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When managers have too many decisions to make, it can have a serious impact on the speed and efficiency of the organisation. When those decisions are commercial ones, the results can wreak havoc with the bottom line. Often the problem arises when those below them or in operational areas of the organisation aren't equipped or allowed to make a decision for themselves. Issues get passed back up and that wastes time. This programme provides a solution, giving your entire team the skills to: And most importantly, they'll be able to do this in line with the broader aims and commercial objectives of the business. By the end of the programme participants will be able to: Fully appreciate the importance of effective decision-making in business Use the five-step 'Stop, Think, Act!' decision-making process Stop leaping to conclusions Really understand the situations and decisions they are dealing with Identify good options Evaluate those options Make decisions and then put them into action Apply these tools and techniques to all their decisions in future 1 Understanding the business we work in What are the critical factors in our business? What is the SWOT analysis for our business? 2 Understanding what decision-making is 3 Background Culture of 'having to be doing' To change things we have to think about it! We are paid to make decisions! 4 Recognise the opportunity to make a decision 5 The 'Stop, Think, Act!' technique 6 STOP! Recognise the opportunity to make a decision Don't leap to conclusions Get ready to think Initial questions:Is this my decision? (Do I have the authority?)Who is this going to affect? (Do they need to be included?)When do I need to make the decision? (What's the timeline?) 7 THINK! The 3 Cs - making sure we understand the decisions we have to make What is the context of this decision?What is the overall situation?Why is this decision important?What do we need to achieve?What will success look like? Do I have clarity about the decision I need to make?Can I write it down?Can I express it clearly in two sentences? What are the criteria?What are the critical commercial factors that we will use to select our options?What will we use to measure the business success? 8 ACT! Identifying options What data do I need to collect?Issues with today's overloadIdentifying what will help you Select optionsHow many options?Must match your criteriaMust achieve success'Decision compass' exercise Analyse optionsTabular methodRisk analysis (likelihood v effect)Head, heart and gut (is there any organisational history/bias that we are up against?) Making your decision Taking it to actionFirst actionsPlanning how to make it happen

Today's administrative professional needs flexibility and a broad portfolio of skills including self-motivation, assertiveness, and the ability to deal with difficult people. You will benefit from this course if you are an administrator, medical/legal secretary or PA, who wants to enhance your administrative support skills, as well as evaluating your existing techniques. This course will help you identify: your areas of strength and your areas for improvement in the work environment ways to accept new challenges and responsibilities with confidence what motivates you at work techniques to improve your planning and time management ways of improving your influencing and assertiveness skills your preferred working style (and relate it to your interaction with others) ways of using your initiative how to deal with challenging people, using recognised communication methods The course will help you develop a flexible set of skills that will allow you to succeed at work, no matter what the day throws at you. It will help you communicate effectively with a diverse range of colleagues and others with tact and diplomacy. And, finally, it will help you provide the administrative support that is essential for the smooth running of your area and of the organisation as a whole. 1 Introduction Overview Introductions Individual objectives 2 What exactly is your role? Before looking at new skills and techniques, where are you now? Do you have the skills, knowledge and attitude required to be an exceptional administrator? Understand your job criteria Identifying your strengths and areas for development Activity - skills analysis Activity - action plan 3 Building trust How can you build trust? Understanding the links between reliability, consistency and trust What is required to deliver efficient service? Activity: efficient service requirements of the professional administrator 4 Working styles Identifying your working style preference Understanding the importance of a flexible approach Identifying areas of improvement to become a more effective team member Activity: Questionnaire (completing, scoring and charting) Activity: drawbacks of my style Developing your working style 5 Assertiveness Understand the differences between behaviours Activity: Definition and characteristics of assertive / aggressive / passive behaviour Activity: Identifying different behaviours Understanding how to be more assertive How to use assertiveness techniques How to ask for feedback Activity: Making requests assertively Activity: Refusing requests assertively 6 Time management The importance of planning for success The importance of managing interruptions The importance of having clear purpose Time management best practices Activity: How do you plan your time? What prevents you improving your time management? How will you recognise success? 7 Prioritisation How to prioritise work to meet deadlines The prioritisation matrix Activity: Post it! 8 Dealing with interruptions The impact interruptions have on productivity How to manage interruptions Activity: What interruptions do you experience? What tactics can be employed to reduce these interruptions? 9 Close Open forum Summary Action planning

Getting Started The BSc in Early Childhood Studies programme provides a comprehensive education on child development, education, and care. It equips students with the knowledge and skills necessary to work effectively with young children and their families in various educational and childcare settings. This programme establishes a strong foundation for early childhood education and advocacy careers. The BSc (Hons) Early Childhood Studies programme delivers a dynamic educational experience for students aspiring to engage in early childhood education and development. This undergraduate degree programme strongly emphasises comprehending the critical stages of early childhood, spanning from infancy to primary school age. It delves into the multitude of factors that influence a child's growth and learning. Throughout the programme, students are exposed to a wide array of topics, including child psychology, early education pedagogy, child health and well-being, and the socio-cultural influences on early childhood development. The curriculum is thoughtfully crafted to nurture a deep understanding of the unique needs and challenges faced by young children and their families, equipping graduates with the knowledge and skills necessary to impact the field positively. Anglia Ruskin University's BSc (Hons) Early Childhood Studies programme offers a supportive learning environment with experienced faculty and access to cutting-edge research. Graduates from this programme are well-prepared for a diverse range of career opportunities in early childhood education, social services, child advocacy, and more. It serves as a solid foundation for individuals passionate about nurturing and shaping the future of our youngest learners. The programme comprises two phases; the first is the Qualifi Level 4 and 5 Diploma in Early Learning and Childcare, awarded by Qualifi and delivered by the School of Business and Technology London. The second phase is the BSc (Hons) in Early Childhood Studies Top Up, awarded and delivered 100% online by Anglia Ruskin University. At Anglia Ruskin University, you will study through Canvas, a world-class online Learning Management System (LMS), accessed from your phone, pc or tablet at home or on the move. Canvas provides instant access to study materials, forums, and support from tutors and classmates, as well as enabling easy submission of your assignments. After successfully completing your studies, you'll be invited to attend a graduation ceremony on campus at Anglia Ruskin University. If attending the ceremony in person is not possible, we'll arrange to send your certificate to you. School of Business and Technology London partners with Chestnut Education Group to promote this programme. About Awarding Body Anglia Ruskin University began in 1858 as the Cambridge School of Art founded by William Beaumont. It was then merged with the Cambridge shire College of Arts and Technology and the Essex Institute of Higher Education and was renamed Anglia Polytechnic. It was then given university status in 1992 and renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005. The university has campuses in the UK (Cambridge, Chelmsford, London and Peterborough), as well as they are partnered with institutions around the world including Berlin, Budapest, Trinidad, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. Assessment Assignments and Project No examinations Entry Requirements A Level or Equivalent Minimum 1 Year of experience in Early Learning and Childcare. Further, candidates are also required to demonstrate their English language proficiency. Learners must request before enrolment to interchange unit(s) other than the preselected units shown in the SBTL website because we need to make sure the availability of learning materials for the requested unit(s). SBTL will reject an application if the learning materials for the requested interchange unit(s) are unavailable. Learners are not allowed to make any request to interchange unit(s) once enrolment is complete. Structure Phase 1 - Qualifi Level 4 and 5 Diploma in Early Learning and Childcare Programme structure Level 4 The Qualifi Level 4 Diploma in Early Learning and Childcare comprises 9 units. To obtain the Diploma, learners must complete all mandatory units, earning 34 credits. Additionally, they should select at least 6 credits from the optional units. A total of 40 credits is necessary for Diploma completion, along with at least 30 hours of teaching practice. Mandatory units:  Child development and enabling children to learn Reference No: J/650/0974 Credit: 9 || TQT: 90 This unit aims to equip learners with a comprehensive understanding of diverse early years pedagogical approaches influencing holistic learning in babies and children aged from birth to five years. It delves into local statutory planning and monitoring requisites. Learners will also explore leadership, mentoring, and managerial skills. The unit emphasises comprehending how babies and young children learn and translating theory into practical application. Additionally, it examines developmental disparities, the potential for developmental delays, the impacts of transitions, and how children learn in various environments. It empowers learners with proficiency in utilising observation, Assessment, and planning to foster children's development. To demonstrate their assimilated knowledge, learners must integrate it into their day-to-day responsibilities with children aged from birth to five years and document practice modifications in their setting via a portfolio. Physical activity and nutrition co-ordination (PANCo) in early years Reference No: K/650/0975 Credit: 6 || TQT: 60  In this unit, learners will grasp the advantages of physical activity and the significance of a balanced diet for the health and well-being of babies, children, and their families. They should consider statutory framework mandates and national, local, and international initiatives, advice, and perspectives relevant to health and well-being.  Supporting children with additional needs Reference No: J/650/0992 Credit: 4 || TQT: 40 This unit endeavours to enhance the leadership and management capabilities of the Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO) in effectively guiding best practices for children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) and their families. Partnership working in early years settings Reference No: L/650/0976 Credit: 6 || TQT: 60 This unit seeks to assist learners in comprehending the legal obligations associated with collaborating with families. It emphasises the positive impact of effective partnerships with other professionals on the well-being and development of babies and children. Learners will also delve into the varied needs of families and strategise ways to surmount potential obstacles to successful partnership working. Implementing and evaluating change through a research project Reference No: M/650/0977 Credit: 6 || TQT: 60 This unit mandates learners to devise, execute, and assess change about a chosen theme, accomplished through a modest research endeavour. Learners will also grasp the ethical considerations integral to research. The chosen theme, subject to agreement with the assessor, enables learners to introspect on their practices, employ current research to propose enhancements within their setting, put these proposals into action, and report on their outcomes. Legal requirements in Childcare Reference No: R/650/0978 Credit: 3 || TQT: 30 This unit encompasses the necessary knowledge and understanding regarding health and safety, equality and inclusion, the Welfare Requirements of the Early Years Foundation Stage, Employment Rights, and Special Educational Needs, including Looked Children. It also addresses the preparations for Ofsted inspections, the formulation of policies and procedures, and the utilisation of information to oversee the quality of the setting's practices. Optional Units Assessing and planning for children's changing developmental needs Reference No: T/650/0979 Credit: 6 || TQT: 60 This unit's objective is to equip learners with the knowledge, comprehension, and skills required to conduct observations for assessing and planning for children's evolving developmental needs over an extended duration, commonly referred to as a longitudinal study. The study is to be conducted over six months. Caring for babies Reference No: D/650/0980 Credit: 6 || TQT: 60 This unit fosters the knowledge, understanding, and skills necessary to care for infants aged 0-18 months. Caring for children through play out of school Reference No: F/650/0981 Credit: 6 || TQT: 60 This unit aims to cultivate the knowledge, understanding, and skills required to provide care for children and young people outside of regular school hours and during school holidays. Level 5 The Qualifi Level 5 Diploma in Early Learning and Childcare comprises 10 units. To attain the diploma, learners must finish all mandatory units for 96 credits. Additionally, they must select a minimum of 24 credits from optional units. In total, a minimum of 120 credits must be achieved, along with 100 hours of teaching practice. Mandatory units: Management of children's care Reference No: H/650/0982 Credit: 20 || TQT: 200 This unit aims to provide learners comprehensive knowledge and comprehension of theories, principles, and models pertinent to early learning and childcare. Learners will apply these concepts, deepening their grasp of communication and Assessment in this context. The unit will additionally encompass the utilisation of theories and models for specialised curriculum development and the application of theories and models for reflective practice. Children's well-being and resilience Reference No: J/650/0983 Credit: 26 || TQT: 260  This unit strives to equip learners with the knowledge, understanding, and skills essential for comprehending and nurturing children's well-being and resilience. This encompasses appreciating each child as an individual and ensuring inclusive treatment for all. Positive behaviour in early years Reference No: K/650/0984 Credit: 20 || TQT: 200 This unit's objective is to give learners the necessary knowledge, understanding, and skills for formulating and executing strategies and policies to promote positive behaviour in children. Child development and communication skills in early years Reference No: L/650/0985 Credit: 30 || TQT: 300 This unit aims to enhance learners' comprehension of the anticipated trajectory of children's development and the factors that impact it. Specifically, it seeks to deepen learners' understanding of how children's communication skills progress from birth to 7 years old.   OPTIONAL UNITS Managing children's holistic development in early years Reference No: M/650/0986 Credit: 16 || TQT: 160 The goal of this unit is to enable learners to effectively strategise and oversee the comprehensive development of children, tailored to their specific requirements. Learners will assess strategies for enhancing literacy and numeracy and implement theoretical approaches in their professional practice. Developing children's literacy skills Reference No: R/650/0987 Credit: 16 || TQT: 160 This unit aims to empower learners to foster children's literacy skills. Developing children's mathematical skills Reference No: T/650/0988 Credit: 8 || TQT: 80 This unit aims to enable learners to enhance children's mathematical skills. Safeguarding in early years Reference No: Y/650/0989 Credit: 16 || TQT: 160 This unit aims to cultivate learners' comprehension of the role and extent of safeguarding in early years education and the policies and procedures for enacting safeguarding protocols. Health and safety in the early years Reference No: F/650/0990 Credit: 8 || TQT: 80 This unit aims to foster learners' knowledge and comprehension of the early years education's pertinent health and safety prerequisites. It further aims to equip them with the capability to implement policies and processes related to health and safety. Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND) in early years Reference No: H/650/0991 Credit: 8 || TQT: 80 This unit seeks to enhance the learner's knowledge and comprehension of the legislation about children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) and the measures in place to address additional needs in early years education.   Phase 2 - BSc (Hons) in Early Childhood Studies Programme structure Early Childhood Leadership and Management Children's Rights Interdisciplinary Perspectives Leading Change in Early Childhood Contexts Early Childhood Graduate Competencies Undergraduate Major Project Delivery Methods The programme comprises two phases; the first is the Qualifi Level 4 and 5 Diploma in Early Learning and Childcare, awarded by Qualifi and delivered by the School of Business and Technology London. The School of Business and Technology London offers flexible learning methods, including online and blended learning, allowing students to choose the mode of study that suits their preferences and schedules. The programme is self-paced and facilitated through an advanced Learning Management System. Students can easily interact with tutors through the SBTL Support Desk Portal System for course material discussions, guidance, assistance, and assessment feedback on assignments. School of Business and Technology London provides exceptional support and infrastructure for online and blended learning. Students benefit from dedicated tutors who guide and support them throughout their learning journey, ensuring a high level of assistance. The second phase is the BSc (Hons) in Early Childhood Studies Top Up, awarded and delivered 100% online by Anglia Ruskin University. At Anglia Ruskin University, you will study through Canvas, a world-class online Learning Management System (LMS), accessed from your phone, pc or tablet at home or on the move. Canvas provides instant access to study materials, forums, and support from tutors and classmates, as well as enabling easy submission of your assignments. After successfully completing your studies, you'll be invited to attend a graduation ceremony on campus at Anglia Ruskin University. If attending the ceremony in person is not possible, we'll arrange to send your certificate to you. School of Business and Technology London partners with Chestnut Education Group to promote this programme. Resources and Support School of Business & Technology London is dedicated to offering excellent support on every step of your learning journey. School of Business & Technology London occupies a centralised tutor support desk portal. Our support team liaises with both tutors and learners to provide guidance, assessment feedback, and any other study support adequately and promptly. Once a learner raises a support request through the support desk portal (Be it for guidance, assessment feedback or any additional assistance), one of the support team members assign the relevant to request to an allocated tutor. As soon as the support receives a response from the allocated tutor, it will be made available to the learner in the portal. The support desk system is in place to assist the learners adequately and streamline all the support processes efficiently. Quality learning materials made by industry experts is a significant competitive edge of the School of Business & Technology London. Quality learning materials comprised of structured lecture notes, study guides, practical applications which includes real-world examples, and case studies that will enable you to apply your knowledge. Learning materials are provided in one of the three formats, such as PDF, PowerPoint, or Interactive Text Content on the learning portal. How does the Online Learning work at SBTL? We at SBTL follow a unique approach which differentiates us from other institutions. Indeed, we have taken distance education to a new phase where the support level is incredibly high.Now a days, convenience, flexibility and user-friendliness outweigh demands. Today, the transition from traditional classroom-based learning to online platforms is a significant result of these specifications. In this context, a crucial role played by online learning by leveraging the opportunities for convenience and easier access. It benefits the people who want to enhance their career, life and education in parallel streams. SBTL's simplified online learning facilitates an individual to progress towards the accomplishment of higher career growth without stress and dilemmas. How will you study online? With the School of Business & Technology London, you can study wherever you are. You finish your program with the utmost flexibility. You will be provided with comprehensive tutor support online through SBTL Support Desk portal. How will I get tutor support online? School of Business & Technology London occupies a centralised tutor support desk portal, through which our support team liaise with both tutors and learners to provide guidance, assessment feedback, and any other study support adequately and promptly. Once a learner raises a support request through the support desk portal (Be it for guidance, assessment feedback or any additional assistance), one of the support team members assign the relevant to request to an allocated tutor. As soon as the support receive a response from the allocated tutor, it will be made available to the learner in the portal. The support desk system is in place to assist the learners adequately and to streamline all the support process efficiently. Learners should expect to receive a response on queries like guidance and assistance within 1 - 2 working days. However, if the support request is for assessment feedback, learners will receive the reply with feedback as per the time frame outlined in the Assessment Feedback Policy.

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AAT Level 3 Advanced Diploma in Accounting AAT Level 3 is an Advanced or Intermediate level of AAT qualification in accounting. This course gives successful students the skills and knowledge to work competently in finance, accountancy, or bookkeeping role. Moreover, the students also have the opportunity to progress their studies with AAT Level 4 Diploma in Accounting and acquire full membership of the AAT. You will be awarded AAT Level 3 Advanced Diploma in Accounting certificate from Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT), once you have passed all the advanced-level qualification exams and skill tests. The Level 3 Diploma in Accounting covers the following areas: Advanced Bookkeeping Final Accounts Preparation Indirect Tax Management Accounting: Costing Ethics for Accountants Spreadsheets for Accounting

AAT Level 4 Professional Diploma in Accounting AAT Level 4 is the highest level or final stage of the AAT Accounting qualification. This qualification provides the skills necessary for a 'Finance Officer' role including the complex management accounting tasks, general management skills, drafting financial statements and specialist learning areas. This provides you with an opportunity to become a professional member of AAT and use MAAT after your name. You are also entitled to exemptions in the UK's chartered and certified accounting qualifications. Besides, if you want to pursue your career further in University, you are entitled to exemptions for up to two years in various universities in the UK. You will be awarded “AAT Level 4 Professional Diploma in Accounting certificate” from the Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT), once you have passed all the professional-level qualification exams and skill tests. Once you finish Level 4 you become a professional member of AAT and you may use MAAT after your name to stand out from the crowd as an officially Accredited Accountant. What you will gain? Here you'll learn how to draft financial statements for limited companies, perform complex management accounting tasks and develop your own management skills, perform tax calculation for business & individuals and other specialist learning areas. The Level 4 Professional Diploma in Accounting covers the following areas: Management Accounting: Budgeting Management Accounting: Decision and Control Financial Statements of Limited Companies Accounting Systems and Controls Business Tax Personal Tax

By being both highly enjoyable and educational, our group singing lessons are ideal for adults who want to combine learning and socialising. Studying in a group format is a great way to improve your vocal skills while connecting with like-minded singing lovers. Open to beginners.

Learn the skills of being more confident and assertive in the workplace plus be able to influence people to do the things you would like them to do. Course overview Duration: 1 day (6.5 hours) This ‘Assertiveness and Influencing Techniques’ workshop is interactive and practical and facilitated by a subject matter expert via a virtual platform. Exercises and breakout rooms will be used during this training. Delegates are encouraged to login from a location where they feel safe to turn on their camera, use their microphones and engage in conversations as required. Objectives  The aim of this course is to introduce delegates to a variety of influencing skills and techniques to deal with aggression and challenging situations. These skills and techniques will improve confidence and personal effectiveness when working in groups / meetings. By the end of the course delegates will be able to recognise and define what assertive behaviour is and its benefits, the impact of non-verbal communication and how to use it to enhance influencing behaviours. Content What is influencing and assertiveness? Sources of power Influencing skills and choosing the right approach When to be assertive and alternative behaviours Assertive behaviour Behavioural styles and their impact on working relationships Identifying different behaviour types; assertive, aggressive, passive Building confidence and negotiating a win/win result Developing Skills Communication skills – the language of influence and communication dynamics Different influencing techniques and when to use them The art of saying ‘No’ - having the confidence to challenge Receiving criticism assertively and assertiveness behaviour analysis The language of assertion Meeting skills Giving and receiving feedback Dealing with confrontation, aggression and challenges in a confident manner Practical Exercises and Action Planning Practical exercises will be used throughout the training and the training will culminate with the creation of a personal action plan

Payroll courses in London | Online Courses | Distance Learning Course Overview: Broken down into practical modules this course is a very popular and well-received introduction to moving from manual payroll to computerised payroll, and it incorporates all the new government requirements for RTI reporting Payroll is a vital role within any organisation. A career in payroll means specialising in a niche field with excellent progression opportunities. What support is available? Free high-quality course materials Tutorial support Highly equipped IT lab Student Discount with NUS card Exam fees and exam booking service Personalised individual study plan Specialist Career Management service State of the Art Virtual Learning Campus Free Sage Payroll Software Duration 6 Weeks Study Options Classroom Based - Osborne Training offers Daytime and Weekend sessions for Payroll Training Course from London campus. Online Live - Osborne Training offers Live Online sessions for Sage Payroll Training Classes through the Virtual Learning Campus. Distance Learning - Self Study with Study Material and access to Online study Material through Virtual Learning Campus. Benefits for Trainees Sage Payroll Qualifications open new doors to exciting careers, as well as extending payroll skills if you are currently employed. State of the Art Virtual Learning Campus Start your own payroll bureau Work in small businesses A payroll career can lead to great things Update your knowledge of Sage payroll Improve your employability prospects A career path into payroll Ideal Continuing Professional Development course Gain a qualification to boost your CV Option to gain IAB accredited qualification Start your training immediately without having to wait for the new term to begin Certification You will receive a certificate from Osborne Training once you finish the course. You have an option to get an IAB Certificate subject to passing the IAB exam or Sage certified exam. Syllabus Advanced processing of the payroll for employees Preparation and use of period end HMRC forms and returns preparation of internal reports Maintaining accuracy, security and data integrity in performing payroll tasks. Deductions - Pension schemes and pension contributions Processing the payroll -complex income tax issues Processing Payroll Giving Scheme Processing Statutory Adoption Pay (SAP) Advanced Income tax implications for company pension schemes Student Loan repayments Processing Holiday Payments Processing Car Benefit on to the Payroll System Attachment of Earnings Orders & Deductions from Earnings Orders Leavers with complex issues Advanced processing of statutory additions and deductions Recovery of statutory additions payments - from HMRC Completing the processing of the payroll Complex Reports and payments due to HMRC Introduction to Auto-enrolment Cost Centre Analysis Advanced, routine and complex payroll tasks Calculation of complex gross pay

Expand your VBA knowledge further and learn some of the more advanced coding features. Course overview Duration: 2 days (13 hours) This course is aimed at experienced VBA users or those who have attended our Part 1 course and have started to use the language. Part 2 expands on the huge array of commands and elements of the data model that can be used and looks at building more complex VBA models Objectives  By the end of the course you will be able to: Use comparison operators and system functions Use Arrays Work with ranges Work with the worksheets and workbooks collections and objects Use application objects Use the FileSystemObject Create function procedures Import and save text files Connect to other applications Content Comparison operators Using Comparison operators and functions The LIKE function Wildcards Using SELECT Case System functions The VAL function Case functions Trim functions Text functions Date functions Excel worksheet functions Using Excel functions in VBA Arrays Creating arrays Using arrays Ubound and Lbound Single and multi dimensional arrays Static vs dynamic arrays Working with ranges Creating range objects Passing data between range objects and arrays Using Transpose The Excel object model The object browser Working with collections Collections Creating object variables Setting object variables The For Each . . . Next Loo Sheet collections The worksheets collection The worksheet object The sheets collection Using object Grouping worksheets Using Typename The Workbook collection The workbooks collection Setting workbook variables Application objects Excel default information Display/alerts Screen updating Status bar On Time Using Wait Systems dialog boxes Showing dialog boxes Using dialog boxes Working with files Searching for files and folders The DIR function The FileSystemObject Function procedures Creating functions Adding arguments Calling functions Working with text files Searching for files and folders The DIR function The FileSystemObject Using the FILE and FOLDER collections Sharing data with other applications Early vs Late Binding Setting references to other applications Creating application variables Setting application variables