1099 Courses in Cardiff delivered Live Online

Duration 2 Days 12 CPD hours This course is intended for Anyone desiring to improve their ability to speak self-assuredly, in front of both internal and external groups will benefit from this course. Overview Understand what separates an effective presentation from an ineffective presentation. Design a proficient presentation geared toward their audience. Create powerful slides that enhance the address. Enhance their public speaking skills with tips and techniques used by professional speakers. Prepare mentally for their best performance. Engage their audience more effectively and with greater passion. Whether speaking publicly or to a specific audience, your ability to build, develop and deliver a purposeful presentation is key to being able to convey your message and achieve your desired results. From open to close, it is crucial to learn the tools necessary to maintain engagement and to organize ideas to create coherent and convincing oral presentations. In this course, you will learn strategies to structure and develop presentation content focused on audience need and key points, identifying the areas in which you are most polished, as well as picking up hints and tips to address any gaps. Private classes on this topic are available. We can address your organization?s issues, time constraints, and save you money, too. Contact us to find out how. 1. Foundation, Structure, and Organization Why a presentation The difference between effective and ineffective presentations Delivering passion and value Structure determines success 2. Creating the Basic Structure Building the backbone Capturing audience attention Understanding your audience 3. Organizing Your Program Planning analog Creating the topic outline Fact-Finding 4. Designing and Building Your Presentation Choosing proper content Building and writing Your presentation Slide design 5. Delivering Your Presentation Preparing mentally Appearing confident in front of the crowd 6. Engaging Your Audience from Start to Finish Understanding and matching learning styles Closing Your presentation and providing calls to action Additional course details: Nexus Humans The Art of Effective Presentations (Second Edition) training program is a workshop that presents an invigorating mix of sessions, lessons, and masterclasses meticulously crafted to propel your learning expedition forward. This immersive bootcamp-style experience boasts interactive lectures, hands-on labs, and collaborative hackathons, all strategically designed to fortify fundamental concepts. Guided by seasoned coaches, each session offers priceless insights and practical skills crucial for honing your expertise. Whether you're stepping into the realm of professional skills or a seasoned professional, this comprehensive course ensures you're equipped with the knowledge and prowess necessary for success. While we feel this is the best course for the The Art of Effective Presentations (Second Edition) course and one of our Top 10 we encourage you to read the course outline to make sure it is the right content for you. Additionally, private sessions, closed classes or dedicated events are available both live online and at our training centres in Dublin and London, as well as at your offices anywhere in the UK, Ireland or across EMEA.

Leadership and Management development, Leadership training, management training, Leadership development

  During this training course, you will also gain a thorough understanding of the best practices of Medical Devices Quality Management Systems and be able to improve an organization`s overall performance by consistently providing safe and qualitative medical devices. After mastering all the necessary concepts of Medical Devices Quality Management Systems, you can sit for the exam and gain the "Certified ISO 13485 Lead Implementer' Certificate. By holding this Certificate, you will be able to demonstrate that you have the practical knowledge and professional capabilities to implement ISO 13485 in an organization.  About This Course   Learning Objectives Acknowledge the correlation between ISO 13485 and other standards and regulatory frameworks Master the concepts, approaches, methods and techniques used for the implementation and effective management of a MDQMS Learn how to interpret the ISO 13485 requirements in the specific context of an organization Learn how to support an organization to effectively plan, implement, manage, monitor and maintain a MDQMS Acquire the expertise to advise an organization in implementing Medical Devices Quality Management System best practices   Course Agenda Day 1: Introduction to ISO 13485 and initiation of a MDQMS Day 2: Plan the implementation of a MDQMS Day 3: Implementation of a MDQMS Day 4: MDQMS monitoring, measurement, continuous improvement and preparation for a certification audit, and the final exam. Assessment     Delegates sit a combined exam, consisting of in-course quizzes and exercises, as well as a final 12 question, essay type exam on Day 4 of the course. The overall passing score is 70%, to be achieved within the 150 minute time allowance. Exam results are provided within 24 hours, with both a Certificate and a digital badge provided as proof of success. Prerequisites   A fundamental understanding of ISO 13485 and comprehensive knowledge of implementation principles. What's Included?   Certification fees are included on the exam price Training material containing over 450 pages of information and practical examples will be distributed An attestation of course completion worth 32 CPD (Continuing Professional Development) credits will be issued to the participants who have attended the training course. In case of exam failure, you can retake the exam within 12 months for free Who Should Attend?   Managers or consultants involved in Medical Devices Quality Management Expert advisors seeking to master the implementation of a Medical Devices Quality Management System Individuals responsible for maintaining conformance with MDQMS requirements MDQMS team members Accreditation Provided by   This course is Accredited by NACS and Administered by the IECB

  ISO 37001 Foundation training enables you to learn the basic elements to implement and manage an Anti-bribery Management System (ABMS) as specified in ISO 37001. About This Course   During this training course, you will be able to understand the different modules of an ABMS, including ABMS policy, procedures, performance measurements, management commitment, internal audit, management review and continual improvement.   After completing this course, you can sit for the exam and gain "Certified ISO 37001 Foundation' credential. An IECB Foundation Certificate shows that you have understood the fundamental methodologies, requirements, framework and management approach.   Learning objectives   Understand the elements and operations of an Anti-bribery Management System and its principal processes Acknowledge the correlation between ISO 37001 and other standards and regulatory frameworks Understand the approaches, methods and techniques used for the implementation and management of an ABMS   Educational approach   Lecture sessions are illustrated with practical questions and examples Practical exercises include examples and discussions Practice tests are similar to the Certification Exam Prerequisites   There are no prerequisites for this course. What's Included?   Refreshments & Lunch (Classroom courses only) Course Slide Deck Official Study Guides The Exam fees Who Should Attend?   Individuals concerned about Anti-bribery Management Individuals seeking to gain knowledge about the main processes of Anti-bribery Management Systems (ABMS) Individuals interested to pursue a career in Anti-bribery Management Accreditation Assessment   The examination consists of 40 multiple choice questions stemming from the course materials. The exam should be completed within 60 minutes, with a 70% pass mark. Exam results are provided within 24 hours. Provided by   This course is accredited by NACS and Administered by the IECB

PMI® Authorized PMP® Exam Preparation is a four-day course which will help delegates to build on their knowledge in every area of project and program management skill development. This certification positions learners to successfully complete the Project Management Professional (PMP)® examination.

Certificate in Business and Commercial Law (CBCL) Why Attend This course is designed for professionals with little or no prior legal background but who are required to make organizational decisions involving legal matters. It will provide participants with the fundamental principles of commercial law, including commercial contracts and negotiation, sale of goods, intellectual property rights and employee relations. It also covers all the legal aspects of setting up a business, running a business and closing a business Participants will gain an in-depth understanding of international commercial law with emphasis on the common law system. Participants will have the opportunity to learn and analyze key legal issues regarding contracts and the business as a whole which they are likely to encounter within their organization.  Course Methodology In this interactive training course participants will frequently work in pairs as well as in larger groups to complete exercises as well as regional and international case studies. Course Objectives By the end of the course, participants will be able to: Apply legal rules and principles to specific commercial situations through consideration of relevant case law Negotiate commercial contracts complying with commercial and legal requirements Increase profitability within their organization by selecting appropriate methods of distribution of goods Recognize and analyze how intellectual property rights affect their organization Evaluate and modify organizational employment practices complying with labor law requirements Target Audience This course is suitable for those with little or no formal training in commercial law yet would be required to understand the fundamentals of commercial law as it may directly impact their work. It will particularly benefit directors and executives who have direct responsibility for legal decisions within the organization. In-house council new to the region, and those working within a legal department, will also find this course highly beneficial. Target Competencies Drafting Contracts Contract Negotiation Understanding Commercial Terms Understanding Employment Law Implementing Organizational Employment Practices Understanding Intellectual Property Understanding corporate restructuring Understanding the effect of breach of commercial contract terms Note The Dubai Government Legal Affairs Department has introduced a Continuing Legal Professional Development (CLPD) programme to legal consultants authorised to practise through a licensed firm in the Emirate of Dubai. We are proud to announce that the Dubai Government Legal Affairs Department has accredited EMG Associates as a CLPD provider. In addition, all our legal programmes have been approved. This PLUS Specialty Training Legal course qualifies for 4 elective CLPD points. Overview of commercial & business law Areas of commercial and business law Types of commercial contracts Commercial contracts in the civil law and common law systems Sources of English law Civil law v Common law Civil law in the GCC Formalities for a binding contract Elements required for an enforceable contract Rules for contract interpretation implied terms v express terms identifying risks and how to minimise risks Structure of a commercial contract Preliminary documents in international transactions Memorandum of Understanding/ Heads of Terms. Are they legally binding? Commercial implications Boilerplate/ miscellaneous provisions- the important but forgotten clauses- beware! Force majeure v Frustration Notices Set off No waiver Entire Agreement/ non- reliance clause Times is of the essence Assignment v Novation Governing law Common mistakes in choice of law Jurisdiction clause Exclusive v Non-exclusive Factors in deciding the jurisdiction clause International dispute resolution Litigation Importance of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Arbitration Mediations Conciliation Negotiation Remedies for breach of contract Damages Specific performance Injunctions Advantages and disadvantages of different business forms Types of business vehicles Sole trader Partnerships Limited Liability Partnerships Companies Cross Border Transactions Distributorship Agency Joint Venture Acquisitions Share purchase v Business purchase Apportioning risks and liabilities through warranties and indemnities Negotiating warranties and indemnities Corporate insolvency Tests identifying insolvency Consequence for directors who fail to react to insolvency Types of insolvency Administration Receivership Creditor Voluntary Liquidation Compulsory Liquidation Commercial Tort Tort of negligence Defamation Libel Slander Recent case law on defamation Managing risk Prevention is better than cure: Effective risk management Intellectual Property Rights management Types of Intellectual Property copyright trademark patent design rights confidential information Assignment v Granting a license The law of passing off Intellectual Property in the GCC Employment law issues in the common law systems and the GCC Types of employment contracts Grounds for dismissal Wrongful dismissal Redundancy Unfair dismissal Commercial real estate in the GCC Leasehold Freehold

Project Quality Management: Virtual In-House Training In today's environment, quality is the responsibility of everyone. Project success is no longer just the fulfillment of a project on schedule, on budget, and within the scope. Today, projects aren't successful unless the customer's needs are met at the highest level of quality at the lowest cost to the organization. Project Managers must know customer needs, and manage to them throughout the project lifecycle, in order to gain acceptance. Project Quality Management provides an interactive, hands-on environment for participants to practice identification of critical quality requirements (quality planning), fulfillment of those requirements through well-designed processes (Quality Assurance), and statistical awareness of technical specifications of project deliverables (Quality Control). What You Will Learn You'll learn how to: Plan for higher quality project deliverables Measure key performance indicators on projects, processes, and products Turn data into useful project information Take action on analyzed data that will drive down non-value-added costs and drive up customer acceptance and satisfaction Reduce defects and waste in current project management processes Foundation Concepts Quality Defined Customer Focus Financial Focus Quality Management Process Management Cost of Quality Planning for Quality Project Manager Role in Planning Voice of the Customer Quality Management Plan Measurement System Accuracy Data Gathering Data Sampling Manage Quality Process Management Process Mapping Process Analysis Value Stream Mapping Standardization Visual Workplace and 5S Error Proofing (Poka-Yoke) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Control Quality The Concept of Variation Common Cause Special Cause Standard Business Reports Tracking Key Measurements Control Charts Data Analysis Variation Root Cause Analysis Variance Management Designing for Quality

About this training course This highly interactive 5-day training is aimed at those who wish to take their E&P accounting skills to a more advanced level than our introductory course, E&P Accounting - Level 1, and our intermediate course, E&P Accounting - Level 2. It will help equip you for more demanding analytical roles within your organisation. Training Objectives After the completion of this training course, participants will be able to: Carry out and manage the day-to-day financial accounting activities associated with participation in E&P joint ventures Prepare, analyse and present information for effective financial reporting Understand the impact of a comprehensive range of activities on the financial statements of an upstream oil and gas company Practically apply IFRS in accounting for a wide range of typical oil and gas industry activities Target Audience This is an advanced level course designed for: those who have already attended E&P Accounting - Level 1 and E&P Accounting - Level 2, or those who can demonstrate, by a combination of relevant experience and previous study, sufficient prior knowledge to contribute and benefit from attending this workshop Course Level Advanced Training Methods Training Method - Scenario Based Learning Learning centers around highly realistic E&P company scenarios. A computer-based simulation is used to plan, record and report the progress of your company through several years of international E&P activities. Teams of 2 - 3 people participate in the financial management of these activities, including Operator and Non-operator accounting, recording of transactions, updating of financial statements and analysis of results. The highly interactive laptop-based scenario approach will enable you to follow the impact of each activity from initiation through to final results and analysis of company performance. You will need to bring with you to the course your own laptop PC with MS Excel™ pre-installed. Prior knowledge of spreadsheet techniques is assumed. Trainer will provide various Excel files which participants may retain at the end of the course. Course Duration: 5 days in total (35 hours). Training Schedule 0830 - Registration 0900 - Start of training 1030 - Morning Break 1045 - Training recommences 1230 - Lunch Break 1330 - Training recommences 1515 - Evening break 1530 - Training recommences 1700 - End of Training The maximum number of participants allowed for this training course is 25. Trainer Your expert course leader has more than 30 years of experience in the international oil and gas industry, covering all areas of Finance and Audit, including involvement in Commercial roles. During her 19 years with ENI she worked in Italy, Netherlands, Egypt and UK and was CFO for 2 major ENI subsidiaries. She has delivered training courses in Accounting, Audit, Economics and Commercial topics in many Countries. She has a Degree in Economics & Accounting and is a Certified Chartered Accountant. She is also a Chartered Auditor and an International Petroleum Negotiator. Outside of work, she is inspired by the beauty of nature and art, helping disadvantaged people, sports (football, golf) and her cat. Courses Delivered Internationally: E&P Accounting, Auditing in the Oil & Gas Industry Cost Control & Budgeting Introduction to the Oil & Gas Industry Petroleum Project Economics Contracts Strategy International O&G Exploitation Contracts POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

Network design training course description This course provides you with the knowledge needed to perform the design of a network infrastructure that supports desired network solutions to achieve effective performance, scalability, and availability. We recognise that the role of design does not normally require hands on skills but hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory not to teach configuration or troubleshooting. What will you learn Create HA enterprise network designs. Develop optimum Layer 3 designs. Design effective modern WAN and data center networks. Develop effective migration approaches to IPv6. Create effective network security designs. Network design training course details Who will benefit: Anyone involved with network design. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Duration 5 days Network design training course contents Part I Reliable, resilient enterprise L2/3 network designOptimal Enterprise Campus Design:Enterprise campus design principles, hierarchy, modularity, flexibility, resiliency.EIGRP design:EIGRP Design, Should you use EIGRP?OSPF design: OSPF scalability designs, OSPF area design, OSPF Full-Mesh Design, OSPF Hub-and-Spoke Design, OSPF convergence design and optimization techniques. IS-IS Design:The protocol, IS-IS hierarchical architecture, IS-IS vs OSPF, IS-IS Deep Dive, IS-IS Design Considerations. BGP design:BGP overview, Designing Scalable iBGP Networks, BGP Route Reflector Design, Enhancing the Design of BGP Policies with BGP Communities, Case Study: Designing Enterprise wide BGP Policies Using BGP Communities, BGP Load-Sharing Design.Part II Enterprise IPv6 Design ConsiderationsIPv6 Design Considerations in the Enterprise: IPv6 Deployment and Design Considerations, Considerations for Migration to IPv6 Design, IPv6 Transition Mechanisms, Final Thoughts on IPv6 Transition Mechanisms. Challenges of the Transition to IPv6: IPv6 Services, Link Layer Security Considerations. Part III Modern Enterprise Wide-Area Networks DesignService Provider-Managed VPNs:Choosing Your WAN Connection, Layer 3 MPLS VPNs, Case Study: MPLS VPN Routing Propagation, Layer 2 MPLS VPN Services. Enterprise-Managed WANs: Enterprise-Managed VPNs, GRE, Multipoint GRE, Point-to-Point and Multipoint GRE, IPsec, IPsec and dynamic VTI, DMVPN, Case Study: EIGRP DMVPN, DMVPN and Redundancy, Case Study: MPLS/VPN over GRE/DMVPN, SSL VPN. Enterprise WAN Resiliency Design: WAN Remote-Site Overview, MPLS L3 WAN Design Models, Common L2 WAN Design Models, Common VPN WAN Design Models, 3G/4G VPN Design Models, Remote Site Using Local Internet, Remote-Site LAN, Case Study: Redundancy and Connectivity, NGWAN, SDWAN, and IWAN Solution Overview, IWAN Design Overview, Enterprise WAN and Access Management. Part IV Enterprise Data Center DesignsMultitier Data Center Designs: Case Study: Small Data Centers (Connecting Servers to an Enterprise LAN), Case Study: Two-Tier Data Center Network Architecture, Case Study: Three-Tier Data Center Network Architecture.Trends and Techniques to Design Modern Data Centers: The Need for a New Network Architecture, Limitations of Current Networking Technology, Modern Data Center Design Techniques and Architectures, Multitenant Data Center. SDN:SDN characteristics, How SDN addresses current Networking Limitations, SDN Architecture Components, SDN Network Virtualization overlays. Data Center Connections:Data Center Traffic Flows, The Need for DCI, IP Address Mobility, Case Study: Dark Fiber DCI, Pseudowire DCI. Part V Design QoS for Optimized User ExperienceQoS Overview:QoS Overview, IntServ versus DiffServ, Classification and Marking, Policers and Shapers, Policing Tools: Single-Rate Three-Color Marker, Policing Tools: TwoRate Three-Color Marker, Queuing Tools, Dropping Tools. QoS design principles and best practices: QoS overview, classification and marking design principles, policing and remarking design principles, queuing design principles, dropping design principles, Per-Hop behavior queue design principles, RFC 4594 QoS Recommendation, QoS Strategy Models. Campus QoS, WAN QoS, Data Center QoS.MPLS VPN QoS Design: The Need for QoS in MPLS VPN, Layer 2 Private WAN QoS Administration, Fully Meshed MPLS VPN QoS Administration, MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Modes, Sample MPLS VPN QoS Roles. IPsec VPN QoS Design: The Need for QoS in IPsec VPN, VPN Use Cases and Their QoS Models, IPsec Refresher, Encryption and Classification: Order of Operations, MTU Considerations, DMVPN QoS Considerations. Part VI IP Multicast DesignEnterprise IP Multicast Design: How Does IP Multicast Work? Multicast Protocols, Multicast Forwarding and RPF Check, Multicast Protocol Basics, PIM-SM Overview, Multicast Routing Table, Basic SSM Concepts, Bidirectional PIM. RP discovery, Anycast RP Features, MSDP. Part VII Designing Optimum Enterprise Network SecurityDesigning Security Services and Infrastructure Protection Network Security Zoning, Designing Infrastructure Protection.Designing firewall & IPS solutions: Firewall architectures, virtualized firewalls. Case Study: Application Tier separation, Case Study: Firewalls in a Data Center, Case Study: Firewall High Availability, IPS Architectures, Case Study: Secure Campus Edge Design (Internet and Extranet Connectivity). IP Multicast Security: Multicast Security Challenges, Multicast Network Security Considerations. Designing Network Access Control Solutions:IEEE 802.1X, EAP, 802.1X supplicants, 802.1X phased deployment, Case Study: Authorization Options. Part VIII Design scenariosDesign Case Studies: 1: Enterprise Connectivity, 2: Enterprise BGP with Internet Connectivity, 3: IPv6, 4: Data Center Connectivity, 5: Resilient Enterprise WAN, 6: Secure Enterprise Network, 7: QoS in the Enterprise Network.

5G training course description This course is designed to give the delegate an understanding of the technologies and interworking requirements of the next generation of cellular communications. It is not a definitive set of descriptions but a possibility of the final deployment. During the course we will investigate the 10 pillars for 5G, which will include various Radio Access Technologies that are required to interwork smoothly. Hence we will look at the 4G Pro features and other RATs. What will you learn List the ten pillars of 5G deployment. Explain the 5G Internet and Software Distributed Networks (SDN). Explain carrier aggregation, the mobile cloud and RAT virtualisation. Explain an overall picture of 5G architecture. 5G training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who is looking to work with next generation networks. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 3 days 5G training course contents Drivers for 5G 5G Road Map, 10 Pillars of 5G, evolving RATs, small cell, o SON, MTCm, mm-wave, backhaul, EE, new spectrum, spectrum sharing, RAN virtualisation. 4G LTE advanced features *MIMO, Downlink & uplink MIMO R8, MIMO technology in LTE advanced, Downlink 8-layer SU-MIMO, Downlink MU-MIMO, Uplink MU-MIMO, Uplink transmit diversity, Coordinated multi-point operation (CoMP), Independent eNB & remote base station configurations, Downlink CoMP, * Uplink Multi-Cell Reception. ICIC & eICIC ICIC, Homogeneous to heterogeneous network, eICIC, Macro-pico scenario, Macro-femto scenario, Time orthogonal frequencies. Almost Blank Subframe (ABS). Carrier aggregation Component carriers (CC), * CC aggregation, Intra-band contiguous solutions, Intra-band non-contiguous solutions, Inter-band non-contiguous solutions, CA bandwidth classes, Aggregated transmission bandwidth configurations (ATBC), Possible carrier aggregation configurations (Rel 9, 10 & 12). Enhanced Interference Mitigation & Traffic Adaptation (eIMTA) TDD UL-DL reconfiguration for traffic adaptation, Reconfiguration mechanisms, Interference mitigation schemes, Dynamic & flexible resource allocation. 5G architectures 5G in Europe, horizon 2020 framework, 5G infrastructure PPP, METIS project, innovation centre, 5G in North America, research, company R & D, 5G specifications. The 5G internet Cloud services, IoT & context awareness, network reconfiguration & virtualization support, hypervisors, SDN, the controller, service-oriented API, OpenFlow switches, SDN operation, SDN control for traffic flow redirection, OpenFlow controllers, how SDN works, application, control and infrastructure layers, a programmable network, how SDN & NFV tie together, SDN's downside, SDN orchestration, Mobility, architectures for distributed mobility management, MEDIEVAL & MEDIVO projects, a clean slate approach, mobility first architecture, network virtualization (VNet), INM, NetInf, ForMux, MEEM, GP & AM, QoS support, network resource provisioning, IntServ, RSVP, DiffServ, CoS, aggregated resource provisioning, SICAP, MARA, Emerging approach for resource over-provisioning, example use case architecture for the 5G internet, integrating SDN/NFV for efficient resource control, control information repository, service admission control policies, network resource provisioning, control enforcement functions, network configurations, network operations. Small cells for 5G Average spectral efficiency evolution, What are small cells? WiFi & Femto cells as candidate small-cell technologies, Capacity limits & achievable gains with densifications, gains with multi-antenna techniques, gains with small cells, Mobile data demand, approach & methodology, subscriber density projections, traffic demand projections, global mobile data traffic increase modelling, country level backhaul traffic projections, 2020 average spectrum requirement, Small cell challenges, backhaul, spectrum, automation. Cooperation for next generation wireless networks Cooperative diversity & relaying strategies, Cooperative ARQ & MAC protocols, NCCARQ & PRCSMA packet exchange, Physical layer impact on MAC protocol, NCCARQ overview, PHY layer impact, Performance evaluation, simulation scenario and results. Mobile clouds; technology & services for future communications platforms Mobile cloud, software, hardware and networking resources, Mobile cloud enablers, mobile user domain, wireless technologies, WWAN WLAN and WPAN range, Bluetooth, IEEE.802.15.4, software stacks, infrared, near field communications (NFC), store & forward vs compute & forward, random/linear network coding. Security for 5G communications Potential 5G architectures, Security issues & challenges in 5G, user equipment, mobile malware attacks, 5G mobile botnets, attacks on 4G networks, C-RNTI & packet sequence numbers based UE location tracking, false buffer status reports attacks, message insertion attacks, HeNB attacks, physical attacks, attacks on mobile operator's network, user data & identity attacks, DDoS attacks, amplification, HSS saturation, external IP networks.