530 Courses in Cardiff delivered Online

Gain comprehensive expertise in web development with our Website Development Diploma. Learn essential programming languages, design principles, and industry best practices to build dynamic, responsive websites. Kickstart your career in the digital realm today!

Flash. Pose. Click. Welcome to the Fashion Photography Techniques Course, where style meets storytelling through the lens. Whether you fancy the fast pace of fashion editorials or the flair of runway drama, this course is stitched together for those who want to sharpen their eye and frame fashion in all its glory. We explore lighting tricks, visual composition, and the subtle art of guiding models to capture timeless images—no catwalk needed. Think of it as learning the language of fashion, fluently, in pixels. From iconic poses to backstage secrets of seasoned fashion photographers, this course delves into everything that makes a photo more than just a picture. It’s not just about snapping beauty—it’s about telling the story behind the outfit, capturing texture, movement, and mood. If you've ever wondered how a still image speaks volumes in a magazine spread or campaign, this is where the shutter clicks into clarity. Ideal for photography enthusiasts, fashion lovers, or anyone with a soft spot for a good snapshot—this is your digital runway to mastering the finer techniques of fashion photography. Key Features CPD Accredited FREE PDF + Hardcopy certificate Fully online, interactive course Self-paced learning and laptop, tablet and smartphone-friendly 24/7 Learning Assistance Discounts on bulk purchases Course Curriculum Module 1: Introduction to Fashion Photography Module 2: Fashion Photography Equipment and Gear Module 3: Preparing for Fashion Photography Module 4: Fashion Styling and Art Direction Module 5: Posing and Directing Models Module 6: Fashion Shoot Production and Planning Module 7: Fashion Editing and Retouching Module 8: Fashion Photography Business and Marketing Module 9: Fashion Editorial and Commercial Photography Module 10: Fashion Photography Ethics and Sustainability Module 11: Fashion Photography Portfolio Development Learning Outcomes: Craft compelling narratives through visually stunning fashion photography. Master the technical intricacies of photography equipment and gear. Execute seamless fashion shoots with effective pre-planning strategies. Hone the skills of styling, directing, and posing models for impactful visuals. Navigate the business side of fashion photography, from marketing to ethics. Develop a standout portfolio, ready to launch a successful career in the industry. Accreditation This course is CPD Quality Standards (CPD QS) accredited, providing you with up-to-date skills and knowledge and helping you to become more competent and effective in your chosen field. Certificate After completing this course, you will get a FREE Digital Certificate from Training Express. CPD 10 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Photography enthusiasts seeking a specialization in fashion. Aspiring fashion photographers looking to refine their skills. Creatives aiming to enter the dynamic field of fashion photography. Individuals with a passion for storytelling through visual imagery. Stylists eager to understand the visual language of fashion shoots. Students aspiring to build a solid foundation in photography. Career path Fashion Photographer Editorial Photographer Commercial Photographer Studio Photographer Freelance Photographer Fashion Stylist Certificates Digital certificate Digital certificate - Included Once you've successfully completed your course, you will immediately be sent a FREE digital certificate. Hard copy certificate Hard copy certificate - Included Also, you can have your FREE printed certificate delivered by post (shipping cost £3.99 in the UK). For all international addresses outside of the United Kingdom, the delivery fee for a hardcopy certificate will be only £10. Our certifications have no expiry dates, although we do recommend that you renew them every 12 months.

Embark on this course in web development with HTML, CSS, JS, and React for a comprehensive training program designed to empower beginners and experienced designers alike with the essential skills needed to create captivating and dynamic websites. Explore the power of React.js, HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, and build scalable components with React.

Whio is this Course for? Essential to Intermediate Adobe Illustrator Training Ideal for beginners, this course covers vector graphics, logos, icons, and illustrations. Learn typography, color theory, and compositions. Our certified tutors offer personalized guidance, and flexible scheduling options are available to accommodate your needs. Click here for more info: Website Duration: 6 hours Approach: 1-on-1 sessions and custom-tailored content. Schedule: Available Mon to Sat from 9 am to 7 pm, designed to fit your convenience. Course Title: Essential Adobe Illustrator Training Duration: 6 Hours Session 1: Introduction to Adobe Illustrator (1 hour) Overview of Illustrator interface and tools Understanding vector graphics and their advantages Creating and managing artboards Basic shape creation and editing techniques Session 2: Mastering Shapes and Paths (1 hour) Advanced shape manipulation: Pathfinder and Shape Builder tools Working with the Pen tool: curves, anchor points, and handles Creating complex shapes and compound paths Understanding the Appearance panel for object styling Session 3: Typography and Text Effects (1 hour) Text formatting: fonts, styles, and spacing Working with text on paths and shapes Applying text effects and blending modes Creating stylized typography and lettering Session 4: Image Tracing and Live Paint (1 hour) Image tracing techniques: converting raster to vector Live Paint feature for intuitive coloring of objects Creating detailed illustrations using traced images Incorporating images into your vector artwork Session 5: Advanced Illustration Techniques (1 hour) Gradient and pattern fills: customization and application Advanced brush techniques for artistic effects Using the Appearance panel for intricate object styling Incorporating 3D effects and perspective tools Session 6: Project-Based Learning and Q&A (1 hour) Guided hands-on project incorporating learned techniques Instructor-led review and feedback on projects Open Q&A session to address participant queries and challenges Upon completing this course, participants will have gained proficiency in essential and advanced Illustrator techniques, empowering them to create intricate vector graphics, logos, icons, and illustrations efficiently and creatively. Learning Outcomes: Upon completing the course, participants will: Master Illustrator Tools: Proficiency in essential Illustrator tools for vector graphic creation. Creative Expertise: Advanced skills in typography, image tracing, coloring, and intricate illustration techniques. Problem-Solving: Develop problem-solving abilities for complex design challenges. Job Opportunities: Graphic Designer: Create branding materials, logos, and marketing collateral. Illustrator Artist: Produce detailed digital artwork and illustrations for various media. UI/UX Designer: Design user interfaces for websites and mobile applications. Freelance Illustrator: Offer custom vector illustrations for clients and projects. Logo Design Specialist: Craft unique and memorable logos for businesses and brands. Skills Acquired: Participants in the Essential to Intermediate Adobe Illustrator Training will acquire fundamental to intermediate skills in vector graphic design, drawing, and illustration using Adobe Illustrator. Key skills include: Basic to Intermediate Vector Graphic Design Drawing and Illustration Techniques Precision Path Editing and Typography Skills Job Opportunities: Upon completion, individuals can pursue roles such as: Junior Graphic Designer Illustrator Assistant Layout Designer Marketing Material Creator This training lays the foundation for a career in graphic design, enabling participants to contribute effectively to design teams, advertising agencies, and creative projects. Featuring certified instructors with extensive professional expertise in the application. Attend in-person sessions at our center or join live online classes. The training is interactive and practical, blending theory with step-by-step demonstrations on Illustrator software. Delegates practice techniques on both Windows and Mac computers, ensuring universal compatibility. Upon completion, receive a comprehensive Illustrator training guide in your preferred format: printed or PDF. Earn an e-certificate as proof of completing the accredited course. Enjoy lifelong email support for any post-training queries. No prior Illustrator knowledge is needed. Our commitment includes delivering exceptional value, ensuring comprehensive learning, and accommodating both the 2023 version and recent releases of Illustrator.

Join our Hairdressing and Barbering course and discover your hidden skills, setting you on a path to success in this area. Get ready to improve your skills and achieve your biggest goals. The Hairdressing and Barbering course has everything you need to get a great start in this sector. Improving and moving forward is key to getting ahead personally. The Hairdressing and Barbering course is designed to teach you the important stuff quickly and well, helping you to get off to a great start in the field. So, what are you looking for? Enrol now! You will Learn The Following Things: Learn strategies to boost your workplace efficiency. Hone your skills to help you advance your career. Acquire a comprehensive understanding of various topics and tips. Learn in-demand skills that are in high demand among UK employers This course covers the topic you must know to stand against the tough competition. The future is truly yours to seize with this Hairdressing and Barbering. Enrol today and complete the course to achieve a certificate that can change your career forever. Details Perks of Learning with IOMH One-to-one support from a dedicated tutor throughout your course. Study online - whenever and wherever you want. Instant Digital/ PDF certificate 100% money back guarantee 12 months access Process of Evaluation After studying the course, an MCQ exam or assignment will test your skills and knowledge. You have to get a score of 60% to pass the test and get your certificate. Certificate of Achievement After completing the Hairdressing and Barbering course, you will receive your CPD-accredited Digital/PDF Certificate for £5.99. To get the hardcopy certificate for £12.99, you must also pay the shipping charge of just £3.99 (UK) and £10.99 (International). Who Is This Course for? This Hairdressing and Barbering is suitable for anyone aspiring to start a career in relevant field; even if you are new to this and have no prior knowledge, this course is going to be very easy for you to understand.  On the other hand, if you are already working in this sector, this course will be a great source of knowledge for you to improve your existing skills and take them to the next level.  This course has been developed with maximum flexibility and accessibility, making it ideal for people who don't have the time to devote to traditional education. Requirements There is no prerequisite to enrol in this course. You don't need any educational qualification or experience to enrol in the Hairdressing and Barbering course. Do note: you must be at least 16 years old to enrol. Any internet-connected device, such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone, can access this online course. Career Path The certification and skills you get from this Hairdressing and Barbering Course can help you advance your career and gain expertise in several fields, allowing you to apply for high-paying jobs in related sectors. Course Curriculum Introduction Who are Barbers 00:05:00 Anatomy of the skull 00:15:00 Hair Type 00:15:00 Face shapes, Characteristics & Style concepts 00:15:00 Tools of the Trade (Barbers) 00:30:00 Hair Salon Equipments & Furnitures 00:15:00 Code of Practices for Barbering Services 00:45:00 Safe Startup Guide for Barbers 00:35:00 Shaving 00:40:00 Hair Cutting Cutting the Hair 00:15:00 Cutting: Barber Skills & Techniques 00:15:00 Cutting hair - One length hair 00:15:00 Cutting hair - Uniform Layer 00:15:00 Cutting hair - Short graduation 00:15:00 Cutting hair - Long graduation 00:15:00 Cutting hair - Curly hair 00:15:00 Cutting hair - Fringes 00:15:00 Hair Styling About Of Hair Style 00:30:00 Check Out Your Face Shape 01:00:00 Choosing Your Style On Your Shape 01:00:00 Best Hairstyles For A Long Face 00:30:00 Best Hairstyles For A Square Face 00:30:00 Best Hairstyles For A Round Face 00:30:00 Best Hairstyles For A Heart Shaped Face 01:00:00 How To Love Your Style 00:30:00 Glossary of Cuts 00:05:00 Shampooing Shampooing 00:15:00 Assignment Assignment - Hairdressing and Barbering 00:00:00

Overview This comprehensive course on Beauty Therapist Level 3 Training Course will deepen your understanding on this topic. After successful completion of this course you can acquire the required skills in this sector. This Beauty Therapist Level 3 Training Course comes with accredited certification, which will enhance your CV and make you worthy in the job market. So enrol in this course today to fast track your career ladder. How will I get my certificate? You may have to take a quiz or a written test online during or after the course. After successfully completing the course, you will be eligible for the certificate. Who is This course for? There is no experience or previous qualifications required for enrolment on this Beauty Therapist Level 3 Training Course. It is available to all students, of all academic backgrounds. Requirements Our Beauty Therapist Level 3 Training Course is fully compatible with PC's, Mac's, Laptop, Tablet and Smartphone devices. This course has been designed to be fully compatible with tablets and smartphones so you can access your course on Wi-Fi, 3G or 4G. There is no time limit for completing this course, it can be studied in your own time at your own pace. Career Path Having these various qualifications will increase the value in your CV and open you up to multiple sectors such as Business & Management, Admin, Accountancy & Finance, Secretarial & PA, Teaching & Mentoring etc. Course Curriculum 1 sections • 28 lectures • 06:42:00 total length •Module 01 : Introduction to Beauty Technician: 00:14:00 •Module 02 : Corrections: 00:11:00 •Module 03 : Tools: 00:12:00 •Module 04 : Foundations and Corrections: 00:11:00 •Module 05 : Colour: 00:12:00 •Module 06 : Eye Make-Up: 00:08:00 •Module 07 : Makeup for Eyebrows: 00:07:00 •Module 08 : Lip Make-Up: 00:07:00 •Module 09 : Types of Makeup: 00:24:00 •Module 10 : False Eyelashes: 00:14:00 •Module 11 : Makeup for Different Ages: 00:13:00 •Module 12 : Health and Safety: 00:14:00 •Module 13 : Creating Your Make-Up Kit: 00:12:00 •Module 14 : General Care of Hands: 00:09:00 •Module 15 : Manicure: 00:08:00 •Module 16 : Pedicure: 00:09:00 •Module 17 : Nail Art: 00:16:00 •Module 18 : Shellac and Gel Nails: 00:13:00 •Module 19 : Hair Types: 00:38:00 •Module 20 : How to Treat Hair: 00:14:00 •Module 21 : Hair Colour and Hair Shape: 00:11:00 •Module 22 : How to Wash Hair Professionally: 00:13:00 •Module 23 : Tool's: 00:09:00 •Module 24 : Styling: 00:15:00 •Module 25 : Men's Hair: 00:10:00 •Module 26 : Up-Styling: 00:16:00 •Module 27 : Hair Extensions: 00:14:00 •Module 28 : Hairstyles: 00:48:00

Discover the art and science behind modern beauty therapy with the Innovative Beauty Techniques Course, designed to elevate your understanding of key beauty disciplines. This course covers a broad spectrum of essential topics, from skin analysis and facial treatments to advanced make-up artistry, nail care, and hairstyling. Each module delves into foundational knowledge and current trends, offering a detailed exploration that prepares you to confidently navigate the evolving beauty landscape. Tailored for those seeking flexible learning without the need for physical attendance, this course provides expertly crafted content to develop your expertise in hair removal and body treatments alongside other beauty essentials. Whether you are aiming to enhance your career prospects or simply refine your skills, the course combines depth with accessibility, allowing you to study at your own pace. Engage with a thoughtfully designed curriculum that prioritises both theory and technique, ensuring a well-rounded grasp of beauty therapy’s many facets. Key Features CPD Accredited FREE PDF + Hardcopy certificate Fully online, interactive course Self-paced learning and laptop, tablet and smartphone-friendly 24/7 Learning Assistance Discounts on bulk purchases Course Curriculum Module 01: Fundamentals of Beauty Therapy Module 02: Skin Analysis and Facial Treatments Module 03: Make-up Artistry Module 04: Nail Care and ManicurePedicure Techniques Module 05: Hair Care and Styling Module 06: Hair Removal and Body Treatments Learning Outcomes: Enhance your beauty therapy skills for a promising career. Master the art of skincare and facial treatments. Develop your makeup artistry techniques. Perfect your nail care and manicure/pedicure skills. Hone your hair care and styling expertise. Gain proficiency in hair removal and body treatments. Accreditation This course is CPD Quality Standards (CPD QS) accredited, providing you with up-to-date skills and knowledge and helping you to become more competent and effective in your chosen field. Certificate After completing this course, you will get a FREE Digital Certificate from Training Express. CPD 10 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Aspiring beauty therapists and makeup artists. Individuals looking to start a career in the beauty industry. Those seeking a comprehensive beauty education. Enthusiasts wanting to perfect beauty techniques. Anyone desiring to explore skincare and hair care. Individuals eager to master nail care and makeup. Beginners looking to build a foundation in beauty. Creatives ready to embark on a journey in beauty artistry. Career path Skincare Specialist Makeup Artist Nail Technician Hair Stylist Beauty Consultant Body Treatment Specialist Certificates Digital certificate Digital certificate - Included Once you've successfully completed your course, you will immediately be sent a FREE digital certificate. Hard copy certificate Hard copy certificate - Included Also, you can have your FREE printed certificate delivered by post (shipping cost £3.99 in the UK). For all international addresses outside of the United Kingdom, the delivery fee for a hardcopy certificate will be only £10. Our certifications have no expiry dates, although we do recommend that you renew them every 12 months.

24-Hour Knowledge Knockdown! Prices Reduced Like Never Before Have you ever dreamt of transforming your home with beautiful carpentry work, but felt unsure where to begin? Did you know that, the UK construction industry employs over 2.4 million people, contributing significantly to the economy? However, according to the Federation of Master Builders, the industry is experiencing a significant skills shortage. If you're interested in a rewarding career in carpentry, or simply want to enhance your DIY skills around the house, this comprehensive carpentry training bundle is the perfect place to start! This unique bundle combines a variety of carpentry and DIY-related courses designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to tackle projects of all levels, from basic repairs to complete renovations. Learn essential woodworking techniques, tackle furniture restoration projects, gain valuable safety certifications, and explore interior design - all within the confines of one programme. Whether you're aiming for a professional career in carpentry or simply want to enhance your home improvement skills, this bundle offers something for everyone. Courses are Included in This Bundle: Course 01: Diploma in Carpentry Course Course 02: Carpentry & Joinery (Woodwork) Training Course 03: Handyperson Course 04: Furniture Restoration and Refurbishment Course 05: Home Decoration and Refurbishment Course Course 06: DIY Home Improvement Course 07: Manual Handling Course 08: Interior Design & Home Styling Course 09: Creating Children's Room Course 10: Ladder Safety Course 11: Lone Worker Safety Course Invest in yourself and take the first step towards a rewarding future. Enrol today and unlock a world of opportunity! Learning Outcomes of Carpentry Training Master essential woodworking techniques using hand and power tools. Gain the knowledge to restore and refurbish furniture pieces. Learn valuable safety practices for working with tools and materials. Develop an understanding of interior design principles and home styling. Acquire the skills to create a safe and functional children's room. Achieve proper ladder use and safety protocols for working at heights. Why Choose Us? Get a Free CPD Accredited Certificate upon completion of Carpentry Training Get a free student ID card with Carpentry Training Training program (£10 postal charge will be applicable for international delivery) The Carpentry Training is affordable and simple to understand This course is entirely online, interactive lesson with voiceover audio Get Lifetime access to the Carpentry Training course materials The Carpentry Training comes with 24/7 tutor support Start your learning journey straightaway! *** Course Curriculum *** Course 01: Diploma in Carpentry Course Module 01: Introduction To Carpentry Module 02: Tool Checklist And Use Module 03: Building Materials Module 04: Adhesives And Fasteners Module 05: Floor Systems Module 06: Wall Framing Module 07: Roof Framing And Siding Module 08: Windows And Exterior Doors Module 09: Stair Construction Module 10: Concrete Construction Course 03: Handyperson Module 1: Introduction To Handyperson Module 2: Basic Tools And Equipment Module 3: Electrical Work Module 4: Plumbing Skills Module 5: Appliances Module 6: General Carpentry Module 7: Basic Maintenance Skills Module 8: Walls And Floors Module 9: Painting And Decorating Module 10: Drilling, Tiling And Welding Module 11: Construction Projects Module 12: Health And Safety At Work Module 13: Starting Own Business For Handyperson =========>>>>> And 9 More Courses <<<<<========= How will I get my Certificate? After successfully completing the course, you will be able to order your Certificates as proof of your achievement. PDF Certificate: Free (Previously it was £12.99*11 = £143) CPD Hard Copy Certificate: £29.99 CPD 110 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Anyone interested in learning more about the topic is advised to take this bundle. This bundle is ideal for: DIY Enthusiasts Hobbyists Aspiring Carpenters Interior Design Fans Homeowners Requirements You will not need any prior background or expertise to enrol in this bundle. Career path After completing this bundle, you are to start your career or begin the next phase of your career. Carpenter Joiner Cabinet Maker Furniture Restorer Interior Designer Certificates CPD Accredited Digital Certificate Digital certificate - Included Upon passing the Course, you need to order a Digital Certificate for each of the courses inside this bundle as proof of your new skills that are accredited by CPD QS for Free. CPD Accredited Hard Copy Certificate Hard copy certificate - £29.99 Please note that International students have to pay an additional £10 as a shipment fee.

This course covers the Django web framework from the beginning and also covers advanced Django features. Besides Django, the course also covers HTML, CSS, and Bootstrap, which will introduce full-stack development with Django so that you can build complete web apps from scratch. Learn to develop your own web applications with the help of this course.

Whether you're dabbling in code for the first time or ready to take your styling skills further, this HTML and CSS Coding: Beginner to Advanced Course is designed to take you from the basics to building beautifully structured, clean webpages. It doesn’t matter if you’ve never typed a single line of code—this course walks you through how websites come to life, one tag and style at a time. Learn how to shape content using HTML and control visual design with CSS. From structuring headlines and tables to styling fonts, colours, layouts and grids—each module is built to give you a solid grasp of how the web works under the hood. By the end, you’ll know how to create layouts, build page sections, and apply responsive design elements using HTML5 and modern CSS techniques. Whether you're building personal projects or want to upgrade your digital fluency, this course lays the groundwork to code with confidence. Expert Support Dedicated tutor support and 24/7 customer support are available to all students with this premium quality course. Key Benefits Learning materials of the Design course contain engaging voiceover and visual elements for your comfort. Get 24/7 access to all content for a full year. Each of our students gets full tutor support on weekdays (Monday to Friday) Course Curriculum: Section 01: Getting Started Introduction Course Curriculum How to get Course requirements Getting Started on Windows, Linux or Mac How to ask a Great Questions FAQ's Section 02: Setting up Development Environment Introduction Choosing Code Editor Installing Code Editor(Sublime Text) Overview of a Webpage Full HTML Code Page First 'Hello World!' page Section 03: HTML Fundamentals Introduction Heading Paragraph Formatting text List Items UnOrdered List Items Ordered Classes ID's in CSS Comments in HTML Summary Section 04: HTML Intermediate Introduction Images Forms Form Actions Br tag Marquee Text area Tables Links Navbar / Menu HTML Entities Div tag Google Maps Summary Section 05: HTML Advanced Introduction HTML5 Audio HTML5 Video Progress Bar Drag & Drop Canvas I frames Input Types Input Attributes YouTube Video Linking Creating Responsive Page Summary Section 06: HTML Expert Introduction Registration Form Login Form About Us Form Contact Us Form Footer Form Integrate All Together Coding Exercise Solution for Coding Exercise Summary Section 07: HTML Website Project Introduction Challenge - HTML 5 Clock Face with Numbers on Canvas Project Overview Conclusion on Project Summary Section 08: CSS Fundamentals Introduction CSS Syntax Creating webpage with CSS Inline CSS Internal CSS CSS External CSS Classes CSS IDs Colors Backgrounds Floating Positioning Margins Padding Borders Summary Section 09: CSS Intermediate Introduction Styling Text Aligning Text Styling Links Font Family Font Styles Applying Google Fonts Box Model Icons Tables Navigation-Menu Dropdowns Summary Section 10: CSS Advanced Introduction Advanced Selectors Forms Website Layout Rounded Corners Color Keywords Animations Pseudo Classes Gradients Shadows Calculations Creating Responsive Page Summary Section 11: CSS Expert Introduction Button Styles Flexbox CSS Grid Pagination Multiple Columns Image Reflection UI / UX Design Social Media Icons External CSS Style adding Coding Exercise Solution for Coding Exercise Summary Section 12: CSS Website Project Introduction CSS Project Getting CSS Project Overview Summary Section 13: Publish Your Website for Live Introduction Installing Free FTP Solution (FileZilla) Setting Up FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Publish Website to Hosting Server Summary Course Assessment To simplify the procedure of evaluation and accreditation for learners, we provide an automated assessment system. Upon completion of an online module, you will immediately be given access to a specifically crafted MCQ test. The results will be evaluated instantly, and the score will be displayed for your perusal. For each test, the pass mark will be set to 60%. When all tests have been successfully passed, you will be able to order a certificate endorsed by the Quality Licence Scheme. Exam & Retakes: It is to inform our learners that the initial exam for this online course is provided at no additional cost. In the event of needing a retake, a nominal fee of £9.99 will be applicable. Certification Upon successful completion of the assessment procedure, learners can obtain their certification by placing an order and remitting a fee of £9 for PDF Certificate and £15 for the Hardcopy Certificate within the UK ( An additional £10 postal charge will be applicable for international delivery). Who is this course for? This HTML and CSS Coding: Beginner to Advanced course is designed to enhance your expertise and boost your CV. Learn key skills and gain a certificate of achievement to prove your newly-acquired knowledge. Requirements This HTML and CSS Coding: Beginner to Advanced course is open to all, with no formal entry requirements. Career path Upon successful completion of the HTML and CSS Coding: Beginner to Advanced Course, learners will be equipped with many indispensable skills and have the opportunity to grab.