38675 Courses in Cardiff delivered Online

Duration 5 Days 30 CPD hours This course is intended for The intended audience for this course is information systems security professionals, internal review auditors, and other individuals who have an interest in aspects of information systems audit, controls, and security. Overview Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: - implement information systems audit services in accordance with information systems audit standards, guidelines, and best practices. - evaluate an organizations structure, policies, accountability, mechanisms, and monitoring practices. - evaluate information systems acquisition, development, and implementation. - evaluate the information systems operations, maintenance, and support of an organization; and evaluate the business continuity and disaster recovery processes used to provide assurance that in the event of a disruption, IT services are maintained. - define the protection policies used to promote the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets. In this course, students will evaluate organizational policies, procedures, and processes to ensure that an organizations information systems align with its overall business goals and objectives. 1 - The Process of Auditing Information Systems ISACA Information Systems Auditing Standards and Guidelines Fundamental Business Processes Develop and Implement an Information Systems Audit Strategy Plan an Audit Conduct an Audit The Evidence Life Cycle Communicate Issues, Risks, and Audit Results Support the Implementation of Risk Management and Control Practices 2 - IT Governance and Management Evaluate the Effectiveness of IT Governance Evaluate the IT Organizational Structure and HR Management Evaluate the IT Strategy and Direction Evaluate IT Policies, Standards, and Procedures Evaluate the Effectiveness of Quality Management Systems Evaluate IT Management and Monitoring of Controls IT Resource Investment, Use, and Allocation Practices Evaluate IT Contracting Strategies and Policies Evaluate Risk Management Practices Performance Monitoring and Assurance Practices Evaluate the Organizations Business Continuity Plan 3 - Information Systems Acquisition, Development, and Implementation Evaluate the Business Case for Change Evaluate Project Management Frameworks and Governance Practices Development Life Cycle Management Perform Periodic Project Reviews Evaluate Control Mechanisms for Systems Evaluate Development and Testing Processes Evaluate Implementation Readiness Evaluate a System Migration Perform a Post-Implementation System Review 4 - Information Systems Operations, Maintenance, and Support Perform Periodic System Reviews Evaluate Service Level Management Practices Evaluate Third-Party Management Practices Evaluate Operations and End User Management Practices Evaluate the Maintenance Process Evaluate Data Administration Practices Evaluate the Use of Capacity and Performance Monitoring Methods Evaluate Change, Configuration, and Release Management Practices Evaluate Problem and Incident Management Practices Evaluate the Adequacy of Backup and Restore Provisions 5 - Protection of Information Assets Information Security Design Encryption Basics Evaluate the Functionality of the IT Infrastructure Evaluate Network Infrastructure Security Evaluate the Design, Implementation, and Monitoring of Logical Access Controls Risks and Controls of Virtualization Evaluate the Design, Implementation, and Monitoring of Data Classification Process Evaluate the Design, Implementation, and Monitoring of Physical Access Controls Evaluate the Design, Implementation, and Monitoring of Environmental Controls

With this course, you will be a professional Linux administrator and be able to apply for Linux jobs. You will be able to prepare yourself for the EX-200 exam and become a Redhat Certified System Administrator (RHCSA - EX200).

Network+ training course description This network+ course covers the TCP/IP side of the exam. For delegates to pass the exam it is important that they meet the prerequisites, self study is also required. An intensive hands on IP foundation. The course focuses on all parts of TCP/IP including layers 4 to 7 on end stations as well as layer 3 on routers. The TCP/IP protocols are also studied to enable delegates to be able to troubleshoot TCP/IP using Wireshark. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. What will you learn Use ping, traceroute and other tools to diagnose faults on a network. Configure IP on PCs and routers. Plan IP addresses and subnets. Analyse IP and TCP packets using an analyser. Troubleshoot TCP/IP. Network+ training course details Who will benefit: Those wishing to pass the Network+ exam. Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications & networking Duration 5 days Network+ training course contents What is TCP/IP? TCP and IP are protocols, 7 layer model, network layers, hardware/software layers, internetworking, protocols, What is IP? What is TCP? The internet, The IAB, RFCs. Ping and Wireshark Host configuration, IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, ping. Hands on Base configuration. Testing with ping. Analysing packets with Wireshark. Switches and Wireshark Switches versus hubs, layer 2 forwarding table, flooding, broadcasts. Hands on Building a switched based network. Configuring network devices Configuration options, console port, putty, telnet. Hands on Configuring switches, telnet. IP IP packet format, protocol field, TTL, DiffServ, fragments, ICMP. Hands on IP packet analysis. IP addressing 32 bits, dotted decimal, rules, networks, role of subnet masks, simple subnetting, prefix notation. Broadcasts, special use addresses. Hands on Planning and implementing addressing. IP and the lower layers ARP, media not supporting ARP. Hands on ARP. Routing What are routers? What routers do, default gateways, routing and addressing, routing tables, ways to update routing tables. Hands on Building a routed network, traceroute. Routing protocols IGPs and EGPs, RIP, RIPv2, Why not to use RIP, OSPF, OSPF metrics, convergence, distance vector protocols, link state protocols. Hands on OSPF, analysing routing tables, loopbacks. Network simulators Network simulators, EVE-NG, GNS3, CML. Hands on Using EVE-NG. Subnetting Subnetting to the bit level, ranges, how prefixes are used. Hands on Subnetting. VLANS and IP addressing What are VLANs, tagging, 802.1Q, Inter VLAN routing. Hands on Inter VLAN routing. TCP and UDP Layer 4, port numbers, client ports, broadcasts multicasts and layer 4, UDP header, TCP header, connections, ACK, sliding windows, options, connection states. Sockets. Hands on Analysing TCP packets. IPv4 address configuration Private addresses, NAT, NAPT, dynamic addressing, DHCP, link local addresses. Hands on DHCP, NAT. IPv6 What is IPv6, 128 bit addresses, address formats, IPv6 address allocation, header format, migration, dual stack, tunnelling, NAT64, DNS64. Hands on IPv6 setup troubleshooting. IPv6 address configuration Static addressing, EUI-64 addresses, IPv6 address order, SLAAC, DHCPv6. Hands on SLAAC. Applications Clients, servers, HTTP, Email, resource sharing, VoIP, video, terminal emulation, remote desktop. Network management and SNMP. Hands on Servers, TFTP, VoIP packet analysis. DNS Names and addresses, hosts file, how DNS works. FQDNs, DNS client configuration. Hands on Troubleshooting DNS. Security Firewalls, firewall architectures, DMZ, how firewalls work, proxy servers, filtering, ACLs, IDS, VPNs, authentication, encryption, tunnels, secure protocols. Hands on Firewalls, SSH Troubleshooting Methods, tools. Using the 7 layer model. Troubleshooting toolkits. Hands on Fixing the network.

Programming in HTML5 with CSS course description This course provides an introduction to HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. It is an entry point into both the Web application and Windows Store apps training paths. The course focuses on using HTML5 / CSS3 / JavaScript to implement programming logic, define and use variables, perform looping and branching, develop user interfaces, capture and validate user input, store data, and create well-structured application. What will you learn Create and style HTML5 pages. Use JavaScript. Style HTML5 pages by using CSS3. Use common HTML5 APLs in interactive Web applications. Create HTML5 Web pages that can adapt to different devices and form factors. Enhance the user experience by adding animations to the HTML5 page. Programming in HTML5 with CSS course details Who will benefit: Website developers. Prerequisites: HTML5 development fundamentals. Duration 5 days Programming in HTML5 with CSS course contents Overview of HTML and CSS Overview of HTML, Overview of CSS, Creating a Web Application by Using Visual Studio 2012. Hands on Exploring the Contoso Conference Application. Creating and Styling HTML5 Pages Creating an HTML5 Page, Styling an HTML5 Page. Hands on Creating and Styling HTML5 Pages. Introduction to JavaScript Overview of JavaScript Syntax, Programming the HTML DOM with JavaScript, Introduction to jQuery. Hands on Displaying Data and Handling Events by Using JavaScript. Creating Forms to Collect and Validate User Input Overview of Forms and Input Types, Validating User Input by Using HTML5 Attributes, Validating User Input by Using JavaScript. Hands on Creating a Form and Validating User Input. Communicating with a Remote Data Source Sending and Receiving Data by Using XMLHTTPRequest, Sending and Receiving Data by Using jQuery AJAX operations. Hands on Communicating with a Remote Data Source. Styling HTML5 by Using CSS3 Styling Text, Styling Block Elements, CSS3 Selectors, Enhancing Graphical Effects by Using CSS3. Hands on Styling Text and Block Elements using CSS3. Creating Objects and Methods by Using JavaScript Writing Well-Structured JavaScript, Creating Custom Objects, Extending Objects. Hands on Refining Code for Maintainability and Extensibility. Creating Interactive Pages using HTML5 APIs Interacting with Files, Incorporating Multimedia, Reacting to Browser Location and Context, Debugging and Profiling a Web Application. Hands on Creating Interactive Pages by Using HTML5 APIs. Adding Offline Support to Web Applications Reading and Writing Data Locally, Adding Offline Support by Using the Application Cache. Hands on Adding Offline Support to a Web Application. Implementing an Adaptive User Interface Supporting Multiple Form Factors, Creating an Adaptive User Interface. Hands on Implementing an Adaptive User Interface. Creating Advanced Graphics Creating Interactive Graphics by Using Scalable Vector Graphics, Programmatically Drawing Graphics by Using a Canvas. Hands on Creating Advanced Graphics. Animating the User Interface Applying CSS Transitions, Transforming Elements, Applying CSS Key-frame Animations. Hands on Animating User Interface Elements. Web Sockets for Real-Time Communications Introduction to Web Sockets, Sending and Receiving Data by Using Web Sockets. Hands on Implementing Real-Time Communications by Using Web Sockets. Creating a Web Worker Process Introduction to Web Workers, Performing Asynchronous Processing by Using a Web Worker. Hands on Creating a Web Worker Process.

Kubernetes for engineers training course description This course covers how Kubernetes addresses the challenges of distributed systems. Hands on sessions follow all the major theory chapters. What will you learn Explain what Kubernetes is and how it works. Create and run containers on Kubernetes using the Docker image format and container runtime. Kubernetes for engineers training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with Docker or Kubernetes. Prerequisites: Definitive Docker for engineers. Duration 2 days Kubernetes for engineers training course contents Introduction Velocity, Scaling your service and your teams, Abstracting your infrastructure. Creating and running containers Container images, Building application images with Docker, Storing images in a remote registry, The Docker container runtime. Deploying a Kubernetes cluster Installing Kubernetes on a public cloud provider, Installing Kubernetes locally using minikube, Running Kubernetes on Raspberry Pi, The Kubernetes client, Cluster components. Common kubectl Commands Namespaces, Contexts, Viewing Kubernetes API objects, Creating, Updating, and Destroying Kubernetes objects, Labelling and annotating objects, Debugging commands. Pods Pods in Kubernetes, Thinking with pods, The pod manifest, Running pods, Accessing your pod, Health checks, Resource management, Persisting data with volumes, Putting It all together. Labels and Annotations Labels, Annotations. Service Discovery What Is Service discovery? The service object, Looking beyond the cluster, Cloud integration, Advanced details. ReplicaSets Reconciliation loops, Relating pods and ReplicaSets, Designing with ReplicaSets, ReplicaSet Spec, Creating a ReplicaSet, Inspecting a ReplicaSet, Scaling ReplicaSets, Deleting ReplicaSets. DaemonSets DaemonSet scheduler, Creating DaemonSets, Limiting DaemonSets to specific nodes, Updating a DaemonSet, Deleting a DaemonSet. Jobs The job object, Job patterns. ConfigMaps and secrets ConfigMaps, Secrets, Naming constraints, Managing ConfigMaps and secrets. Deployments Your first deployment, Creating deployments, Managing deployments, Updating deployments, Deployment strategies, Deleting a deployment. Integrating storage solutions and Kubernetes Importing external services, Running reliable singletons, Kubernetes-native storage with StatefulSets. Deploying real-world applications Parse, Ghost, Redis.

Accelerate Your Cloud Engineer Career: Fast-Track Program with Exams, TOTUM Card & 5-Year Support. Enrol Today! Study methodOnline Duration9 months · Self-paced Access to content5 years CertificationsCompTIA A+CompTIA Cloud+CompTIA Network+CompTIA Security+CompTIA IT Fundamentals CertificationMicrosoft Azure Data Fundamentals Certificates Official CompTIA Certification - Free Additional info Exam(s) / assessment(s) is included in price Tutor is available to students TOTUM card included in price Job guarantee programme is included in this course Overview Learn the most in-demand digital skills in the world today with the Nuyew Tech Academy If you enjoy problem solving and have good analytical skills, this could be the career for you. Cloud Network Engineers implement, maintain, support, develop and sometimes design communications networks and can work as part of an Internal Support Team or for an outsourced IT Networking Consultancy. In bigger companies, you may look after one specific area of a network or if working for smaller businesses you could be expected to troubleshoot any IT related problem. Certifications CompTIA A+ CompTIA Cloud+ CompTIA Network+ CompTIA Security+ CompTIA IT Fundamentals Certification Awarded by CompTIA Microsoft Azure Data Fundamentals Awarded by Microsoft Description With a national shortage of Cloud Network Engineers, starting salaries of up to £25,000 per annum (average UK Salary £52,500) and amazing future employed and self-employed career prospects, take the next step today with our Fast Track Cloud Network Engineer Programme. What you can expect from our Fast Track Programme: World Class Education Energetic and unlimited 24/7 Student Support Real, tangible Career Outcomes 5 Years Career Support What our programme includes: Industry Recognised Qualifications CompTIA ITF+ (IT Fundamentals) CompTIA A+ CompTIA Network+ CompTIA Security+ CompTIA Cloud+ OR CompTIA Server+ OR CompTIA Linux+ Exams Includes all Exams and Unlimited Re-Sits 5 Years Career Support Guarantee As part of our unique Support Guarantee, our Career Support Team will assist you with: CV writing Expert careers advice Interview preparation Identifying and applying for the best opportunities in your area As a student in the Nuyew Tech Academy you will also be given exclusive access to our Career Skills Academy which includes advanced courses on Employability, CV Preparation, Interview Skills and Technique and everything else you need to get ready for your new Career. Who is this course for? This course is open to anyone interested in pursuing a Career in Cloud Network Engineering. Our Foundation Level provides the flexibility for us to accommodate students with any level of previous knowledge and experience. Requirements This course is open to all and has no pre-requisites All you need is a passion for technology and a strong desire to succeed. Career path Our programme is designed to enable you to achieve an Entry Level/Helpdesk role during training (£18k-£24K) ensuring that you also have the vital work experience required to enter the Tech Industry at a higher level (Av Salary £52.5K). Our Career Support Guarantee gives you exclusive access to our dedicated Career Support Team and Advanced Career Skills Academy for 5 Years following Graduation. Certificates Official CompTIA Certification Hard copy certificate - Included We provide Official CompTIA Certificates for all courses included (ITF+, A+(2), Network+, Security+, Cloud+.

Diploma in IT Security (Malware) is one of our best selling and most popular course. This course is suitable for anyone aspiring to or already working in IT Security and looks at skills needed to improve IT Security. By taking this course you will gain the necessary skills to perform effectively in this field. The Diploma in IT Security (Malware) is organised into 2 modules and includes everything you need to become successful in this profession. To make this course more accessible for you, we have designed it for both part-time and full-time students. You can study at your own pace or become an expert in just 17 hours! If you require support, our experienced tutors are always available to help you throughout the comprehensive syllabus of this course and answer all your queries through email. Why choose this course Earn an e-certificate upon successful completion. Accessible, informative modules taught by expert instructors Study in your own time, at your own pace, through your computer tablet or mobile device Benefit from instant feedback through mock exams and multiple-choice assessments Get 24/7 help or advice from our email and live chat teams Full Tutor Support on Weekdays Course Design The course is delivered through our online learning platform, accessible through any internet-connected device. There are no formal deadlines or teaching schedules, meaning you are free to study the course at your own pace. You are taught through a combination of Video lessons Online study materials Mock exams Multiple-choice assessment Certification After the successful completion of the final assessment, you will receive a CPD-accredited certificate of achievement. The PDF certificate is for £9.99, and it will be sent to you immediately after through e-mail. You can get the hard copy for £15.99, which will reach your doorsteps by post.

The rationale for this fast track Level 4 Diploma in IT - E-Commerce qualification (Accredited by Qualifi, UK) is that it provides a career path for learners who wish to develop a broad base of knowledge and skills that will enable them to work in a variety of roles in the information technology (IT) industry, notably in programming, website design or PC maintenance. The technical skills and knowledge delivered through the successful achievement of the fast track Level 4 Diploma in IT - E-Commerce qualification are required and recognised internationally. The diploma is accredited at Level 4 and has a total equivalence of 120 credits. Key Highlights of this Level 4 Diploma in IT - E-commerce (Fast Track) qualification are: Program Duration: 6 Months (Regular 9 months duration course also available) Program Credits: 120 Designed for working Professionals Format: Online No Written Exam. The Assessment is done via Submission of Assignment Tutor Assist available Dedicated Student Success Manager Timely Doubt Resolution Regular Networking Events with Industry Professionals Become eligible to gain direct entry into relevant Undergraduate degree programme. Alumni Status No Cost EMI Option Requirements This Level 4 Diploma in IT - E-commerce (Fast Track) (Accredited by Qualifi, UK) qualifications has been designed to be accessible without artificial barriers that restrict access and progression. Entry to the qualification will be through centre interview and learners will be expected to hold the following: Qualifications at Level 3 OR Level 4 qualification in another discipline and want to develop their careers in information technology or E-Commerce. Career path Learners after completing this course progress to: BSc (Hons) in Business Computing and Information Systems degree, Combined Level 5 + Level 6 Diploma in Information Technology , Combined Level 4 + Level 5 Diploma in Cyber Security, Level 5 Diploma in Information Technology (Fast Track Mode), The Second year of Undergraduate study, Directly into employment in an associated profession. Certificates Certificate of Achievement Hard copy certificate - Included Qualifi courses: Once you complete the course, you would be receiving a Physical hard copy of your Diploma along with its Transcript which we would Courier to your address via DHL or Royal Mail without any additional charge

Special Executive Masters Programme (S.E.M.P) This programme is geared at enhancing professionals' careers. The SEMP is an encapsulated Senior Management Programmes are short certificate modules designed for anyone who would benefit from more in-depth business knowledge delivered in a short and intensive programme What makes us different? We are a world class business school located in the heart of London, Dubai, Islamabad and Lagos. We are one of the fastest growing British business schools with a stylish blended learning model that is both online and on campus. Learn more about the programme Special Executive Master's Programme in Information Management Course Overview The MSBM Special Executive Masters Programmes (SEMP) allows you to update your skills, develop new skills, and explore and develop interests in a wide range of topics. These courses can be taken as personal or professional development and may enhance your employability. This Programme offers new ways of using information and Internet-based and emerging technologies to revolutionize the structure and operation of an organization's Information. Today, information management enables integrated business processes that extend the entire information supply chain from consumer to provider to government to user. Corporate profitability and non-profits alike are transformed in ways we never imagined, and as a result, enhance the effective delivery of public services. Staying competitive and productive in commercial business, non-profit and government demands a strategic response to the changes and innovations evolving from the collection of massive data repositories, rapidly emerging technologies, increased computing performance, increased communication capabilities, and improved information dissemination and visualization. Course Details Mode of Study Using Web-based technology, this program provides self-paced, individualized instruction that can be taken anywhere and anytime an individual has access to a computer and the Internet. This Programme is suitable for successful professionals or specialists in the private, public, or voluntary sectors who have new management responsibilities and need to quickly expand their management knowledge. This Programme serves as a refresher course for those who have had their Masters a long time ago and need quick reminders and professional/ academic updates while it serves as a primer for those very experienced Professionals who never made time out for their masters yet they require the academic and practical relevance of this master’s experience. It is a short executive training that runs online for 3 months. Candidates will run 2 months of active lectures and series of assignments and 1 month for their dissertation. Upon successful completion of the Programme, candidates will be awarded a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) certificate in the specific Programme they have completed. What is a CPD Course? Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is the means by which professionals maintain and enhance their knowledge and skills. The world is constantly moving at a very fast pace so undertaking CPD is essential to support a professional in his/her current role as well as helping them with career progression. CPD is all about upgrading knowledge, skills, and capabilities to remain effective and compliant. A CPD course is an investment that you make in yourself. It’s a way of planning your development that links learning directly to practice. CPD can help you keep your skills and knowledge up to date and prepare you for greater responsibilities. It can boost your confidence, strengthen your professional credibility, and help you become more creative in tackling new challenges. Is the SEMP Information Management Programme right for me? Our supported distance learning mode of delivery allows you to study online from any location and is designed to fit in around your work commitments. You will be taught and supported by experienced industry professionals who will recreate the same challenging interactive format of the on-campus courses for those studying at a distance.   Why SEMP Strategic Information Management?  This program provides the practical skills and strategic mindset needed to become a successful reputation management professional. Enhance your abilities to work more effectively with those who manage the reputation and brand of the organization. World-class faculty bring an unparalleled depth of knowledge and real-world experience, which participants can draw upon in Questions and Answers. It is a virtual learning experience, so it will not disrupt your normal workflow and there are no travel expenses. Develop your network to help you address your own challenges and engage with peers throughout and after the program. Who should enrol in this online Certificate Program? This non-credit-bearing course benefits professionals at all levels who want to contribute to their organization’s performance. Here are some of the people who will benefit from the online Programme: Executives with responsibility for corporate communications, and/or investor relations. Functional leaders who are involved with defining or executing brand and reputation strategies, such as leaders from human resources, public affairs, environmental relations, and legal Managers seeking to move into leadership positions in their organization Individuals seeking knowledge for career advancement in the field of Information management Cross-functional teams from within an organization can take the program, as that accelerates the impact and engenders a common language and understanding in the organization Accreditation The content of this course has been independently certified as conforming to universally accepted Continuous Professional Development (CPD) guidelines. Entry Requirements There are no strict entry requirements for this course. Work experience will be added advantage to understanding the content of the course. Workshops This is a self-study programme with unlimited tutor support. You will never be more than a message or phone call away from our tutors. Visa Requirements There are no Visa Requirements for this Course as its an Online Course.

LTE Airside training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE airside. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the air interface protocol stack, cell acquisition, transmission and reception of data and of he layer 1 procedures along with layer 2 procedures. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE Airside training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE Airside training course contents Introduction and review of LTE This section describes the requirements of LTE and key technical features, and reviews the system architecture. LTE Architecture, UE, E-UTRAN and EPC. Specifications. OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO antennas This section describes the techniques used in the LTE air interface, notably orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas. Communication techniques for fading multipath channels. OFDMA, FFT processing and cyclic prefix insertion. SC-FDMA in the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna techniques including transmit & receive diversity and spatial multiplexing. Introduction to the air interface This section covers the operation of the air interface, the channels that it uses, and the mapping to the time and frequency domains of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and physical signals. LTE spectrum allocation. Cell acquisition This is the first of three sections covering the air interface physical layer. Here, we cover mobile procedures to start low-level communications with the cell, and base station transmission of the corresponding information. Primary/secondary synchronisation signals. Downlink reference signals. The master information block. Physical control format indicator channel. Organisation and transmission of the system information. Data transmission and reception In this section, we cover procedures used for data transmission and reception on the shared channels, and describe in detail the individual steps. Data transmission and reception on the uplink and downlink. Scheduling commands and grants on the PDCCH. DL-SCH and UL-SCH. Physical channel processing of the PDSCH and PUSCH. Hybrid ARQ indicators on the PHICH. Uplink control information on the PUCCH. Uplink demodulation and sounding reference signals. Additional physical layer procedure This section concludes our discussion of the air interface physical layer, by discussing a number of procedures that support its operation. Transmission of the physical random access channel. Contention and non-contention based random access procedures. Discontinuous transmission in idle and connected modes. Uplink power control and timing advance. Air interface layer 2 This section describes the architecture and operation of layer 2 of the air interface protocol stack. MAC protocol, interactions with the physical layer, use for scheduling. RLC protocol, transparent, unacknowledged and acknowledged modes. PDCP, including header compression, security functions and recovery from handover.