NPORS Lift Supervisor Training The aim of the NPORS Lift Supervisor Training is to Provide candidates with underpinning knowledge to allow them to understand the role and responsibility of the Lift Supervisor. As a result of the Lift Supervisor Course, and following successful completion of the NPORS Crane Supervisor training candidates will be able to understand and follow safe systems of work for lifting operations. This Lift supervisor course is for 3 days and can be completed at your site or ours. It is important that all delegates have a good understanding of spoken and written English for NPORS Crane Supervisor Training. NPORS Lift Supervisor Experienced Test Book with Confidence at Vally Plant Training At Vally Plant Training, we guarantee unbeatable value with our Lift Supervisor Experienced Test Price Match Promise. When you choose us, you can book with confidence, knowing that we will not be beaten on price. If you find a lower price for the same NPORS Lift Supervisor Experienced Worker Test, we’ll match it—ensuring you receive top-quality training at the best possible rate. Click for our terms and conditions Your skills, our commitment—always at the best price. NPORS Lift Supervisor Experienced Worker Test is for operators who have received some form of Lift Supervisor Course in the past or alternatively has been working with Lifting equipment, like cranes, Excavators or Telehandlers for a number of years. If you are unsure if you qualify to go down the Lift Supervisor experienced test route please contact our team to discuss this in more detail. Discounts are available for multiple Lift Supervisor Course bookings There are two parts to the lift supervisor test, a theory section comprised of 25 questions and a practical session, however Lift Supervisor training revision notes will be sent once the test has been booked. It is important that all delegates have a good understanding of spoken and written English for NPORS Crane Supervisor Training Crane Supervisor Course Summary: Leading Safe and Efficient Lifting Operations Introduction Ever wonder who keeps construction sites and warehouses running smoothly and safely? That’s where lift supervisors come in. They’re the unsung heroes ensuring everything moves like clockwork. And when it comes to proving you’re the best in the biz, NPORS certification is your golden ticket. It’s not just a piece of paper; it’s your passport to climbing the career ladder. Choose our Lifting Supervisor Course Today. Why Choose Our NPORS Lift Supervisor Training? What makes our training stand out with our Lifting Supervisor Course? Imagine learning from folks who’ve been in the trenches, in training grounds that feel like the real deal, and schedules that bend to your life, not the other way around. We’re not about boring lectures; we’re about getting your hands dirty. Who Should Attend Lift Supervisor Training? Are you the go-to person when things need to get done? Whether you’re starting out or looking to step up, if you’re in the world of construction or logistics, this Lifting Supervisor Course is for you. It’s tailored for those who like to keep things moving, safely and efficiently. Course Objectives: 1. Understanding Regulatory Requirements: Familiarise participants with relevant regulations and industry standards governing crane operations, LOLER. Ensure compliance with legal requirements and best practices for safe lifting operations, BS7121. 2. Roles and Responsibilities of a Crane Lift Supervisor: Define the roles and responsibilities of a Lift supervisor within the context of lifting operations. Highlight the importance of effective communication, leadership, and decision-making skills. 3. Crane Safety Procedures: Provide an overview of crane safety procedures, including pre-operational checks, equipment inspection, and maintenance. Emphasize the importance of hazard identification, risk assessment, and mitigation strategies. 4. Lifting Plan Development: Guide participants in the understanding of the lifting plans tailored to specific lifting tasks and site conditions created by the Appointed Person(AP). Address factors such as load weight, size, shape, centre of gravity, and environmental considerations. 5. Site Safety and Hazard Awareness: Enhance participants’ awareness of potential hazards in the lifting environment, such as overhead power lines, unstable ground, and confined spaces. Implement effective measures to mitigate risks and ensure a safe working environment. 6. Communication and Coordination: Stress the importance of clear and effective communication between crane operators, riggers, signallers, and other personnel involved in lifting operations. Provide guidance on establishing communication protocols, using standardized hand signals, and conducting pre-lift briefings. 7. Emergency Response and Crisis Management: Equip participants with the skills and knowledge to respond effectively to emergencies and crisis situations during lifting operations. Implement emergency procedures, evacuation protocols, and contingency plans to mitigate risks and ensure personnel safety. 8. Practical Exercises and Case Studies: Provide hands-on lift supervisor training opportunities for participants to apply theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios. Analyse real-life case studies to identify lessons learned, best practices, and areas for improvement in crane supervision. Learning Outcomes By the end, you’ll be a pro at keeping sites safe, managing lifts, and leading teams. You’ll walk away not just with knowledge, but with practical skills that meet and beat industry standards. It’s about making you the go to lift supervisor everyone wants on their team. Course Logistics Ready to jump in? We’ve got training spots across the UK, with dates and times that fit your life. Signing up is a breeze, and we’ll guide you through any paperwork or prerequisites. It’s all about making it easy for you to get started. Conclusion: A crane supervisor course aims to empower participants with the expertise and confidence to lead safe and efficient lifting operations on construction sites. By focusing on regulatory compliance, safety procedures, lifting plan development, hazard awareness, communication, and practical training, the course prepares crane supervisors to fulfil their roles effectively and ensure the well-being of all personnel involved in lifting activities. Investing in crane supervisor training is essential for promoting a culture of safety, minimising risks, and achieving excellence in crane operations management. Crane Supervisor Training Available 7 days a week to suit your business requirements. VPT have a team of friendly and approachable instructors, who importantly have a wealth of knowledge of lifting supervision and the construction industry We have our own training centre conveniently located close to the M5 junction 9, In Tewkesbury. With its own purpose-built practical training area to simulate an actual working environment for the supervisor course. Our Lift Supervisor training and test packages are priced to be competitive. Discounts are available for multiple bookings We can send a fully qualified NPORS supervisor Tester to your site nationwide, for instance to reduce the amount of time away from work More courses: Polish your abilities with our dedicated Lift Supervision Training, Slinger Signaller Training, Telehandler Training, Cat & Genny Training, Plant Loader Securer, Ride-On Road Roller, Abrasive Wheel Training, Lorry Loader Training and Scissor Lift Training sessions. Learn the safe and effective operation of these vital machines, crucial for construction and maintenance tasks. Elevate your skills and career prospects by enrolling in our comprehensive courses today. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is Lift Supervisor Training? Lift Supervisor Training is a specialised course designed to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills required to supervise lifting operations safely and efficiently. This training typically covers topics such as planning lifts, managing lifting equipment, and ensuring compliance with safety regulations. 2. Who should attend The Lifting Supervisor Course? This training is ideal for individuals responsible for overseeing lifting operations on construction sites, in warehouses, or any environment where lifting equipment like cranes are used. It’s particularly beneficial for site supervisors, managers, and anyone involved in the planning and execution of lifting operations to attend the NPORS Lift supervisor Course. 3. What certifications are available through the Lift Supervisor Training? Participants can obtain several Lift Supervisor certifications, including: NPORS Traditional card: Valid for 5 years, widely accepted in various sectors. NPORS card with CSCS logo: Recognised by major building contractors, with an initial RED trained operator card that can be upgraded to a BLUE competent operator card after completing relevant Crane Supervisor NVQ. 4. Is a health and safety test required for the NPORS Crane Supervisor Red operator card with the CSCS logo? Yes, to qualify for this card, you must have completed the CSCS operatives health and safety test within the last two years. 5 . How long is the certification valid, and what is the renewal process? The NPORS Traditional card is valid for 5 years. The NPORS card with the CSCS logo’s RED trained operator card is valid for 2 years, after which it can be upgraded to a BLUE competent Crane Supervisor operator card upon completion of relevant NVQs. The renewal process typically involves undergoing a refresher course or assessment to ensure continued competence. For those looking for a “NPORS Crane Supervisor Training near me,” our widespread operations make it convenient for you to access Vally Plant Trainings top-quality training no matter where you are in the UK
REFERENCE CODE 610/0054/0 COURSE LEVEL NVQ Level 3 THIS COURSE IS AVAILABLE IN Course Overview Who is this qualification for? This qualification is aimed at those who are involved in setting out and erecting masonry structures onsite working from drawings and specifications. The structures could be brick and blockwork or local materials. It is not expected that candidates working in this industry all do the same activities, so the qualification is structured to ensure that there is a high degree of flexibility within the units available and will allow employees from companies of all sizes and specialisms equal opportunity to complete. To provide this opportunity in addition to the mandatory units’ candidates will also be able to select optional units recognising specific skills What is required from candidates? Qualifications are now required to indicate the total qualification time (TQT), this is to show the typical time it will take someone to attain the required skills and knowledge to meet the qualification criteria, this qualification has a TQT of 610 hours. Qualifications are also required to indicate the number of hours of teaching someone would normally need to receive in order to achieve the qualification. These are referred to as Guided Learning Hours (GLH). The GLH for this qualification is 334. Group A MANDATORY UNITS Level Credit Confirming Work Activities and Resources for an Occupational Work Area in the Workplace Developing and Maintaining Good Occupational Working Relationships in the Workplace Confirming the Occupational Method of Work in the Workplace Conforming to General Health, Safety and Welfare in the Workplace Erecting and Dismantling Access/Working Platforms in the Workplace Preparing surfaces for painting and/or decorating in the workplace Applying surface coatings by brush and roller in the workplace Optional units Group A – Minimum of 1 unit must be achieved from this group Hang wallcoverings (standard and foundation papers) in the workplace Hanging non-standard width wallcoverings in the workplace 3 20 Optional units Group B-Minimum of 1 unit must be achieved from this group Applying coatings by the airless spray method in the workplace Summary of the: LEVEL 3 NVQ DIPLOMA IN DECORATIVE FINISHING-PAINTING AND DECORATING (CONSTRUCTION) Producing and applying complex stencils in the workplace 3 21 Hanging wallcoverings to complex surfaces in the workplace 3 32 Hanging wallcoverings (specialised paper) in the workplace 4 30 Assessment Guidance: Evidence should show that you can complete all of the learning outcomes for each unit being taken. Types of evidence: Evidence of performance and knowledge is required. Evidence of performance should be demonstrated by activities and outcomes, and should be generated in the workplace only, unless indicated under potential sources of evidence (see below). Evidence of knowledge can be demonstrated though performance or by responding to questions. Quantity of evidence: Evidence should show that you can meet the requirements of the units in a way that demonstrates that the standards can be achieved consistently over an appropriate period of time. Potential sources of evidence: The main source of evidence for each unit will be observation of the candidate’s performance and knowledge demonstrated during the completion of the unit. This can be supplemented by the following types of physical or documentary evidence: Accident book/reporting systems Photo/video evidence Safety records Work diaries Training records Timesheets Audio records Telephone Logs Job specifications and documentation Meeting records Delivery Records Records of toolbox talks Witness testimonies Equipment Correspondence with customers Prepared materials and sites Notes and memos Completed work Please Note that photocopied or downloaded documents such as manufacturers or industry guidance, H&S policies, Risk Assessments etc, are not normally acceptable evidence for these qualifications unless accompanied by a record of a professional discussion or Assessor statement confirming candidate knowledge of the subject. If you are in any doubt about the validity of evidence, please contact Oscar Onsite Academy
About this Training Course This five-day course provides an intermediate level of understanding of the geomechanical factors that affect wellbore instability, sand production and hydraulic fracture design. The course is structured such that upon completion, participants will have understood the value that geomechanics can bring to drilling, completion and production operations and will be able to leverage this value wherever it applies. The course emphasis will be on integrating the topics presented through a combination of lectures, case-studies and hands-on exercises. A special focus will be on how geomechanics knowledge is extracted from routinely acquired well data and how it is applied in the prediction and prevention of formation instability. Course Highlights The course is essentially non-mathematical and makes wide use of diagrams, pictures and exercises to illustrate the essential concepts of geomechanics Essential Rock Mechanics Principles Wellbore Stability Analysis Anisotropic Rock Properties for unconventional projects Lost Circulation and Wellbore Strengthening applications Sand Production Management Input to Hydraulic Fracture design Salt instability Training Objectives By attending this training, you will be able to acquire the following: Apply the basic concepts of geomechanics to identify, predict and mitigate against formation instability during drilling, completion and production Target Audience This course is intended for Drilling Engineers, Well Engineers, Production Technologists, Completion Engineers, Well Superintendents, Directional Drillers, Wellsite Supervisors and others, who wish to further their understanding of rock mechanics and its application to drilling and completion. There is no specific formal pre-requisite for this course. However, attendees are requested to have been exposed to drilling, completions and production operations in their positions and to have a recommended minimum of 3 years of field experience. Trainer Your Expert Course Instructor is an operational geomechanics advisor with over 46 years of experience in exploration, development and production in the upstream oil and gas industry. After obtaining a BSc (Hons) Physics degree from Aberdeen University, he worked for a variety of oil service companies in wireline operations, management and formation evaluation, before joining Schlumberger in 1995. Since 2000 he has worked principally in real-time geomechanics operations and developing acousto-geomechical applications, taking on the role of geomechanics advisor and technical manager within the Europe-Africa area of operations. Before forming his own company in 2014, Your Expert Course Instructor was one of Schlumberger's principal instructors, delivering cross-discipline internal and external geomechanics training to petrophysicists, geologists, reservoir, petroleum, well construction and drilling engineers at operating company locations, training centers and operational centers worldwide. Through extensive operational and wellsite experience gained in the North Sea, Europe, Africa, South America and the Far East, he has gained a broad based knowledge of drilling, production, log data acquisition, analysis and interpretation that has allowed him to develop and deliver pragmatic solutions to the geomechanical challenges of drilling, sand production, fracturing and unconventional reservoirs, faced by operators. His principal interests include the development and application of acousto-geomechanical techniques for the evaluation of anisotropic formations and fracture systems and the identification and prevention of wellbore instability POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations
REFERENCE CODE 610/0134/X COURSE LEVEL NVQ Level 3 THIS COURSE IS AVAILABLE IN Course Overview Who is this qualification for? This qualification is aimed at those who are involved in either site carpentry including first and second fixing, those who are involved in shopfitting site work or those who carry out shopfitting bench work. The qualification is at level 3 although there may be some units at different levels. Level 3 qualifications are primarily aimed at those who are fully trained and experienced in a wide range of work activities, It is not expected that candidates working in this industry all do the same activities or use the same equipment and machinery so the qualification has been developed to make it as widely available as possible. All work completed must be carried out in accordance with Building Regulations and Industry recognised safe working practices, including the disposal of waste. The qualification is structured to ensure that there is a high degree of flexibility within the pathways and units available and will allow employees from companies of all sizes and specialisms equal opportunity to complete. The qualification consists of 3 pathways. What is required from candidates? Qualifications are also required to indicate the number of hours of teaching someone would normally need to receive in order to achieve the qualification. These are referred to as Guided Learning Hours (GLH). The GLH for this qualification is 404. Pathway 1 Site Joinery, Pathway mandatory units Level Credits Installing bespoke first fixing components in the workplace Installing bespoke second fixing components in the workplace Setting up and using transportable cutting and shaping machines in the workplace Erecting roof structure carcassing components in the workplace Confirming work activities and resources for an occupational work area in the workplace Developing and maintaining good occupational working relationships in the workplace Confirming the occupational method of work in the workplace Conforming to general health, safety and welfare in the workplace Pathway 1 Site joinery – Optional units minimum of 1 unit must be achieved Erecting structural carcassing components in the workplace Maintaining non-structural and structural components in the workplace Pathway 2-Shopfitting site work-Pathway mandatory units Marking out from setting out details for routine shopfitting products in the Summary of the: GQA LEVEL 3 NVQ DIPLOMA IN WOOD OCCUPATIONS (CONSTRUCTION) Installing shopfitting frames and finishings in the workplace Installing shopfitting fitments in the workplace Installing shopfronts and finishings in the workplace Setting up and using transportable cutting and shaping machines in the workplace Confirming work activities and resources for an occupational work area in the workplace Developing and maintaining good occupational working relationships in the workplace Confirming the occupational method of work in the workplace Conforming to general health, safety and welfare in the workplace Pathway 3 – Shopfitting-Bench Work – Pathway mandatory units Producing setting out details for routine shopfitting products in the workplace Marking out from setting out details for routine shopfitting products in the workplace Manufacturing routine shopfitting products in the workplace Confirming work activities and resources for an occupational work area in the workplace Developing and maintaining good occupational working relationships in the workplace Confirming the occupational method of work in the workplace Manufacturing bespoke shopfitting products in the workplace Setting up and using fixed machinery in the workplace Conforming to general health, safety and welfare in the workplace Pathway 3 – Shopfitting – Bench work – Pathway optional units a minimum of 1 unit must be achieved Producing CAD setting out details in the workplace Producing wood and wood-based products using computer numerically controlled/numerically controlled (CNC/NC) machinery in the workplace Producing setting out details for bespoke shopfitting products in the workplace Assessment Guidance: Evidence should show that you can complete all of the learning outcomes for each unit being taken. Types of evidence: Evidence of performance and knowledge is required. Evidence of performance should be demonstrated by activities and outcomes, and should be generated in the workplace only, unless indicated under potential sources of evidence (see below). Evidence of knowledge can be demonstrated though performance or by responding to questions. Quantity of evidence: Evidence should show that you can meet the requirements of the units in a way that demonstrates that the standards can be achieved consistently over an appropriate period of time. Potential sources of evidence: The main source of evidence for each unit will be observation of the candidate’s performance and knowledge demonstrated during the completion of the unit. This can be supplemented by the following types of physical or documentary evidence: Accident book/reporting systems Photo/video evidence Safety records Work diaries Training records Timesheets Audio records Telephone Logs Job specifications and documentation Meeting records Delivery Records Records of toolbox talks Witness testimonies Equipment Correspondence with customers Prepared materials and sites Notes and memos Completed work Please Note that photocopied or downloaded documents such as manufacturers or industry guidance, H&S policies, Risk Assessments etc, are not normally acceptable evidence for GQA qualifications unless accompanied by a record of a professional discussion or Assessor statement confirming candidate knowledge of the subject. If you are in any doubt about the validity of evidence, contact Oscar Onsite Academy
Blue CSCS Card NVQ Level 2 Craft This qualification provides you with the opportunity to showcase their knowledge, skills and understanding in their chosen craft. You will have the relevant experience in one of the trade specific areas. You will work in one of the following areas: Trowel Occupations (Bricklayer) Building Maintenance Painting and Decorating Wall and Floor Tiling Stone Masonry Wood Occupations (site Carpentry) Plastering Roofing Induction - As soon as you register you will be given a dedicated assessor. They will arrange an induction and together with your assessor, you will get to decide on the pathway which best proves your competency. The induction is used to plan out how you will gather the relevant evidence to complete the course. During the course - The assessor will work with you to build a portfolio of evidence that allows you to showcase your knowledge, skills and experience. The assessor will also regularly review and provide you with feedback. This will allow you to keep on track to progress quickly. You will be assessed through various methods such as observations, written questions, evidence generated from the workplace, professional discussion, and witness testimonials. On completion - Once all feedback has been agreed, the Internal Quality Assurer will review your portfolio and in agreement with your assessor the certificate will be applied for. To download our PDF for this course then please click here.
Blue CSCS Card NVQ Level 2 Craft This qualification provides you with the opportunity to showcase your knowledge, skills and understanding in your chosen craft. You will have the relevant experience in one of the trade specific areas. You will work in one of the following areas: Trowel Occupations (Bricklayer) Building Maintenance Painting and Decorating Wall and Floor Tiling Stone Masonry Wood Occupations (site Carpentry) Plastering Roofing Induction - As soon as you register you will be given a dedicated assessor. They will arrange an induction and together with your assessor, you will get to decide on the pathway which best proves your competency. The induction is used to plan out how you will gather the relevant evidence to complete the course. During the course - The assessor will work with you to build a portfolio of evidence that allows you to showcase your knowledge, skills and experience. The assessor will also regularly review and provide you with feedback. This will allow you to keep on track to progress quickly. You will be assessed through various methods such as observations, written questions, evidence generated from the workplace, professional discussion, and witness testimonials. On completion - Once all feedback has been agreed, the Internal Quality Assurer will review your portfolio and in agreement with your assessor the certificate will be applied for. To download our PDF for this course then please click here.
Gold CSCS Card NVQ Level 3 Advanced craft This is the NVQ that provides those with the relevant experience to showcase their knowledge, skills and understanding in advanced craft. You will be required to provide evidence of more technical projects. The award requires you to support a team through setting constantly high standards. You will work in one of the following areas: Trowel Occupations (Bricklayer) Painting and Decorating Wall and Floor Tiling Site Carpentry Plastering Roofing Induction - As soon as you register you will be given a dedicated assessor. They will arrange an induction and together with your assessor, you will get to decide on the pathway which best proves your competency. The induction is used to plan out how you will gather the relevant evidence to complete the course. During the course - The assessor will work with you to build a portfolio of evidence that allows you to showcase your knowledge, skills and experience. The assessor will also regularly review and provide you with feedback. This will allow you to keep on track to progress quickly. You will be assessed through various methods such as observations, written questions, evidence generated from the workplace, professional discussion, and witness testimonials. On completion - Once all feedback has been agreed, the Internal Quality Assurer will review your portfolio and in agreement with your assessor the certificate will be applied for. To download our PDF for this course then please click here.
Gold CSCS Card NVQ Level 3 Advanced craft This is the NVQ that provides those with the relevant experience to showcase their knowledge, skills and understanding in advanced craft. You will be required to provide evidence of more technical projects. The award requires you to support a team through setting constantly high standards. You will work in one of the following areas: Trowel Occupations (Bricklayer) Painting and Decorating Wall and Floor Tiling Site Carpentry Plastering Roofing Induction - As soon as you register you will be given a dedicated assessor. They will arrange an induction and together with your assessor, you will get to decide on the pathway which best proves your competency. The induction is used to plan out how you will gather the relevant evidence to complete the course. During the course - The assessor will work with you to build a portfolio of evidence that allows you to showcase your knowledge, skills and experience. The assessor will also regularly review and provide you with feedback. This will allow you to keep on track to progress quickly. You will be assessed through various methods such as observations, written questions, evidence generated from the workplace, professional discussion, and witness testimonials. On completion - Once all feedback has been agreed, the Internal Quality Assurer will review your portfolio and in agreement with your assessor the certificate will be applied for. To download our PDF for this course then please click here.
If your organisation manages contractors then your staff need to understand the health and safety issues. This course is the answer. The expert trainer will set out clearly the legal responsibilities of all relevant parties and explore the practical application of these responsibilities with the course participants. The course will then examine the issues associated with the planning of work to be contracted out and the evaluation, selection, control and monitoring of contractors engaged to undertake the work. Although the main focus is on health and safety, the course will also explain how health and safety issues need to be integrated into your organisation's functional management processes to ensure effective control of contractors. The course will consider all types of contracted activities, including construction and maintenance, cleaning, security, plant installation, etc. This programme will give participants: A clear understanding of the organisation's legal responsibilities for managing contractors The information they need to assess the competence of contractors A practical understanding of risk assessment principles and the transfer of risk to contractors A step-by-step guide to the key aspects of managing contractors in practice, covering:Planning of the workSelecting contractorsHandover prior to work commencementDuring the workReviewing the work on completion Practical guidance on the integration of health and safety controls into organisational procedures for contractor management 1 Introduction Who are contractors? Why manage contractors? Different types of contractors Costs of poor contractor performance 2 Overview of health and safety law and liability Health and safety law and statutory duties Relevance of civil and criminal law Enforcement and prosecution 3 Relevant legislation for controlling contractors Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (as amended, 2007) Other relevant legislation Contract law 4 Managing contractors in practice Exercise - how well is it happening? The objectives Five step approachPlanning of the workSelecting contractorsHandover prior to work commencementDuring the workReviewing the work on completion 5 Planning the work Scope and extent Risk assessment Interface and other activities Who controls what? Contract arrangements 6 Selecting the right contractor(s) Locating contractor organisations Selection the right contractors Assessing contractor competence Approved lists/frameworks Tender process 7 Pre-work commencement Co-ordination and co-operation Exchange of information Contractor risk assessments and method statements Permits to work Case study exercise 8 During contract work Communication and liaison Supervision and inspection of the work Inspection and reporting procedures Security issues Facilities and access 9 Reviewing work on completion Why, what and how? Achieving continuous improvement in contractor performance 10 Questions, discussion and review