48 Divi courses in Droitwich Spa

LTE optimization training course description This course gives delegates an understanding of the Key Performance Indicators used within the 3G LTE (4G) network environment. We investigate the 3GPP standards for KPIs (including TR 32.814, TS 32.410 & TS 32.455) these cover GERAN, UMTS & LTE environments. The course details the optimisation procedures and the use of Self optimisation, Selforganising & Self-healing equipment now being deployed across all releases of mobile networks. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE optimization training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE optimization training course contents Introduction to the cellular environment The architecture, 2G (GSM), GPRS/EDGE, The NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Network), media gateway controller, 3GPP Rel99 the 3G introduction, HSPA deployments, 3G LTE (4G). Cellular network procedures GSM/GPRS call setup, GPRS data call setup, 3G UMTS data call setup, Data call (Voice over LTE) in LTE (using IMS), Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB) in LTE, IP packet session in LTE. Introduction to the standards The 3GPP specifications body, The numbering structure for KPIs, 2G KPIs, 3G/UMTS KPIs, 3G LTE KPIs, IMS KPIs. Introduction to the KPI definitions KPI definitions, accessibility KPIs, retainability KPIs, mobility KPIs, utilisation KPIs. In-depth overview of the air Interfaces GSM/GPRS FDMA & TDMA solution, 3G UMTS WCDMA solution, HSPA+ sharing spare power (Codes), The 3G LTE uplink & downlink interface explained, Initial attach procedures explained. Problem analysis Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR), handover success rates, power adjustments, classification of coverage problems, weak coverage & coverage holes, lack of dominant cells, cross coverage, improper tilt settings, uplink/downlink imbalance, signal quality, Azimuths & tilts to reduce interference, Handover failure due to interference, Service drop causes. Mobile RF performance in 2G/3G Performance counters, KPIs, testing & measurement, Drive testing and survey, Data collection and post processing of data, LTE service optimization, bandwidth, poor coverage, Quality, optimization process, KPI optimization, Root Cause Analysis (RCA) applied to RF issues, optimization tools and software. Advanced LTE network planning & optimization LTE UE measurements (RSRP/RSRQ), LTE capacity planning, RF configuration parameters, LTE cell selection/reselection planning, LTE radio network KPIs, LTE user-centric KPIs, LTE network performance KPIs, LTE system utilization KPIs, LTE RF channel performance predictions, LTE channel information processing, LTE channel multiplexing, Physical layer and structure, MIMO in LTE, LTE resource plan LTE and Self-Organizing Networks (SON). Radio network optimization work flow Work flow, the existing network, Optimization team establishment and cluster division, Single site verification, Alarm check, Cell state check, Radio parameters check, Site verification, Statistics analysis, Coverage problem analysis. Mobile internet and QoS issues Cellular QoS reference models. How QoS impact on KPIs and measurements, Introduction to mobile internet, The concept of shared access technologies, Support for QoS in the WCDMA environment, The PDP context model, Supporting end-to-end QoS, EPS bearer concepts, Default EPS bearer, Dedicated EPS bearer, APN-AMBR, UE-AMBR.

About this Training Course  This 3 full-day training course will introduce participants to the Microsoft Power BI® software solution for extracting, manipulating, visualising and analysing data. This is a very practical, hands-on course that takes participants through a series of exercises which help users understand the Power BI® environment, how to use the key areas of functionality, and how to apply the tools it contains to design and produce analyses of their own data. The first two days focus on learning the key concepts and practising these using clean, simple datasets. The third day provides participants with the opportunity to apply what they've learned to their own data. This makes the course far more relevant and meaningful for them, it allows our facilitator to help them structure their data models, queries and DAX formulas correctly, and it allows our facilitator to help them solve any additional problems that may arise but which were not covered as part of the standard the course. In addition, at the end of the day, each participant walks away with something of real, practical use for their job role. Many previous participants have remarked that they obtained the most value from the course during the third day because otherwise, they wouldn't be able to do what they need to do. This is an introductory course and although it does not assume any prior experience with Power BI®, participants will gain much more from the course if they have at least used Power BI® a little prior to attending. Participants who have taught themselves Power BI® will also benefit from attending as the course will fill-in a number of gaps in their knowledge and will also extend what they know. A general understanding of databases, Excel formulas, and Excel Pivot Tables is useful though not essential. Comprehensive course notes, exercises and completed solutions are included. Microsoft® PowerBI® is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Training Objectives Upon completion of this training course, participants will be able to: Confidently use the Power BI® solution, including Power BI® Desktop, PowerBI®.com and the Power BI® Gateway Extract data from a variety of data sources and manipulate the data extracted so it is ready for analysis Combine data sources together and gain an introductory understanding of the M language Write formulas using the DAX language for generating custom columns, measures and tables Design reports and dashboards using a wide range of both built-in and custom visuals Publish reports and dashboards to PowerBI®.com Share reports and dashboards with others using PowerBI®.com Customize reports and dashboards so that different user groups automatically see their own personalized views Target Audience This training course is intended for: Financial Analysts Accountants Budgeting and planning specialists Treasury Risk Managers Strategic Planners This is an introductory course and although it does not assume any prior experience with Power BI®, participants will gain much more from the course if they have at least used Power BI® a little prior to attending. Participants who have taught themselves Power BI® will also benefit from attending as the course will fill-in a number of gaps in their knowledge and will also extend what they know. A general understanding of databases, Excel formulas, and Excel Pivot Tables is useful though not essential. Comprehensive course notes, exercises and completed solutions are included. Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your expert course leader has a Masters (Applied Finance & Investment), B.Comm (Accounting & Information Systems), CISA, FAIM, F Fin and is a Microsoft Certified Excel Expert. He has over 20 years' experience in financial modelling, forecasting, valuation, model auditing, and management reporting for clients throughout the world. He is skilled in the development and maintenance of analytical tools and financial models for middle-market companies to large corporates, at all levels of complexity, in both domestic and international settings. He has trained delegates from a wide variety of Oil & Gas companies including Chevron, Woodside, BHP Billiton, Petronas, Carigali, Shell, Nippon, Eni, Pertamina, Inpex, and many more. He provides training in financial modelling for companies throughout the Asia, Oceania, Middle East and African regions. Before his current role, he spent 6 years working in the Corporate and IT Consulting divisions of a large, multinational Chartered Accounting firm. He is the author of a number of white papers on financial modelling on subjects such as Financial Modelling Best Practices and Financial Model Auditing. Highlights from his oil and gas experience include: Development of economic models to assist Decision Analysts modelling for a wide range of scenarios for multinational oil & gas assets. Auditing and further development of life of project models for Chevron's Strategic Planning Division analysing their North West Shelf assets. Development of business plan and budgeting models for multinational oil & gas assets. Development of cash flow and taxation models for a variety of oil gas companies. Consulting on Sarbanes Oxley spreadsheet remediation and risk assessment. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

About this Training Course This 5 full-day course has been designed to develop skills in understanding the geometry and petrophysical characteristics of carbonate reservoirs. Depositional fabric, grain type and size and subsequent diagenetic modifications are the major controls on carbonate reservoir behaviour. The complex inter-relationship of the depositional and burial history can be unravelled to allow prediction of reservoir facies and reconstruction of three-dimensional reservoir models. This course will demonstrate the value of the reservoir model in volumetric assessment and development of carbonate reservoirs. *Previous knowledge of carbonate sedimentology is not required. Course Content in Summary: Carbonate reservoirs: Basic principles; depositional concepts; grain types; textures and fabrics; environmental reconstruction. The reservoir model - depositional and diagenetic characteristics: Sabkha/tidal flat; lagoon; shelf; reef (rudist and coral/algal); barrier/shoal; slope and redeposited; aeolian and lacustrine; karst plays. Carbonate diagenesis: Primary and secondary porosity; compaction; pressure solution; cementation; dolomitisation; porosity generation and destruction; fractures. Carbonate sequence stratigraphy Log response in carbonate rocks: Gamma; sonic; neutron; density; FMS. Reservoir assessment: Fracture reservoirs; reservoir modelling; volumetric assessment in correlation and mapping; effects of capillary pressure; interface with engineering. Training Objectives By attending this course, participants will be able to: Understand carbonate depositional systems and controls. Recognise and model controls on reservoir quality and pore systems, including diagenesis and fracturing. Understand and apply carbonate seismic stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. Interpret log responses. Target Audience This course is intended for petroleum geologists, explorationists, petrophysicists, geophysicists and engineers involved with exploration of carbonate plays and development of carbonate reservoirs. Trainer Your expert course leader is a Director and Senior Consultant Geologist who has worked on various carbonate consultancy projects, conducted detailed sedimentological, sequence stratigraphic and diagenetic technical studies and delivered training programmes. He was formerly Managing Director of Robertson UK Limited and was responsible for the integration between different disciplines, recognition, and encouragement of technical innovation and research and development programmes across all oil and gas divisions in the company. He was also responsible for all aspects of the performance of the main Geological, Geophysical and Reservoir Engineering Services in the company. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

About this Training Course  This 3 full-day course covers the design of systems for natural gas handling and treatment from the wellhead to the gas processing plant to achieve marketable products that meet desired product specifications. This course will emphasize on field handling equipment and separation systems, dehydration, fluid measurement, sampling and analysis as well as introduction into reciprocating and centrifugal compressors. It will comprise interactive presentations including exercises/quizzes. This course can also be offered through Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) format. Training Objectives At the end of the course, the participants will be able to describe and explain the following: Gas processing principles of dehydration (water removal) by absorption, adsorption, refrigeration and low temperature separation (JT effect) and basic associated equipment Gas processing in-depth by absorption using glycol and glycol proper (Pre- Cooling requirements, Dew Point control and related processes). Glycol regeneration including principles of stripping, DRIZO and Coldfinger. Process equipment involved for water removal by absorption. (Knock out drums; Contactor - absorber and internals, heat exchangers, re-boilers, pumps, filters and glycol storage). Principles of gas metering and types of meter (Measurement Units (MJ, BTU, nM3, scf and conversions). Typical gas contracts & sales specifications. Gas pipeline operations. Target Audience Production and processing personnel involved with natural gas and associated liquids to acquaint or reacquaint themselves with gas conditioning and processing unit operations. This course is for production operations engineers, operations field supervisors, facility engineers, process engineers, design engineers, operations personnel and others who select, design, install, evaluate or operate gas processing plants and related facilities. Course Level Intermediate Trainer Your expert course leader has more than 25 years of accumulated experience in the Oil & Gas Industry, particularly in LNG / Offshore LNG Industry as Project Manager (8 years) and Process Technology Design (12 years). From 2010 to 2012, he worked for TOTAL E&P as Manager of R&D activities related to LNG, FLNG, Gas Treatment and Safety Engineering. From 1992 to 2010, he worked for Technip, spending 12 years (1992 to 2004) in the Process and Technology Division, where he was the Principal Engineer on gas treatment and LNG projects such as Yemen LNG and Nigeria LNG. From 2004 to 2010, he was actively involved in the development of Technip Offshore LNG technologies as Project Manager - several patents filed, author or co-author of different publications on LNG transfer technologies. He has also been a member of: the Foreign Advisory Committee on the 2nd Trondheim Technology Gas Conference, Norway, 2-3 November 2011 the Steering Committee on the SPE Forum 'Economic and Sustainability Challenges in the Future Development of Sour Gas', Bali, Indonesia, 8-13 May 2011 The Technip 'Experts Network' as 'Main Expert - LNG' for several years He holds a 'summa cum laude' master's degree in Chemical Engineering from Rome University 'La apienza' (1992) and has been a member of the Italian Register of Engineers. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

If you have at least 5 years working experience and you would like to attain Gold Card status via the Experienced Worker route by joining the City & Guilds 2346 NVQ Level 3, you will also need to hold the below two pre-requisite qualifications: City & Guilds 2391-52 Inspection and Testing Course C&G 2382-22 BS7671 18th Edition

The City & Guilds 2365 Level 3 Course is the natural progression for anyone who has completed the Level 2 Diploma 2365 course or related level 2 courses. On completion of this course you will then be able to undertake the Level 3 NVQ thus becoming recognised as a fully qualified electrical engineer within the industry with the ability to apply for JIB (Gold Card) membership upon successful completion of the AM2 Assessment. Further information on the Level 3 can be found here: C&G 2365 Level 3 Diploma in Electrical Installations — Optima Electrical Training (optima-ect.com)

If you want to start installing independently or with an electrical contractor look no further as this course will give you the skills and knowledge required. This package which will allow you to become a fully qualified domestic installer and enable you to join a Competent Person Self-Certification Scheme and certify your own domestic work.

About this Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) Hydrogen will play an increasingly critical role in the future of energy system as it moves forward to supplement and potentially replace fossil fuels in the long run. Offshore wind offers a clean and sustainable renewable resource for green hydrogen production. However, it can also be volatile and presents inherent risks that need to be managed. Even though offshore production of hydrogen has yet to achieve a high state of maturity, many current projects are already dealing with the conditions and effects of offshore production of hydrogen and are grappling with the technological requirements and necessary gas transportation with grid integration. This 2 half-day Virtual Instructor Lead Training (VILT) course will examine the technological options for on-site production of hydrogen by electrolysis (onshore or offshore directly at the platform) as well as the transport of hydrogen (pipeline or ship). This VILT course will also explore the economic considerations and the outlook on future market opportunities. There will be exercises for the participants to work on over the two half-days. This course is delivered in partnership with Fraunhofer IEE. Training Objectives By the end of this VILT course, participants will be able to: Understand the technological attributes and options for green hydrogen production based on electricity from offshore wind. Explore the associated economic analysis for offshore wind hydrogen production, including CAPEX, OPEX, LCOE and LCOH Identify the critical infrastructure and technical configuration required for offshore green hydrogen including transportation networks and grid connectivity Learn from recent findings from current Research & Development projects concerning the differences between onshore and offshore hydrogen production. Target Audience This VILT course is intended: Renewable energy developers and operators Offshore oil & gas operators Energy transport and marine operators Energy policy makers and regulators IPPs and power utilities Training Methods The VILT course will be delivered online in 2 half-day sessions comprising 4 hours per day, including time for lectures, discussion, quizzes and short classroom exercises. Course Duration: 2 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (8 hours in total). Trainer Trainer 1: Your expert course leader is Director of Energy Process Technology Division at the Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology, IEE. The research activities of the division link the areas of energy conversion processes and control engineering. The application fields covered are renewable energy technologies, energy storage systems and power to gas with a strong focus on green hydrogen. From 2006 - 2007, he worked as a research analyst of the German Advisory Council on Global Change, WBGU, Berlin. He has extensive training experience from Bachelor and Master courses at different universities as well as in the context of international training activities - recently on hydrogen and PtX for partners in the MENA region and South America. He holds a University degree (Diploma) in Physics, University of Karlsruhe (KIT). Trainer 2: Your expert course leader is Deputy Head of Energy Storage Department at Fraunhofer IEE. Prior to this, he was the director of the Grid Integration Department at SMA Solar Technology AG, one of the world's largest manufacturers of PV power converters. Before joining SMA, he was manager of the Front Office System Planning at Amprion GmbH (formerly RWE TSO), one of the four German transmission system operators. He holds a Degree of Electrical Engineering from the University of Kassel, Germany. In 2003, he finished his Ph.D. (Dr.-Ing.) on the topic of wind power forecasting at the Institute of Solar Energy Supply Technology (now known as Fraunhofer IEE) in Kassel. In 2004, he started his career at RWE TSO with a main focus on wind power integration and congestion management. He is Chairman of the IEC SC 8A 'Grid Integration of Large-capacity Renewable Energy (RE) Generation' and has published several papers about grid integration of renewable energy source and forecasting systems on books, magazines, international conferences and workshops. Trainer 3: Your expert course leader is Deputy Director of the Energy Process Technology division and Head of the Renewable Gases and Bio Energy Department at Fraunhofer IEE. His work is mainly focused on the integration of renewable gases and bioenergy systems into the energy supply structures. He has been working in this field since more than 20 years. He is a university lecturer in national and international master courses. He is member of the scientific advisory council of the European Biogas Association, member of the steering committee of the Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture, member of the International Advisory Committee (ISAC) of the European Biomass Conference and member of the scientific committees of national bioenergy conferences. He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Darmstadt, Germany. He received his Doctoral degree on the topic of aerothermodynamics of gas turbine combustion chambers. He started his career in renewable energies in 2001, with the topic of biogas fired micro gas turbines. Trainer 4: Your expert course leader has an M. Sc. and she joined Fraunhofer IEE in 2018. In the Division of Energy Process Technology, she is currently working as a Research Associate on various projects related to techno-economic analysis of international PtX projects and advises KfW Development Bank on PtX projects in North Africa. Her focus is on the calculation of electricity, hydrogen and derivative production costs (LCOE, LCOH, LCOA, etc) based on various methods of dynamic investment costing. She also supervises the development of models that simulate different PtX plant configurations to analyze the influence of different parameters on the cost of the final product, and to find the configuration that gives the lowest production cost. She received her Bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering at the HAWK in Göttingen and her Master's degree in renewable energy and energy efficiency at the University of Kassel. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

Essential optical transmission course description Transmission is the process of sending information along a medium of, copper, fibre or wireless. This course looks at transmission techniques for fibre networks. The course aims to demystify the technologies involved by explaining all the buzzwords used in optical transmission. What will you learn Describe various optical transmission technologies. Explain how SDH and OTN work. Explain how WDM, CWDM and DWDM work. Explain PON, GPON and GEPON. Essential optical transmission course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in telecommunications. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days Essential optical transmission course contents Transmission basics nsmission basics Systems, media, signals. Signal degradation, noise, distortion, attenuation. Digital, analogue. Modulation, encoding. Fibre transmission Fibre vs copper, optical transmission, fibre characteristics, fibre component parts. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF). Single Mode Fibre (SMF). Fibre connections. Lasers. Attenuations, dispersion, optical signal noise ratios (OSNR) and their effects. Channel Spacing and Signal Direction. Limiting factors to single wavelength. SDH Timing and synchronisation of digital signals, the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), service protection with SDH. TDM. Standards, basic units, frames, STM1 frame, bit rates, STM0, STM1, STM4, STM16, STM64, STM256, SDH architecture, rings, Add drop multiplexors. SDH network topologies, structure of SDH equipment, SDH synchronisation, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, Ethernet over SDH. OTN G.709, OTN interface structure, Optical transport modules, ONNI, OCh, OUT, ODU, OPU. G.709 amendments. WDM overview Multiplexing, TDM, WDM benefits. WDM standards. CWDM vs. DWDM. Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Impact and countermeasures to FWM on WDM. DWDM ITU G.694.1, channel and spacing. Optical Terminal Multiplexers (OTM). Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM). Adding versus dropping. Optical Amplifiers. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA). Transponders and Combiners. Optical and Electrical Cross Connects (OXCs/DXCs). Cross Connect types (Transparent/Opaque). Advantages and disadvantages of various Optical cross connects. FTTx Fibre installation and air blown fibre, FTTH, FTTC, FTTN, FTTD, FFTH topologies and wavelengths, active or passive optical network. PON variants Gigabit passive optical network (GPON), Gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON), Time division PON (TDM-PON), XG-PON, Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps FSAN (Full Service Access Network) NGA (Next Generation Access), Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play.

Essential GEPON training course description Designed to benefit those requiring an in depth knowledge of the principles and applications of the IEEE Ten Gigabit Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Networking and Fibre to the X in NG network applications and their associated equipment, its flexibility and function within a modern transmission network. Using an effective mix of instruction and correlation to theory based learning the delegate will gain a complete understanding of the equipment and the tasks to be undertaken in a real life situation. What will you learn Compare FTTx networks. Compare PON variants. Recognise the GEPON architecture. Explain how GEPON works. Recognise GEPON issues. Essential GEPON training course details Who will benefit: Anyone requiring GEPON knowledge. Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications and networking. Duration 2 days Essential GEPON training course contents FTTN, FTTC, FTTH Single Mode Fibre (SMF) and various types, Multimode Fibre (MMF), Fibre Safety and properties (Dispersion/attenuation), Fibre Reel cables and types, Fibre installation and air blown fibre, Transmitters and receivers - power budget/laser classes, Fibre to the home (FTTH), FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet), FTTN (Fibre to the node), FTTD (Fibre to the Desk), FFTH Topologies and wavelengths, Active or Passive Optical Network (PON). WDM equipment and GPON OSP design Wavelength considerations, WDM/DWDM/CWDM EDFA optical amplification, AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating) splitters, Couplers (splitters) and losses, Optical splitters 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 2x64. IEEE PON variants Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GEPON), Time Division PON (TDM-PON), Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps, Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play. GEPON design GEPON OSP centralized design, GEPON OSP distributed design, GEPON PON splitters x4 x8 x32, Fibre splice trays / fibre cassette trays / fibre enclosures, GEPON field testing /GEPON field installation verification, GEPON physical layer testing, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR), Optical power source /Optical power meter, Optical Return Loss (ORL), APON/BPON/GPON/EPON/GEPON/10-GEPON comparison. IEEE 802.3ah GEPON: Ethernet in the first mile IEEE 802.3 options, Optical Ethernet options, Ethernet in the first mile, 1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-SX, IEEE 802.1Q VLANs, Q-in-Q and MAC-in-MAC. QofS Ethernet TOS and priority methods PCP and DiffServe, Reference model / terminology / architecture, Example of ONT functional blocks, Example of OLT functional blocks, FTTx scenarios, The four switching arrangements for external access network backup. IEEE 802.3av 10-GEPON Physical layer, 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LX4, 10GBASE-ER, 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASESW, 10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-EW, Enhancement band, Bit rate and wavelengths, Compatibility, Forward error correction. IEEE 802.3ca 25G, 50G and 100G NG-EPON MAC frame structure, Downstream multiplexing / Upstream multiplexing, Media access control and ONU registration, Alarm messages. IEEE 802.3bk extended EPON Laser Types PRX40 and PR40, Reference model. GEPON issues and standards GEPON components OLT / GEPON ONT and examples GEPON management, RG (Residential Gateway), HPNA (Home Phone Network Alliance), Power Line Carrier (PLC), GPON DLNI, G.hn or G.9960 MOCA, FTTH Council certification, Standard for network certification, Qualify for use of the fibre-connected home badge, GEPON frame synchronization to network timing, Direct clock synchronization interface (BITS), Multiservice Access Platform (MSAP), Software planning tool. Superconnected cities / voucher scheme. Ethernet OAM Link monitoring, remote failure indication, Remote loopback.