has worked and consulted in the industry verticals encompassing: Marine, Shipping & Transport, Technology, Oil & Gas Exploration & Production, Petrochemical Process Plants and Power Plant Construction Projects, Logistics & Warehousing, Offshore, Oil & Gas Pipelines, Infrastructure Development Projects (Construction, Ports, Offshore Supply Bases, Oil & Gas Terminals and Airports etcetera), EPCIC Contracts, and Shipyards, in South East Asia, Africa, Middle East, Americas and Europe. He is a Principal Management Consultant in a consulting company in Hong Kong and Singapore, specializing in the fields of corporate management consultancy, international contracts reviews and alternative dispute resolutions services. He has been frequently engaged for assignments like due diligence, acquisitions, and mergers. The assignments often involved resolving various operational issues, contracts reviews, cost controls, project management matters and enhancement of international procurement and Supply Chain Management systems. He continues to be actively engaged in advisory services for Remuneration, Audit and Risk Management Committees of public companies as well as MNCs. He has developed a special initiative for conducting audits of ERM Systems (Enterprise Risk Management) and valuation of intangible properties involving proprietary processes (IP), licensed production and intellectual property rights. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA in General Management, Master of Technology in Knowledge Engineering, Master of Science in Maritime Studies and LL.M. (IP Law). He also holds professional qualifications in arbitration, contracts laws, and marine engineering, including the Chief Engineer's First-Class Certificate of Competency (DOT, UK). He has been Associate, SIM University (SUSS) Singapore and taught on subjects including Business Continuity Planning and Risk Management. He has served as Director and member of Board of Management, Governance Councils and Risk Management Committees of international organizations. He is admitted to various professional institutions as: 'Fellow', Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (FACICA); Asian Institute of ADR (FAIADR), Malaysia; Hong Kong Institute of Directors (FHKIoD), Member, Singapore Institute of Directors (M.S.I.D.), and Member, Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN) USA. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations
Where should management effort be directed? In controlling costs and ensuring proper engineering in live projects? - yes, of course, but true cost control comes by understanding, eliminating and minimising risk prior to a business committing any funds. This course studies the stages required for practical financial and business appraisals of projects and capital expenditure. This course has two primary objectives: To impart the knowledge and skills required to ensure as risk-free as possible expenditure of that scarce resource, cash - the investors', governments' or shareholders' money must not be squandered To improve the quality of the appraisal process in the widest sense - demonstrating how the process of project and capital expenditure appraisal can be used to dramatically improve cost control and deliver as risk-free as possible expenditure As a result of the course, participants will be able to: Understand the economics of appraisal Be in control of their projects from the start Understand the economics of their projects - and devise the most appropriate mode Carry out sensitivity analysis and identify risk Improve their methods of appraisal and approach Focus on the risk areas and take out risk and control costs before they over-run The benefits of attending this course will be demonstrable from day one. Thorough appraisals and risk assessment follow through to success in project management and detailed cost control and project management. 1 Introduction Why appraise? Taking risk out of investment The short- and long-term results of not appraising business expenditure 2 Developing an appraisal process The process - overall and stage-by-stage objectives Understand business and technical risks Manage resources and time Do you invest enough time and effort at this stage? Take out the risks - control costs before you are committed to contracts and action Checklists 3 Appraisal arithmetic Review of the arithmetic of appraisalThe time value of moneyThe effects of different interest or required ratesThe effects of inflation (or deflation) in prices and costs Understanding the economics of appraisal is essential 4 Appraisal measures Meaning and use of appraisal measures Identifying the most appropriate measures for your particular business Payback Discounted cash flow measures - NPV and IRR Other measures - FW, AW, Profitability Index The meaning of the measures and their application in practice 5 Cost benefit analysis The effect on decision-making of more intangible benefits Cost benefit analysis Ensuring costs are genuine Measuring intangible benefits Environmental issues Consideration of intangible benefits in the appraisal decision-making process 6 Developing appropriate models Developing models - examples of spreadsheet models and measures for many different situations Modelling investment opportunities - summarising outcomes Sensitivity analysis - identifying, quantifying and taking out risk 7 Developing an appraisal process The process - managing risk from the outset Using the process in risk management, negotiating and project management Take out risk by thoroughly knowing your project - developing your own process
24-Hour Knowledge Knockdown! Prices Reduced Like Never Before Have you ever wondered how past conflicts shaped the world we live in today? Studies show that in the UK, nearly 50% of adults lack a strong grasp of historical events. This Military History Diploma Training equips you to explore the intricacies of warfare throughout history, fostering a deeper understanding of international relations and its lasting impact. This course isn't just about memorizing dates and names. You'll gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of warfare, from the tactics of the Roman legions to the complex strategies of modern-day conflicts. You'll explore the social, political, and economic factors that lead to war, analyse the impact of technological advancements on military strategy, and delve into the ethical and legal considerations of armed conflict. This Military History at QLS Level 4 course is endorsed by The Quality Licence Scheme and accredited by CPD QS (with 120 CPD points) to make your skill development & career progression more accessible than ever! With a single payment, you will gain access to Military History course, including 10 premium courses, a QLS hardcopy certificate (for the title course) and 11 PDF certificates for Absolutely free. This Military History Bundle Package includes: Course 01: Diploma in Military History at QLS Level 4 10 Additional CPDQS Accredited Premiums Courses - Course 01: International Relations Course 02: International Law Course 03: International Development Studies Course 04: Intermediate Economics Level 6 Course 05: Medieval History Course 06: Firefighter Training Course 07: Workplace First Aid Level 4 Course 08: Anxiety Management Course Course 09: Professional Diploma in Stress Management Course 10: Workplace Productivity Course Empower yourself with a richer historical perspective. Enroll in the Military History Diploma Training and unlock a world of knowledge that enhances your understanding of the present and paves the way for a more fulfilling career. Learning Outcomes of Military History Training Develop a comprehensive understanding of military history and its global implications. Gain insights into international relations, law, and development studies. Learn about economics and its role in military strategy. Understand medieval history and its influence on modern conflicts. Acquire practical skills in firefighting, first aid, and stress management. Enhance productivity and resilience in demanding work environments. Why Choose Us? Get a Free QLS Endorsed Certificate upon completion of Military History Get a free student ID card with Military History Training program (£10 postal charge will be applicable for international delivery) The Military History is affordable and simple to understand This course is entirely online, interactive lesson with voiceover audio Get Lifetime access to the Military History course materials The Military History comes with 24/7 tutor support Take a step toward a brighter future! Course 01: Diploma in Military History at QLS Level 4 Module 01: Introduction Module 02: Theories of Warfare Module 03: Military Weaponry and Aviation Module 04: Naval Warfare Module 05: Ground Warfare and Military Technology Module 06: The World Wars Module 07: The British Military History Module 08: Leadership and Command in War Course 01: International Relations Module 01: Understanding International Relations Module 02: Historical Context Module 03: Actors In International Relations Module 04: Theories In International Relations I: Realism And Liberalism Module 05: Theories In International Relations II: The Marxist, The Constructivist And The Feminist Tradition Module 06: International Political Economy Module 07: Recent Issues In International Relations Module 08: War Module 09: International Organisation Course 02: International Law Module 01: Basics Of International Law Module 02: Sources Of International Law Module 03: International Law And Municipal Law Module 04: International Organisations Module 05: International Law Of Human Rights Module 06: Private International Law Module 07: International Criminal Law Module 08: Law Of Treaties Module 09: Territory And Jurisdiction Module 10: Law Of The Sea Module 11: International Commercial Law Module 12: International Environmental Law =========>>>>> And 8 More Courses <<<<<========= How will I get my Certificate? After successfully completing the course, you will be able to order your QLS Endorsed Certificates and CPD Accredited Certificates as proof of your achievement. PDF Certificate: Free (Previously it was £12.99*11 = £143) QLS Endorsed Hard Copy Certificate: Free (For The Title Course: Previously it was £99) CPD 220 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Anyone interested in learning more about the topic is advised to take this bundle. This bundle is ideal for: History buffs Military enthusiasts Career changers Life-long learners Educators Requirements You will not need any prior background or expertise to enrol in this bundle. Career path After completing this bundle, you are to start your career or begin the next phase of your career. Historian Museum curator Researcher Teacher Journalist Analyst Certificates CPD Accredited Digital Certificate Digital certificate - Included Upon passing the Course, you need to order a Digital Certificate for each of the courses inside this bundle as proof of your new skills that are accredited by CPD QS for Free. Diploma in Military History at QLS Level 4 Hard copy certificate - Included Please note that International students have to pay an additional £10 as a shipment fee.
Since its inception in the 17th century, central banking has played a crucial role in managing monetary policy and regulating the financial system. Our course - "The Evolution of Central Banking: History and Trends" - explores the history of central banking, its evolution in modern times, and the challenges faced by central banks in the current economic climate. Join our course today and gain a comprehensive understanding of the world of central banking, perfect for students of economics, finance, and business. Learning outcomes: Gain a comprehensive understanding of the history of central banking and the international monetary system. Explore the modern roles and functions of central banking in the global economy. Learn about monetary policy implementation in financial market operations. Understand how money is created in the modern economy. Gain an understanding of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Explore financial stability and learn to identify potential risks. Gain insights into optimal monetary policy operations in times of crisis. In this course, "The Evolution of Central Banking: History and Trends," you will gain a comprehensive understanding of the history of central banking and its evolution over time. We'll start by examining the origins of central banking in the 17th century and trace its development up to modern times. You'll learn about the international monetary system and how it has influenced the evolution of central banking. Next, we'll delve into the modern roles and functions of central banking in the global economy. You'll gain a thorough understanding of how central banks operate and their crucial role in managing monetary policy. We'll explore the tools and techniques used by central banks to implement monetary policy and maintain financial stability. Our course also covers the challenges faced by central banks in crisis times. You'll learn about the monetary policy transmission mechanism and how central banks can respond to economic crises. We'll examine the risks and challenges associated with financial stability and identify potential threats to the global financial system. By the end of this course, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of central banking and its role in the global economy. Certification Upon completion of the course, learners can obtain a certificate as proof of their achievement. You can receive a £4.99 PDF Certificate sent via email, a £9.99 Printed Hardcopy Certificate for delivery in the UK, or a £19.99 Printed Hardcopy Certificate for international delivery. Each option depends on individual preferences and locations. CPD 10 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Students of economics, finance, or business seeking to gain knowledge about central banking. Professionals working in the finance industry looking to expand their knowledge of central banking. Anyone interested in gaining insights into the world of central banking. Individuals interested in learning about the history of central banking and its impact on the global economy. Researchers and academics seeking to expand their knowledge of central banking and monetary policy. Career path Economist - £35,000 to £80,000 per annum Financial analyst - £35,000 to £75,000 per annum Investment banker - £60,000 to £150,000 per annum Policy analyst - £25,000 to £60,000 per annum Government official - £20,000 to £70,000 per annum
Overview With the ever-increasing demand for Environmental Management in personal & professional settings, this online training aims at educating, nurturing, and upskilling individuals to stay ahead of the curve - whatever their level of expertise in Environmental Management may be. Learning about Environmental Management or keeping up to date on it can be confusing at times, and maybe even daunting! But that's not the case with this course from Compete High. We understand the different requirements coming with a wide variety of demographics looking to get skilled in Environmental Management . That's why we've developed this online training in a way that caters to learners with different goals in mind. The course materials are prepared with consultation from the experts of this field and all the information on Environmental Management is kept up to date on a regular basis so that learners don't get left behind on the current trends/updates. The self-paced online learning methodology by compete high in this Environmental Management course helps you learn whenever or however you wish, keeping in mind the busy schedule or possible inconveniences that come with physical classes. The easy-to-grasp, bite-sized lessons are proven to be most effective in memorising and learning the lessons by heart. On top of that, you have the opportunity to receive a certificate after successfully completing the course! Instead of searching for hours, enrol right away on this Environmental Management course from Compete High and accelerate your career in the right path with expert-outlined lessons and a guarantee of success in the long run. Who is this course for? While we refrain from discouraging anyone wanting to do this Environmental Management course or impose any sort of restrictions on doing this online training, people meeting any of the following criteria will benefit the most from it: Anyone looking for the basics of Environmental Management , Jobseekers in the relevant domains, Anyone with a ground knowledge/intermediate expertise in Environmental Management , Anyone looking for a certificate of completion on doing an online training on this topic, Students of Environmental Management , or anyone with an academic knowledge gap to bridge, Anyone with a general interest/curiosity Career Path This Environmental Management course smoothens the way up your career ladder with all the relevant information, skills, and online certificate of achievements. After successfully completing the course, you can expect to move one significant step closer to achieving your professional goals - whether it's securing that job you desire, getting the promotion you deserve, or setting up that business of your dreams. Course Curriculum Module 1 - INTRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 00:00 Module 2- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS AND GOALS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS AND GOALS 00:00 Module 3- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT- BUSINESS AND LAW ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT- BUSINESS AND LAW 00:00 Module 4- STANDARDS, MONITORING, MODELLING, ECO-AUDITING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS STANDARDS, MONITORING, MODELLING, ECO-AUDITING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 00:00 Module 5- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS 00:00 Module 6- ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT, IMPACT, HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT, IMPACT, HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT 00:00 Module 7- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE 00:00 Module 8- ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 00:00 Module 9 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 00:00
Embark on a comprehensive exploration of social sciences with our Diploma Course. Dive deep into diverse disciplines such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, and more. Gain valuable insights into human behavior, societal structures, and cultural dynamics. Whether you're a student, professional, or enthusiast, this course equips you with essential knowledge and critical thinking skills to navigate the complexities of the social world. Enroll now and embark on a rewarding journey of discovery in the realm of social sciences.