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Duration 2 Days 12 CPD hours This course is intended for The target audience for the DevOps Foundation course includes Management, Operations, Developers, QA and Testing professionals such as: Individuals involved in IT development IT operations or IT service management. Individuals who require an understanding of DevOps principles. IT professionals working within, or about to enter, an Agile Service Design Environment The following IT roles: Automation Architects, Application Developers, Business Analysts, Business Managers, Business Stakeholders, Change Agents, Consultants, DevOps Consultants, DevOps Engineers, Infrastructure Architect, Integration Specialists, IT Directors, IT Managers, IT Operations, IT Team Leaders, Lean Coaches, Network Administrators, Operations Managers, Project Managers, Release Engineers, Software Developers, Software Tester/QA, System Administrators, Systems Engineers, System Integrators, Tool Providers. Overview The learning objectives for DevOps Foundation include an understanding of: DevOps objectives and vocabulary Benefits to the business and IT Principles and practices including Continuous Integration, Continuous Delivery, testing, security and the Three Ways DevOps relationship to Agile, Lean and ITSM Improved workflows, communication and feedback loops Automation practices including deployment pipelines and DevOps toolchains Scaling DevOps for the enterprise Critical success factors and key performance indicators Real-life examples and results The DevOps Foundation course provides a baseline understanding of key DevOps terminology to ensure everyone is talking the same language and highlights the benefits of DevOps to support organizational success. Learners will gain an understanding of DevOps, the cultural and professional movement that stresses communication, collaboration, integration, and automation to improve the flow of work between software developers and IT operations professionals. This course prepares you for the DevOps Foundation (DOFD) certification. Exploring DevOps Defining DevOps Why Does DevOps Matter? Core DevOps Principles The Three Ways The First Way The Theory of Constraints The Second Way The Third Way Chaos Engineering Learning Organizations Key DevOps Practices Continuous Testing, Integration, Delivery, Deployment Site Reliability & Resilience Engineering DevSecOps ChatOps Kanban Business and Technology Frameworks Agile ITSM Lean Safety Culture Learning Organizations Continuous Funding Culture, Behaviors & Operating Models Defining Culture Cultural Debt Behavioral Models Organizational maturity models Automation & Architecting DevOps Toolchains CI/CD Cloud, Containers, and Microservices AI and Machine Learning Automation DevOps Toolchains Measurement, Metrics, and Reporting The Importance of Measurement DevOps Metrics - Speed, Quality, Stability, Culture Change lead/cycle time Value Driven Metrics Sharing, Shadowing and Evolving DevOps in the Enterprise Roles DevOps Leadership Organizational Considerations Getting Started Challenges, Risks, and Critical Success Factors Additional course details: Nexus Humans DevOps Foundation (DevOps Institute) training program is a workshop that presents an invigorating mix of sessions, lessons, and masterclasses meticulously crafted to propel your learning expedition forward. This immersive bootcamp-style experience boasts interactive lectures, hands-on labs, and collaborative hackathons, all strategically designed to fortify fundamental concepts. Guided by seasoned coaches, each session offers priceless insights and practical skills crucial for honing your expertise. Whether you're stepping into the realm of professional skills or a seasoned professional, this comprehensive course ensures you're equipped with the knowledge and prowess necessary for success. While we feel this is the best course for the DevOps Foundation (DevOps Institute) course and one of our Top 10 we encourage you to read the course outline to make sure it is the right content for you. Additionally, private sessions, closed classes or dedicated events are available both live online and at our training centres in Dublin and London, as well as at your offices anywhere in the UK, Ireland or across EMEA.

Duration 2 Days 12 CPD hours This course is intended for The target audience for the DevSecOps Foundation course are professionals including: Anyone involved or interested in learning about DevSecOps strategies and automation Anyone involved in Continuous Delivery toolchain architectures Compliance Team Business managers Delivery Staff DevOps Engineers IT Managers IT Security Professionals, Practitioners, and Managers Maintenance and support staff Managed Service Providers Project & Product Managers Quality Assurance Teams Release Managers Scrum Masters Site Reliability Engineers Software Engineers Testers Overview You will learn: The purpose, benefits, concepts, and vocabulary of DevSecOps How DevOps security practices differ from other security approaches Business-driven security strategies and Best Practices Understanding and applying data and security sciences Integrating corporate stakeholders into DevSecOps Practices Enhancing communication between Dev, Sec, and Ops teams How DevSecOps roles fit with a DevOps culture and organization In this course, students will gain a solid understanding of how DevSecOps provides business value, enhancing your business opportunities, and improving corporate value. The core DevSecOps principles taught can support an organizational transformation, increase productivity, reduce risk, and optimize resource usage. This course explains how DevOps security practices differ from other approaches then delivers the education needed to apply changes to your organization. Participants learn the purpose, benefits, concepts, vocabulary and applications of DevSecOps. Most importantly, students learn how DevSecOps roles fit with a DevOps culture and organization. At the course?s end, participants will understand ?security as code? to make security and compliance value consumable as a service. This course prepares you for the DevSecOps Foundation (DSOF) certification. Realizing DevSecOps Outcomes Origins of DevOps Evolution of DevSecOps CALMS The Three Ways Defining the Cyberthreat Landscape What is the Cyber Threat Landscape? What is the threat? What do we protect from? What do we protect, and why? How do I talk to security? Building a Responsive DevSecOps Model Demonstrate Model Technical, business and human outcomes What?s being measured? Gating and thresholding Integrating DevSecOps Stakeholders The DevSecOps State of Mind The DevSecOps Stakeholders What?s at stake for who? Participating in the DevSecOps model Establishing DevSecOps Best Practices Start where you are Integrating people, process and technology and governance DevSecOps operating model Communication practices and boundaries Focusing on outcomes Best Practices to get Started The Three Ways Identifying target states Value stream-centric thinking DevOps Pipelines and Continuous Compliance The goal of a DevOps pipeline Why continuous compliance is important Archetypes and reference architectures Coordinating DevOps Pipeline construction DevSecOps tool categories, types and examples Learning Using Outcomes Security Training Options Training as Policy Experiential Learning Cross-Skilling The DevSecOps Collective Body of Knowledge Preparing for the DevSecOps Foundation certification exam Additional course details: Nexus Humans DevSecOps Foundation (DevOps Institute) training program is a workshop that presents an invigorating mix of sessions, lessons, and masterclasses meticulously crafted to propel your learning expedition forward. This immersive bootcamp-style experience boasts interactive lectures, hands-on labs, and collaborative hackathons, all strategically designed to fortify fundamental concepts. Guided by seasoned coaches, each session offers priceless insights and practical skills crucial for honing your expertise. Whether you're stepping into the realm of professional skills or a seasoned professional, this comprehensive course ensures you're equipped with the knowledge and prowess necessary for success. While we feel this is the best course for the DevSecOps Foundation (DevOps Institute) course and one of our Top 10 we encourage you to read the course outline to make sure it is the right content for you. Additionally, private sessions, closed classes or dedicated events are available both live online and at our training centres in Dublin and London, as well as at your offices anywhere in the UK, Ireland or across EMEA.

Duration 2 Days 12 CPD hours This course is intended for Anyone desiring to improve their ability to speak self-assuredly, in front of both internal and external groups will benefit from this course. Overview Understand what separates an effective presentation from an ineffective presentation. Design a proficient presentation geared toward their audience. Create powerful slides that enhance the address. Enhance their public speaking skills with tips and techniques used by professional speakers. Prepare mentally for their best performance. Engage their audience more effectively and with greater passion. Whether speaking publicly or to a specific audience, your ability to build, develop and deliver a purposeful presentation is key to being able to convey your message and achieve your desired results. From open to close, it is crucial to learn the tools necessary to maintain engagement and to organize ideas to create coherent and convincing oral presentations. In this course, you will learn strategies to structure and develop presentation content focused on audience need and key points, identifying the areas in which you are most polished, as well as picking up hints and tips to address any gaps. Private classes on this topic are available. We can address your organization?s issues, time constraints, and save you money, too. Contact us to find out how. 1. Foundation, Structure, and Organization Why a presentation The difference between effective and ineffective presentations Delivering passion and value Structure determines success 2. Creating the Basic Structure Building the backbone Capturing audience attention Understanding your audience 3. Organizing Your Program Planning analog Creating the topic outline Fact-Finding 4. Designing and Building Your Presentation Choosing proper content Building and writing Your presentation Slide design 5. Delivering Your Presentation Preparing mentally Appearing confident in front of the crowd 6. Engaging Your Audience from Start to Finish Understanding and matching learning styles Closing Your presentation and providing calls to action Additional course details: Nexus Humans The Art of Effective Presentations (Second Edition) training program is a workshop that presents an invigorating mix of sessions, lessons, and masterclasses meticulously crafted to propel your learning expedition forward. This immersive bootcamp-style experience boasts interactive lectures, hands-on labs, and collaborative hackathons, all strategically designed to fortify fundamental concepts. Guided by seasoned coaches, each session offers priceless insights and practical skills crucial for honing your expertise. Whether you're stepping into the realm of professional skills or a seasoned professional, this comprehensive course ensures you're equipped with the knowledge and prowess necessary for success. While we feel this is the best course for the The Art of Effective Presentations (Second Edition) course and one of our Top 10 we encourage you to read the course outline to make sure it is the right content for you. Additionally, private sessions, closed classes or dedicated events are available both live online and at our training centres in Dublin and London, as well as at your offices anywhere in the UK, Ireland or across EMEA.

This Reiki Master Teacher Course has been created for Reiki practitioners who want to share their knowledge and experience of practising Reiki and who want to learn how to teach others. This course is designed to teach you how to become a Reiki Master Teacher, so that you can learn how to prepare Reiki training courses and teach and attune others. You will be shown how to plan, design and create your courses, how to deliver them and what length they should be for each level of Reiki.

A sales manager's role has more to do with the ability to lead, mentor, and motivate a sales team to achieve or exceed an organisation's sales goals. This programme concentrates on these skills and behaviours enhancing their existing skills to new levels through the sales management process.

Telecomms training course description A comprehensive tour of the telecommunications technologies and terminology currently in use, and under development. What will you learn List and describe components of the PSTN. Explain how calls are made over the PSTN Compare analog and digital transmission methods. Describe the technologies within the transport plane. Recognise the benefits of extra features available in today's telephone networks. Telecomms training course details Who will benefit: Anyone new to the Telecommunications industry. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days Telecomms training course contents Telephone network architecture Handsets, local loop, distribution points, Local exchanges, main telephone switches, PBXs. Making a call - some basics Telephone call components, how a telephone call works, accessing the local exchange, loop disconnect, DTMF, standards, E.164, PSTN routing, Intelligent Networks, Special Rate Services. Analogue vs Digital Voice characteristics, PSTN bandwidth, analogue signalling, Digital encoding, PCM and the 64k, ADPCM and other voice compression methods. PBXs PABX, Call processing, networking PBXs, PBX facilities, bandwidth, blocking probability and Erlangs, Erlang models, using Erlang tables. Transmission methods Two wire transmission, 64k circuits, Nx64, E1, 2 wire to 4 wire conversion, echo, echo suppression, echo cancellers, twisted pair, coax, fibre optic, power lines, satellite systems, microwave. Signalling Analogue signalling, loop start, earth calling, E&M, AC15. Digital signalling -CAS, robbed bits and E1 slot 16 signalling. Digital signalling CCS, Q.931, SS7, Q.SIG, DPNSS, DASS2. Transport planes PDH, PDH issues, SDH, SDH architecture, SDH standards, SDH bit rates, SDH mulitplexors, DWDM. Networks Circuit Switched Networks, TDM, Packet Switched Networks, Frame Relay, Message Switching, Circuit Switching, STDM, Cell Switching, ATM, ATM cells, ATM traffic parameters, ATM QoS, MPLS. Other network access Modems, modulation, speeds, ISDN, BRI, PRI, xDSL, SDSL, ADSL. Other Services Centrex, VPNs, FeatureNet, CTI, Call Processing Systems, Voice Mail, Automated Attendant Systems, Interactive Voice Response, Call Management Systems, Call Conferencing, Star Services. Mobile communications 3 types of wireless telephone, mobile generations, base stations, cells, GSM, GPRS, 3G, UMTS, WCDMA, 4G, LTE. VoIP overview What is VoIP, VoIP benefits, What is IP? The IP header, Packetising voice, VoIP addressing, H.323, SIP, RTP. Bandwidth requirements.

Lean Six Sigma Green Belt Certification Program - Become Green Belt Certified: On-Demand This course explores the DMAIC process in depth and enables you to achieve IIL's Lean Six Sigma Green Belt Certification. DMAIC is the foundation of Lean Six Sigma and process improvement. The incremental steps of "Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control" give structure and guidance to improving quality, performance, and productivity. Green Belt is not just a role, it is also a competency required for leadership positions at many top companies. This learning series is designed to enable participants to fulfill the important role of a Lean Six Sigma Green Belt and to incorporate the Lean Six Sigma mindset into their leadership skills. With a real-world project focus, the series will teach the fundamental methodology, tools, and techniques of the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control Process Improvement Methodology. What You Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Identify strategies for effectively leading high performing process improvement teams Analyze whether projects align with business strategy Apply process improvement methodologies to DMAIC steps, based on real world scenarios Explain ways to appropriately respond to process variation Distinguish among best practice problem solving methodologies Evaluate and effectively communicate data-driven decisions, based on real world scenarios Introduction Lean Six Sigma & quality The vision The methodologies The metric Project Selection Why Projects Random idea generation Targeted idea generation CTQs (Critical to Quality) & projects Project screening criteria Quick improvements Introduction to Define Project Planning Developing the core charter Developing a project charter Facilitation Process Management Business process management Top-down process mapping Voice of the Customer Voice of Customer Stakeholder analysis Communication planning Kicking off the project Introduction to Measure Data Collection Fact-based decision making Data sampling Operations definitions Data collection plan Measurement system analysis Graphical Statistics for Continuous Data Meet Six SigmaXL Graphical & statistical tools Data stratification Graphical Statistics for Discrete Data Pareto analysis Dot plots Plotting data over time: Looking for patterns Variation Concepts Variation is reality Special Cause and Common Cause variation Example of standard business reporting Individuals Control Chart Process Capability Genesis of process capability Calculating the metrics of Six Sigma Yield metrics: Measuring process efficiency Cost of Poor Quality The Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) Cost of Quality categories Calculating the Cost of Poor Quality Introduction to Analyze Process Analysis Introduction to process analysis Value-added analysis Cycle time analysis WIP & pull systems Analyzing bottlenecks and constraints Cause & Effect Analysis Fishbone/Ishikawa diagram 5-Whys analysis Graphical & statistical tools Advanced Analysis Why use hypothesis tests? Hypothesis tests Correlation and regression analysis Introduction to Improve Solutions Creativity techniques Generating alternative solutions Solution selection techniques Introduction to Design of Experiments Introduction to DOE DOE activity Error Proofing Failure mode & effect analysis Poka-Yoke Project Management Fundamentals Successful teams Project roles Conflict management Standardization Standardization The Visual Workplace 5S Piloting & Verifying Result What is a pilot? Evaluating results Introduction to Control Statistical Process Control Review of Special & Common Cause variation Review of Individual Control Chart P-Chart for discrete proportion data Transition Planning Control plan Project closure

Lean Six Sigma Green Belt Certification Program: On-Demand This learning series is designed to enable participants to fulfill the important role of a Lean Six Sigma Green Belt and to incorporate the Lean Six Sigma mindset into their leadership skills. Green Belt is not just a role, it is also a competency required for leadership positions at many top companies. This learning series is designed to enable participants to fulfill the important role of a Lean Six Sigma Green Belt and to incorporate the Lean Six Sigma mindset into their leadership skills. With a real-world project focus, the series will teach the fundamental methodology, tools, and techniques of the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control Process Improvement Methodology. This course is delivered through sixteen 3-hour online sessions. What you Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Identify strategies for effectively leading high performing process improvement teams Analyze whether projects align with business strategy Apply process improvement methodologies to DMAIC steps, based on real world scenarios Explain ways to appropriately respond to process variation Distinguish among best practice problem solving methodologies Evaluate and effectively communicate data-driven decisions, based on real world scenarios Introduction Lean Six Sigma & quality The vision The methodologies The metric Project Selection Why Projects Random idea generation Targeted idea generation CTQs (Critical to Quality) & projects Project screening criteria Quick improvements Introduction to Define Project Planning Developing the core charter Developing a project charter Facilitation Process Management Business process management Top-down process mapping Voice of the Customer Voice of Customer Stakeholder analysis Communication planning Kicking off the project Define Summary Introduction to Measure Data Collection Fact-based decision making Data sampling Operations definitions Data collection plan Measurement system analysis Graphical Statistics for Continuous Data Meet Six SigmaXL Graphical & statistical tools Data stratification Graphical Statistics for Discrete Data Pareto analysis Dot plots Plotting data over time: Looking for patterns Variation Concepts Variation is reality Special Cause and Common Cause variation Example of standard business reporting Individuals Control Chart Process Capability Genesis of process capability Calculating the metrics of Six Sigma Yield metrics: Measuring process efficiency Cost of Poor Quality The Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) Cost of Quality categories Calculating the Cost of Poor Quality Measure Summary Introduction to Analyze Process Analysis Introduction to process analysis Value-added analysis Cycle time analysis WIP & pull systems Analyzing bottlenecks and constraints Cause & Effect Analysis Fishbone/Ishikawa diagram 5-Whys analysis Graphical & statistical tools Advanced Analysis Why use hypothesis rests? Hypothesis tests Correlation and regression analysis Analyze Summary Introduction to Improve Solutions Creativity techniques Generating alternative solutions Solution selection techniques Introduction to Design of Experiments Introduction to DOE DOE activity Error Proofing Failure mode & effect analysis Poka-Yoke Project Management Fundamentals Successful teams Project roles Conflict management Standardization Standardization The Visual Workplace 5S Piloting & Verifying Results What is a pilot? Evaluating results Improve Summary Introduction to Control Statistical Process Control Review of Special & Common Cause variation Review of Individual Control Chart P-Chart for discrete proportion data Transition Planning Control plan Project closure Control Summary Summary and Next Steps

Duration 3 Days 18 CPD hours This course is intended for The CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ Specialty certification is relevant to IT specialists, IT technical services specialists, IT relationship managers, IT architects, consultants, business and IT management, business process owners, and analysts. Overview Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: Learn the fundamental concepts of cloud computing. Learn the business aspects and impact of cloud computing. Differentiate the types of cloud solutions and the adoption measures needed for each. Identify the technical challenges and the mitigation measures involved in cloud computing. Identify the steps to successfully adopt cloud services. Identify the basic concepts of ITIL and describe how the ITIL framework is useful in the implementation of cloud computing in an organization. Identify the possible risks involved in cloud computing and the risk mitigation measures, and you will also identify the potential cost considerations for the implementation of cloud and its strategic benefits. Students will weigh the pros and cons of cloud computing to make effective decisions and meet IT challenges. 1 - Understanding Cloud Computing Concepts Topic A: Understand Basic Cloud Concepts and Terms Topic B: Identify Cloud Network and Cloud Storage Technologies Topic C: Recognize Cloud Design Aspects 2 - Applying Cloud Business Principles Topic A: Relate Cloud Concepts to Business Principles Topic B: Establish Cloud Vendor Relations Topic C: Distinguish the Financial Aspects of Engaging a Cloud Service Provider Topic D: Report Financial Expenditures 3 - Advising a Cloud Design and Migration Topic A: Relate Cloud Concepts to Cloud Design and Migration Topic B: Use Cloud Assessments Topic C: Manage Cloud Design Topic D: Compare Cloud Migration Approaches Topic E: Identify Benefits and Solutions of Cloud Services 4 - Operating in the Cloud Topic A: Relate Cloud Concepts to Technical Operations Topic B: Identify the Technical Aspects of Cloud Operations Topic C: Understand DevOps in the Cloud Topic D: Explain Cloud Security Concerns, Measures, and Concepts 5 - Managing Cloud Governance Topic A: Relate Cloud Concepts to Governance Topic B: Apply Risk Management Concepts Topic C: Understand Compliance and the Cloud Topic D: Manage Policies and Procedures for Cloud Services 6 - Appendix A: Mapping Course Content to the CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ (Exam CLO-002) 7 - Appendix B: CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ (Exam CLO-002) Acronyms 8 - Glossary 9 - Index Additional course details: Nexus Humans CompTIA Cloud Essentials Plus Certification (Exam CLO-002) training program is a workshop that presents an invigorating mix of sessions, lessons, and masterclasses meticulously crafted to propel your learning expedition forward. This immersive bootcamp-style experience boasts interactive lectures, hands-on labs, and collaborative hackathons, all strategically designed to fortify fundamental concepts. Guided by seasoned coaches, each session offers priceless insights and practical skills crucial for honing your expertise. Whether you're stepping into the realm of professional skills or a seasoned professional, this comprehensive course ensures you're equipped with the knowledge and prowess necessary for success. While we feel this is the best course for the CompTIA Cloud Essentials Plus Certification (Exam CLO-002) course and one of our Top 10 we encourage you to read the course outline to make sure it is the right content for you. Additionally, private sessions, closed classes or dedicated events are available both live online and at our training centres in Dublin and London, as well as at your offices anywhere in the UK, Ireland or across EMEA.

Mergers and Acquisitions - Virtual Learning Why Attend This practical course covers the key steps in the Mergers and Acquisitions(M&A) process, from the initial step of valuing the shares in a company through to closing the deal. Whether or not participants practice M&A, this course will provide them an insider's look into what is an undeniable major force in today's corporate arena. This course will give participants an A-Z understanding of the M&A process and the ability to evaluate whether a merger or acquisition fits with their organization's strategy. As a result they will identify the most lucrative M&A opportunities, select the best partners and get the maximum reward from the deal. Course Methodology In this interactive training course participants will frequently work in pairs as well as in larger groups to complete exercises, and regional and international case studies. Course Objectives By the end of the course, participants will be able to: Identify attractive Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) opportunities Formulate the initial steps and the preliminary agreements for a merger or acquisition Carry out a full due diligence into the state of affairs of a target company Understand the Share Purchase Agreement (SPA) and the Asset Purchase Agreement (APA) Take an active role in the exchange and completion stages of a merger or acquisition Be an effective part of the post-merger integration to ensure the smooth running of the new organization Target Audience This course is suitable for anyone involved in the identification, planning and execution of a Mergers and Acquisitions opportunity. This includes, CEOs, managing directors, general managers, financial directors, accountants, board members, commercial directors, business development directors, strategy planners and analysts, and in-house council. Target Competencies Identifying M&A opportunities Due Diligence Organizing Acquisitions Structuring Negotiations Post-acquisition Integration Post-acquisition Audit Note The Dubai Government Legal Affairs Department has introduced a Continuing Legal Professional Development (CLPD) programme to legal consultants authorised to practise through a licensed firm in the Emirate of Dubai. We are proud to announce that the Dubai Government Legal Affairs Department has accredited EMG Associates as a CLPD provider. In addition, all our legal programmes have been approved. This PLUS Specialty Training Legal course qualifies for 4 elective CLPD points. Fundamentals of Mergers and Acquisitions ( M&A) Distinction between Mergers and Acquisitions Types of Mergers & Acquisitions Horizontal Vertical conglomerate Knowledge of areas of law required in M& A The Preliminary documents required in M&A Heads of terms- legally binding? Confidentiality - do they need to be in writing? Lockout/exclusivity agreements- requirements for enforceability How to structure the Acquisition Share sale Advantages and disadvantages from the buyer's perspective Advantages and disadvantages from the seller's perspective Business sale Advantages and disadvantages from the buyer's perspective Advantages and disadvantages from the seller's perspective Hive down A combination of assert sale and share sale Looking at different valuation techniques Real Estate Value Relief from Royalty Discounted Cash Flow Market Multiples Dividend Yield Net Assets The Due Diligence Process What is it? Why do it? Scope of due diligence Legal Financial  Commercial Operational The Purchase Agreements Share Sale Purchase Agreement v Asset Purchase Agreement v Business Purchase Agreements Provisions in a Share Purchase Agreement Importance of warranties and indemnities in purchase agreements Negotiating warranties from a Share Purchase Agreement Contractual protection for the seller  Disclosure letter Intellectual property What happens to IP in M&A  Stages of the IP during the M&A process Dispute Resolution in M&A Litigation Arbitration Mediation The Exchange and completion stages of M&A Seller's document Buyer's document The auction process The relevant stages Advantages and disadvantages from the buyer's and the seller's perspective