26352 Courses delivered Online

NFV training course description Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) brings many benefits, this training course cuts through the hype and looks at the technology, architecture and products available for NFV. What will you learn Explain how NFV works. Describe the architecture of NFV. Explain the relationship between NFV and SDN. Recognise the impact NFV will have on existing networks. NFV training course details Who will benefit: Anyone wishing to know more about NFV. Prerequisites: Introduction to Virtualization. Duration 2 days NFV training course content Introduction What is NfV? What are network Functions? NfV benefits, NfV market drivers. ETSI NfV framework. Virtualization review Server, storage and network virtualization and NfV. Virtual machines, containers and docker. Data centres, clouds, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS. Virtualization of Network Functions Network virtualization versus Network Function virtualization. ETSI NfV architecture ETSI documents, Architecture overview, compute domain, hypervisor domain, infrastructure network domain. IETF and NfV Creating services, Service Functions, Service Function Chaining. SPRING and source packet routing. YANG and NetConf. RESTCONF. VLANs, VPNs, VXLAN. MANO Management and Orchestration. OpenStack, OpenDaylight PaaS and NfV. The VNF domain. Service graphs, MANO descriptors, Open orchestration. The virtualization layer VM centric model, containers versus hypervisors, FD.io. Summary Deploying NfV, performance, testing. Futures.

Biogeography is the fascinating study of how the Earth’s living organisms are distributed across different environments. It examines how factors like climate, topography, and geography influence the diversity and distribution of plants, animals, and other organisms. This course delves into the principles that shape these patterns, exploring both historical and contemporary perspectives. Through studying the ways in which species adapt to their surroundings and migrate across regions, you'll develop a deeper understanding of how ecosystems function globally. From the tropical rainforests of South America to the icy expanses of the Arctic, this course explores how geographical features play a pivotal role in the survival and spread of species. Biogeography isn't just about nature—it's about the intricate relationship between life and the Earth's changing landscapes. Whether you're interested in conservation, environmental science, or simply intrigued by the natural world, this course offers a clear, engaging introduction to the forces that shape life on our planet. With a well-rounded foundation in biogeography, you'll be able to appreciate the complexity and beauty of the planet's biological networks. Key Features CPD Accredited FREE PDF + Hardcopy certificate Fully online, interactive course Self-paced learning and laptop, tablet and smartphone-friendly 24/7 Learning Assistance Discounts on bulk purchases Course Curriculum Module 01: Introduction to Biogeography Module 02: Earth's Climate and Biomes Module 03: Biodiversity and Evolution Module 04: Geographical Distribution of Organisms Module 05: Soil and Ecosystems Module 06: Human Impact on Ecosystems Module 07: Human-Environment Interactions Module 08: Future Directions in Biogeography Learning Outcomes: Analyse Earth's climate and identify distinct biomes. Understand the factors shaping biodiversity and evolution. Interpret the geographical distribution patterns of organisms. Evaluate the role of soil in sustaining diverse ecosystems. Assess the impact of human activities on ecosystems. Envision future directions in the dynamic field of biogeography. Accreditation This course is CPD Quality Standards (CPD QS) accredited, providing you with up-to-date skills and knowledge and helping you to become more competent and effective in your chosen field. Certificate After completing this course, you will get a FREE Digital Certificate from Training Express. CPD 10 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Biology enthusiasts seeking a deeper ecological understanding. Environmental science students exploring ecosystem dynamics. Geography enthusiasts intrigued by the interplay of life and landscapes. Nature lovers eager to understand the impact of human activities. Researchers delving into the complexities of biodiversity. Ecologists aiming to broaden their understanding of ecosystems. Students passionate about the delicate balance in human-environment interactions. Professionals in related fields seeking a comprehensive biogeographical perspective. Career path Environmental Consultant Ecological Researcher Conservation Biologist Wildlife Manager Environmental Educator Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analyst Certificates Digital certificate Digital certificate - Included Once you've successfully completed your course, you will immediately be sent a FREE digital certificate. Hard copy certificate Hard copy certificate - Included Also, you can have your FREE printed certificate delivered by post (shipping cost £3.99 in the UK). For all international addresses outside of the United Kingdom, the delivery fee for a hardcopy certificate will be only £10. Our certifications have no expiry dates, although we do recommend that you renew them every 12 months.

Dive into the intricacies of sustainable operations, covering vision's importance, leadership in operations management, systematic frameworks, and principles. The course includes a thorough review of operations management models, insights into the value chain's origins and evolution, and a focus on sustainability within integrated supply chain management. After the successful completion of the course, you will be able to learn about the following,⦁ The importance of vision in achieving real change towards sustainability⦁ Working as an agent of change⦁ Developing leadership through operations management⦁ Review of systematic frameworks for operations management ⦁ Coverage of key operations management principles and issues ⦁ Selection of operations management models ⦁ Overview of the value chain model: origins, evolution, globalization ⦁ Role of sustainability in integrated supply chain management. This course offers a comprehensive introduction to Sustainable Operations, delving into vision-driven change, leadership development, systematic frameworks, and key principles. Participants will explore operations management models, the value chain, and the crucial role of sustainability in integrated supply chain management.   This course equips participants with the foundational knowledge to drive sustainability in operations. From understanding the importance of vision to navigating key principles and supply chain dynamics, participants will gain the expertise needed for roles such as Sustainable Operations Manager and Supply Chain Sustainability Analyst. Course Structure and Assessment Guidelines Watch this video to gain further insight. Navigating the MSBM Study Portal Watch this video to gain further insight. Interacting with Lectures/Learning Components Watch this video to gain further insight. Introduction to Sustainable Operation Management Self-paced pre-recorded learning content on this topic. Introduction to Sustainable Operations Put your knowledge to the test with this quiz. Read each question carefully and choose the response that you feel is correct. All MSBM courses are accredited by the relevant partners and awarding bodies. Please refer to MSBM accreditation in about us for more details. There are no strict entry requirements for this course. Work experience will be added advantage to understanding the content of the course. The certificate is designed to enhance the learner's knowledge in the field. This certificate is for everyone eager to know more and get updated on current ideas in their respective field. We recommend this certificate for the following audience. Sustainable Operations Manager Supply Chain Sustainability Analyst Operations Leadership Consultant Visionary Change Agent Sustainable Supply Chain Coordinator Operations Development Specialist Sustainability Integration Manager Global Operations Strategist Average Completion Time 2 Weeks Accreditation 3 CPD Hours Level Advanced Start Time Anytime 100% Online Study online with ease. Unlimited Access 24/7 unlimited access with pre-recorded lectures. Low Fees Our fees are low and easy to pay online.

This course is for those with an interest in nutrition and would be of particular use to members of the general public and those working within the food industry or catering trade. No previous nutrition knowledge is required. By completing this course, you will have the necessary tools to better interpret information about nutrition and health. This course covers: Module 1: Introduction to eating and drinking well Module 2: Energy and nutrients Module 3: Nutritional needs throughout life Module 4: Diet and lifestyle and their impact on health Module 5: Understanding food labels Module 6: Healthy eating and drinking in practice Each module includes a short test, providing you with feedback on your progress. On successful completion of a final assessment, a personalised BNF certificate is created. (The final assessment may be repeated). This course will take approximately 5-7 hours to complete. You can complete the course at your own pace – there is no time limit. The information provided within this course is based on Government advice and recommendations in place at the time of the course development. Please note this course is not intended to support a career in nutrition – degree level training is required for this. For more information on the sources used in this course contact postbox@nutrition.org.uk

The Medical Teaching course on Introduction to Health and Medical Law offers a comprehensive understanding of the legal aspects related to health and medical practices. Participants will explore various legislations concerning access to health, medical reports, treatment, mental health, public health, and more, enabling them to navigate the legal landscape in healthcare effectively. Learning Outcomes: Gain insights into the fundamental principles of medical law and its applications in healthcare. Understand legislation pertaining to access to health, medical reports, and treatment. Learn about legal provisions for adult support and protection in healthcare settings. Explore the legislative framework governing public health and health services. Familiarize yourself with relevant legislation concerning the coronavirus pandemic. Comprehend the legal aspects related to mental health and the treatment of mental health patients. Study the legal implications surrounding abortion in the healthcare context. Acquire knowledge of other relevant legislations applicable to healthcare practice. What skills you will gain: A comprehensive introduction to medical law. Enhance familiarity with medical reports and treatment legislation. Distinguish between medical law and medical ethics. Sharpen understanding of adult support legislation. Acquaintance with the laws of public health and health service. Proficiency in the legislation on mental health and abortion A better understanding of the legislation related to Coronavirus. Why buy this Medical Teaching: Introduction to Health and Medical Law? Unlimited access to the course for forever Digital Certificate, Transcript, student ID all included in the price Absolutely no hidden fees Directly receive CPD accredited qualifications after course completion Receive one to one assistance on every weekday from professionals Immediately receive the PDF certificate after passing Receive the original copies of your certificate and transcript on the next working day Easily learn the skills and knowledge from the comfort of your home Certification After studying the course materials of the Medical Teaching: Introduction to Health and Medical Law there will be a written assignment test which you can take either during or at the end of the course. After successfully passing the test you will be able to claim the pdf certificate for £5.99. Original Hard Copy certificates need to be ordered at an additional cost of £9.60. Who is this course for? Medical students and professionals seeking a foundational understanding of health law. Healthcare administrators and managers needing legal insights for decision-making. Legal professionals interested in healthcare and medical law specialization. Medical educators looking to enhance their knowledge of health law for teaching purposes. Prerequisites This Medical Teaching: Introduction to Health and Medical Law does not require you to have any prior qualifications or experience. You can just enrol and start learning.This Medical Teaching: Introduction to Health and Medical Law was made by professionals and it is compatible with all PC's, Mac's, tablets and smartphones. You will be able to access the course from anywhere at any time as long as you have a good enough internet connection. Career path The Medical Teaching: Medical Law program will provide you with transferable skills that can be applied in several industries, as well as career opportunities, such as- Healthcare Attorney: Provide legal counsel and representation for healthcare organizations. Medical Compliance Officer: Ensure compliance with health and medical regulations. Health Policy Analyst: Analyze healthcare policies and their legal implications. Medical Educator: Teach medical students and professionals about health law. Healthcare Administrator: Oversee healthcare facilities and ensure legal compliance. In the United Kingdom, the average annual income for these job opportunities ranges between £20,000 and £65,000. Course Curriculum Module 01- An Introduction to Medical Law An Introduction to Medical Law 00:11:00 Module 02- Legislation on Access to Health, Medical Report, Treatment Legislation on Access to Health, Medical Report, Treatment 00:19:00 Module 03- Legislation on Adult Support Legislation on Adult Support 00:28:00 Module 04- Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 1) Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 1) 00:20:00 Module 05- Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 2) Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 2) 00:32:00 Module 06- Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 3) Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 3) 00:28:00 Module 07- Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 4) Legislation on Public Health and Health Service (Part 4) 00:32:00 Module 08- Legislation on Coronavirus Legislation on Coronavirus 00:29:00 Module 09- Legislation on Mental Health (Part 1) Legislation on Mental Health (Part 1) 00:28:00 Module 10- Legislation on Mental Health (Part 2) Legislation on Mental Health (Part 2) 00:34:00 Module 11- Legislation on Abortion Legislation on Abortion 00:24:00 Module 12- Other Legislation (Part 1) Other Legislation (Part 1) 00:23:00 Module 13- Other Legislation (Part 2) Other Legislation (Part 2) 00:26:00 Assignment Assignment - Medical Teaching: Introduction to Health and Medical Law 00:00:00

SAFe® Agile Software Engineering: In-House Training The introduction of Lean-Agile and DevOps principles and practices into software engineering has sparked new skills and approaches that help organizations deliver higher-quality, software-centric solutions faster and more predictably. This workshop-oriented course explores foundational principles and practices and how continuous flow of value delivery and built-in quality are enabled by XP technical practices, Behavioral-Driven Development (BDD), and Test-Driven Development (TDD). Attendees will learn proven practices to detail, model, design, implement, verify, and validate stories in the SAFe® Continuous Delivery Pipeline, as well as the practices that build quality into code and designs. Attendees will also explore how software engineering fits into the larger solution context and understand their role in collaborating on intentional architecture and DevOps. What you will Learn To perform the role of a SAFe® Agile Software Engineer, you should be able to: Define Agile Software Engineering and the underlying values, principles, and practices Apply the Test-First principle to create alignment between tests and requirements Create shared understanding with Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) Communicate with Agile modeling Design from context for testability Build applications with code and design quality Utilize the test infrastructure for automated testing Collaborate on intentional architecture and emergent design Apply Lean-Agile principles to optimize the flow of value Create an Agile Software Engineering plan Introduction to Agile Software Engineering Connecting Principles and Practices to Built-in Quality Accelerating Flow Applying Intentional Architecture Thinking Test-First Discovering Story Details Creating a Shared Understanding with Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) Communicating with Models Building Systems with Code Quality Building Systems with Design Quality Implementing with Quality

Begin a journey into the vital intersection of economics and healthcare with our course, 'Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment.' Envision yourself unlocking the complexities of healthcare financing and technological advancements, pivotal in shaping today's healthcare landscape. The course sets the stage with an introductory module that blends health economics with health technology assessment, providing a scaffold for your exploration into this multifaceted field. As the curriculum unfolds, you'll transition from understanding basic economic and technological concepts to delving into the specifics of health economics and health technology assessment. This course is a gateway to understanding the intricate balance of financial efficiency and technological innovation in healthcare, essential for anyone looking to make a meaningful impact in the sector. Advance through engaging modules that bring to light the Health Minister's Dilemma, a scenario that encapsulates the challenges faced in making cost-effective yet impactful healthcare decisions. The course intricately weaves the relationship between health economics and health technology assessment, offering a comprehensive view of how they coalesce to shape policy and practice. Dive into the realms of economic evaluation and health insurance, gaining insights that are not only academically enriching but also practically applicable in various healthcare settings. This course is not just an academic exercise; it's a profound journey into the heart of healthcare policy-making, where every decision can have far-reaching implications on public health and wellbeing. Learning Outcomes Acquire foundational knowledge of health economics and health technology assessment. Understand the core economic and technological concepts relevant to healthcare. Comprehend the role and impact of health economics in healthcare systems. Gain insights into the processes and importance of health technology assessment. Explore the challenges in economic evaluation and health insurance in healthcare decision-making. Why choose this Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment course? Unlimited access to the course for a lifetime. Opportunity to earn a certificate accredited by the CPD Quality Standards and CIQ after completing this course. Structured lesson planning in line with industry standards. Immerse yourself in innovative and captivating course materials and activities. Assessments designed to evaluate advanced cognitive abilities and skill proficiency. Flexibility to complete the Course at your own pace, on your own schedule. Receive full tutor support throughout the week, from Monday to Friday, to enhance your learning experience. Unlock career resources for CV improvement, interview readiness, and job success. Who is this Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment course for? Healthcare professionals seeking to understand health economics and technology. Policy makers and public health administrators. Students and academics in healthcare management and economics. Health technology developers and entrepreneurs. Insurance professionals focusing on healthcare policies. Career path Health Economist: £35,000 - £60,000 Health Policy Analyst: £30,000 - £55,000 Healthcare Consultant: £28,000 - £50,000 Public Health Manager: £32,000 - £58,000 Health Technology Assessment Specialist: £34,000 - £62,000 Health Insurance Analyst: £29,000 - £54,000 Prerequisites This Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment does not require you to have any prior qualifications or experience. You can just enrol and start learning.This Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment was made by professionals and it is compatible with all PC's, Mac's, tablets and smartphones. You will be able to access the course from anywhere at any time as long as you have a good enough internet connection. Certification After studying the course materials, there will be a written assignment test which you can take at the end of the course. After successfully passing the test you will be able to claim the pdf certificate for £4.99 Original Hard Copy certificates need to be ordered at an additional cost of £8. Course Curriculum Module 01: Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment 00:18:00 Module 02: Basic Economic and Technological Concepts Basic Economic and Technological Concepts 00:26:00 Module 03: What Is Health Economics? What is Health Economics? 00:14:00 Module 04: What Is Health Technology Assessment? What is Health Technology Assessment? 00:23:00 Module 05: The Health Minister's Dilemma The Health Minister's Dilemma 00:05:00 Module 06: Exploring the Relationship Between Health Economics (HE) and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Exploring the Relationship Between Health Economics (HE) and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) 00:22:00 Module 07: Economic Evaluation Economic Evaluation 00:16:00 Module 08: Health Insurance Health Insurance 00:19:00 Assignment Assignment - Introduction to Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment 00:00:00

Duration 2 Days 12 CPD hours This course is intended for The COBIT 2019 Foundation course would suit candidates working in the following IT professions or areas: IT Auditors IT Managers IT Quality professionals IT Leadership IT Developers Process practitioners Managers in IT service providing firms The above list is a suggestion only; individuals may wish to attend based on their own career aspirations, personal goals or objectives. Delegates may take as few or as many Intermediate qualifications as they require, and to suit their needs. Overview This COBIT 2019 Foundation course is designed as an introduction to COBIT 2019 and enables you to understand how an integrated business framework for the governance and management of enterprise IT can be utilized to achieve IT business integration, cost reductions and increased productivity. The syllabus areas that this course is designed to cover are: New framework introduction Key concepts and terminology Governance and Framework Principles Governance system and components Governance and management objectives Performance management Designing a tailored governance system COBIT 2019 builds on and integrates more than 25 years of development in this field, not only incorporating new insights from science, but also operationalizing these insights as practice. The heart of the COBIT framework updates COBIT principles while laying out the structure of the overall framework including: New concepts are introduced and terminology is explained?the COBIT Core Model and its 40 governance and management objectives provide the platform for establishing your governance program. The performance management system is updated and allows the flexibility to use maturity measurements as well as capability measurements. Introductions to design factors and focus areas offer additional practical guidance on flexible adoption of COBIT 2019, whether for specific projects or full implementation. From its foundation in the IT audit community, COBIT has developed into a broader and more comprehensive information and technology (I&T) governance and management framework and continues to establish itself as a generally accepted framework for I&T governance. 1 - COBIT 5 OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION Course Administration Course Objectives Exam Overview Certification Scheme History of COBIT COBIT 2019 Improvements Major differences with 2019 Misconceptions about COBIT COBIT and Other Standards 2 - KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY Introduction to Enterprise Governance of Information and Technology Benefits of Information and Technology Governance COBIT Information and Technology Governance Framework Distinction of Governance and Management Three Principles of a Governance Framework Six Principles for a Governance System 3 - GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS Introduction to the Components of a Governance System Processes and Capability Levels Organizational Structures and Defined Roles Information Flows and Items People, Skills and Competencies Principles, Policies and Frameworks Culture, Ethics and Behavior Services, Infrastructure and Applications 4 - GOVERNANCE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES Governance and Management Objectives Publication Governance and Management Objectives Governance and Management Objectives Core Model Evaluate, Direct and Monitor Align, Plan and Organize Build, Acquire and Implement Deliver, Service and Support Monitor, Evaluate and Assess 5 - GOALS CASCADE Governance and Management Objective Relationships Governance and Management Objective Descriptions High-Level Information Example Introduction to the Goals Cascade Enterprise Goals Alignment Goals Mapping Tables ? Appendix A 6 - PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Introduction to Performance Management COBIT Performance Management Principles COBIT Performance Management (CPM) Overview Process Capability Levels Rating Process Activities Focus Area Maturity Levels Performance Management of Organizational Structures Performance Management of Information Items Performance Management of Culture and Behavior 7 - DESIGNING A TAILORED GOVERNANCE SYSTEM The Need for Tailoring Design Factors Enterprise Strategy Enterprise Goals Risk Profile I&T Related Issues Threat Landscape Compliance Requirements Role of IT Sourcing Model for IT IT Implementation Methods Technology Adoption Strategy Enterprise Size Focus Areas Designing a Tailored Governance System Management Objective Priority and Target Capability Levels Component Variations Specific Focus Areas Stages and Steps in the Design Process 8 - IMPLEMENTING ENTERPRISE GOVERNANCE OF IT The Business Case The COBIT Implementation Guide Purpose COBIT Implementation Approach Phase 1 ? What are the Drivers Phase 2 ? Where are we Now Phase 3 ? Where do we Want to be Phase 4 ? What Needs to be Done Phase 5 ? How do we get There Phase 6 ? Did we get There Phase 7 How do we Weep the Momentum Going? EGIT Implementation Program Challenges

UMTS training course description An in-depth study of the UMTS technologies and network structure. What will you learn Explain what 3G and UMTS are. Describe the migration path to UMTS. Describe the UMTS architecture. UMTS training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who needs to know more about UMTS. Prerequisites: Total GSM Duration 3 days UMTS training course contents Introduction 3G WCDMA 2G WCDMA comparison. European and international spectrum allocations. UMTS Services UMTS QoS classes, Conversational, Streaming, Interactive and Background. UMTS bearer services. Radio Access Network (RAN) Architecture System architecture. The Radio Network Controller (RNC) and Node B functionality. Protocol model. The Iu interface for Circuit and Packet switching. The Iur interface and RNSAP. RNC node B interface and NBAP. The Physical layer Spread spectrum coding and modulation. Logical and physical channels. User data rates and transmission. Power control. Signalling, synchronisation, common control, access and indicator channels. Procedures for transmit diversity, measurement, power control and handover. Radio Resource Management Fast and outer loop power control. Transmit power and power rise. Handover algorithms. Intra frequency and inter system handovers. Load, measurement on the air interface. Admission and load control. Packet Access Packet data traffic. Packet data transport channels. Packet scheduling algorithms. Handover, load and administration control. Packet data performance. UTRA TDD Mode Time Division Duplex (TDD). UTRA TDD modulation and spreading, transport channels, physical channels and their structure. Noise and interference limited network. Interference, FDD and TDD co-existence.

LTE Airside training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE airside. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the air interface protocol stack, cell acquisition, transmission and reception of data and of he layer 1 procedures along with layer 2 procedures. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE Airside training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE Airside training course contents Introduction and review of LTE This section describes the requirements of LTE and key technical features, and reviews the system architecture. LTE Architecture, UE, E-UTRAN and EPC. Specifications. OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO antennas This section describes the techniques used in the LTE air interface, notably orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas. Communication techniques for fading multipath channels. OFDMA, FFT processing and cyclic prefix insertion. SC-FDMA in the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna techniques including transmit & receive diversity and spatial multiplexing. Introduction to the air interface This section covers the operation of the air interface, the channels that it uses, and the mapping to the time and frequency domains of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and physical signals. LTE spectrum allocation. Cell acquisition This is the first of three sections covering the air interface physical layer. Here, we cover mobile procedures to start low-level communications with the cell, and base station transmission of the corresponding information. Primary/secondary synchronisation signals. Downlink reference signals. The master information block. Physical control format indicator channel. Organisation and transmission of the system information. Data transmission and reception In this section, we cover procedures used for data transmission and reception on the shared channels, and describe in detail the individual steps. Data transmission and reception on the uplink and downlink. Scheduling commands and grants on the PDCCH. DL-SCH and UL-SCH. Physical channel processing of the PDSCH and PUSCH. Hybrid ARQ indicators on the PHICH. Uplink control information on the PUCCH. Uplink demodulation and sounding reference signals. Additional physical layer procedure This section concludes our discussion of the air interface physical layer, by discussing a number of procedures that support its operation. Transmission of the physical random access channel. Contention and non-contention based random access procedures. Discontinuous transmission in idle and connected modes. Uplink power control and timing advance. Air interface layer 2 This section describes the architecture and operation of layer 2 of the air interface protocol stack. MAC protocol, interactions with the physical layer, use for scheduling. RLC protocol, transparent, unacknowledged and acknowledged modes. PDCP, including header compression, security functions and recovery from handover.