346 Computing courses in Leeds

TETRA training course description This 2 day training course covers the network architecture required for TETRA. It also looks at the Air Interface, TETRA Functions and Procedures. What will you learn Describe the TETRA Architecture Describe the Air Interface Explain the TETRA Functions Explain the TETRA Procedures TETRA training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with TETRA. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days TETRA training course contents Introduction History of PMR, ETSI development, Tetra function, Tetra markets, Tetra standards, Tetra supplier base, Tetra Release 1, Tetra Release 2. Network Architecture Mobile network Identity, Mobile stations, Base station, Switching & Management, Addresses & Identitie. Air Interface Modulation, TDMA Format, FD, Framin, Burst format, Traffic Channel TCH, Dedicated Channel DCC, Common Control Channel CCC, Signalling Channel SCH, Logical Control mapping LCM, Protocol stack, Voice coded. TETRA Functions Trunked mode operation, User hierarchies, Individual calling, Group calling, Supplementary services, Voice and Data, Data services, Direct mode operation, Tetra WAP, Circuit mode priorities, Circuit mode data, Packet mode data, Discrete and Ambient listening. Automatic vehicle locator. TETRA Procedures MS operational modes, Mobility management, Cell selection, Security & Authentication, Decryption options, Cell setup, Channel assignment, Network management - internal, Network management -external, PSTN Gateway, ISDN Gateway, Control Room Gateway.

ZigBee training course description A hands on course covering the entire ZigBee protocol stack. ZigBee operation, primitives and frame formats are covered in detail using software tools to test and analyse ZigBee commands and demonstrate how these affect the 802.15.4 MAC. Analysers are used to decode packet formats. What will you learn Describe the ZigBee architecture and applications. Explain the workings of ZigBee protocol stack including the 802.15.4, NWK, APS and ZDO sub layers. Describe in detail the ZigBee primitives and how they are used to pass data; make networks; join networks and repair networks. Secure ZigBee networks. ZigBee training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff requiring grounding in ZigBee including application engineers. Prerequisites: RF fundamentals. Duration 2 days ZigBee training course contents Wireless data overview What is 802.15.4 and ZigBee? WLAN, WPAN, Bluetooth vs. ZigBee. Markets. Applications and architecture. ZigBee demonstration. ZigBee Standards and technology The 7-layer model, IEEE WPAN standards overview, 802.15.4 & ZigBee, ZigBee alliance. ZigBee Protocol stack The ZigBee 5 layer model, The network (NWK) sub layer, Application support sub layer (APS), the ZigBee Device Object (ZDO). 802.15.4 Radio Frequencies, modulation, power, DSSS, BPSK/ O-QPSK, channels, symbols, chips and bit rate. 802.15.4 PHY PHY data transfer primitives. The PHY packet. PHY PIB management. 802.15.4 MAC layer The MAC layer overview, CSMA/CA, addresses, frame types, super frames, MAC layer: Data, Data control, Scan and join, PAN maintenance, MAC PIB. Hands on 802.15.4 frame analysis. ZigBee Topologies Point to point topology, star topology, cluster tree, wired integration. Hands on Building a ZigBee network. ZigBee frame formats General frame format, data frames, command frames. Hands on Analysing ZigBee frames. ZigBee NWK NWK data primitives: Request. Confirm. Indication. NWK management primitives: Network discovery, network formation. Permit joining. Start router. Join. Direct join. Leave. Reset. Sync. NWK database management. Hands on NWK analysis ZigBee APS Address mapping, matching devices, binding devices, binding tables. Hands on APS analysis. ZigBee ZDO Device roles, binding requests, initiating and responding, device discovery, service discovery, network management. ZDO Endpoint 0. ZigBee Security Security issues, security modes, MAC security, NWK security, APS security. Applications Writing ZigBee applications, application profiles, End points, Endpoint addressing, clusters of attributes, broadcasts. Hands on Sample ZigBee application.

MRTG training course description A hands on course focusing on the installation, configuration and use of the MRTG network monitoring and graphing tools. What will you learn Install MRTG. Configure MRTG. Use MRTG to monitor networks. MRTG training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with MRTG. Prerequisites: Total SNMP for engineers Duration 2 days MRTG training course contents What is MRTG? Network monitoring, review of SNMP. What MRTG does do, what MRTG doesn't do, MRTG architecture, MRTG components. Hands on configuring SNMP support on network devices, configuring extended SNMP support on Windows. Installing MRTG Configuring MRTG tasks, .cfg files, index.html files, running MRTG tasks, instances. Hands on Configuring and running MRTG tasks. MRTG tasks Configuring MRTG tasks, .cfg files, index.html files, running MRTG tasks, instances. Hands on Configuring and running MRTG tasks. MRTG graphs Daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, MRTG database support, RRDTOOL. Hands on MRTG graphs. Using MRTG MRTG examples, custom SNMP OIDs, using the MRTG configuration reference. Hands on MRTG examples. RRDTOOL Installing RRD database support, MRTG instances with the RRD database, RRD database structure, resizing and extending the database. Exporting database records into plain text and XML formats, on demand MRTG graphs using the database. Hands on Using MRTG with RRD database support. Alternatives to MRTG MRTG strengths and weaknesses, scalability, cricket, cacti, other SNMP tools.

Ethernet LANS training course description This course has been replaced as part of our continuous curriculum development. Please see our Definitive Ethernet switching course What will you learn Describe what Ethernet is and how it works. Install Ethernet networks Troubleshoot Ethernet networks Analyse Ethernet packets Design Ethernet networks Recognise the uses of Hubs, Bridges, switches and routers. Ethernet LANS training course details Who will benefit: Those wishing to find out more about how their LAN works. Prerequisites: Intro to Data comms & networking. Duration 3 days Ethernet LANS training course contents What is Ethernet? LANS, What is Ethernet?, history, standards, the OSI reference model, how Ethernet works, CSMA/CD. Ethernet Cabling UTP, cat 3,4,5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 7, fibre optic cable, MMF, SMF. Hands on Making a cable. 802.3 physical specifications Distance limitations, hubs and repeaters, 5-4-3-2-1 rule, 10BaseT, 10BaseF, 100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, 1000BaseSX, 1000BaseT, 10gbe. Hands on Working with hubs. Ethernet layer 2 Overview, NICS, device drivers, MAC addresses, broadcasts, multicasts, frame formats, Ether II, 802.3, 802.2, SNAP, compatibility, Ethernet type numbers, Ethernet multicast addresses, Ethernet vendor codes. Hands on Installing Ethernet components, analysing MAC headers. IP and Ethernet ARP Hands on Analysing ARP packets. Ethernet extensions Full/half duplex, auto negotiation, flow control methods, 802.3ad, 802.3af, 802.3ah. Hands on Configuration of full/half duplex. Ethernet speed enhancements Encoding, Carrier extension, packet bursting, jumbo frames. Prioritisation 802.1P, 802.1Q, TOS, WRR, QOS, VLANs. Hands on 802.1p testing Interconnecting LANS Broadcast domains, Collision domains, What are bridges, transparent bridging, What are switches? STP, VLANS, What are routers? Layer 3 switches, Connecting Ethernet to the WAN. Hands on STP, Analysing Ethernet frames in a routed architecture. Troubleshooting and maintaining Ethernet Utilisation, performance, TDR and other testers, bottlenecks, statistics, RMON. Hands on Monitoring performance, troubleshooting tools.

LTE Architecture and Protocols course description This course provides a comprehensive tour of the LTE architecture along with services provided and the protocols used. What will you learn Describe the overall architecture of LTE. Explain the information flows through LTE. Describe the LTE security. Describe LTE mobility management. Recognise the next steps for LTE. LTE Architecture and Protocols course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 3 days LTE Architecture and Protocols course contents Introduction History, LTE key features. The 4G ITU process. The LTE 3GPP specifications. Specifications. System Architecture LTE hardware architecture. UE architecture and capabilities. E-UTRAN and eNB. EPC, MME functions, SGW, PGW and PCRF. System interfaces and protocol stacks. Example information flows. Dedicated and default bearers. EMM, ECM, RRC state diagrams. Radio transmission and reception OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO antennas. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and signals. Cell acquisition, data transmission and random access. MAC, RLC, PDCP protocols. LTE spectrum allocation. Power-on procedures Network and cell selection. RRC connection establishment. Attach procedure, including IP address allocation and default bearer activation. LTE detach procedure. Security in LTE networks LTE security features, identity confidentiality, ciphering and integrity protection. Architecture of network access security in LTE. Secure key hierarchy. Authentication and key agreement procedure. Security mode command procedure. Network domain security architecture. Security associations using IKE and IPSec. Mobility management RRC_IDLE, RRC_CONNECTED. Cell reselection, tracking area updates. Measurement reporting. X2 and S1 based handovers. Interoperation with UMTS, GSM and non-3GPP technologies such as cdma2000. QoS, policy control and charging QoS in LTE, EPS bearers, service data flows and packet flows. The architecture and signalling procedures for policy and charging control. Data transport using GPRS, differentiated services and MPLS. Offline and online charging in LTE. Delivery of voice and text messages over LTE Difficulties and solutions for Voice over LTE. Architecture and call setup procedures for circuit switched fallback. Architecture, protocols and call setup procedures in IP multimedia subsystem. Enhancements in release 9 LTE location services. Multimedia broadcast / multicast service and MBSFN. Cell selection, commercial mobile alert service. LTE Advanced and release 10 Impact of carrier aggregation on LTE air interface. Enhanced MIMO processing on uplink and downlink. Relaying. Release 11 and beyond. OAM and self organising networks Operation, administration, maintenance and provisioning for LTE. Self-configuration of base station parameters. Fractional frequency re-use, inter-cell interference co-ordination. Self-optimisation of base station procedures. Self-healing to detect and recover from faults.

Total QoS training course description An advanced technical hands on course focusing on Quality of Service issues in IP networks. What will you learn Explain the difference between Integrated services and differentiated services. Explain how DiffServ works. Explain how RSVP works. Design networks supporting QoS. Total QoS training course details Who will benefit: Network administrators. Network operators. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Duration 3 days Total QoS training course contents What is QoS QoS and CoS, throwing bandwidth at the problem, Best effort services, Differentiated services, Integrated services, guarantees, the need for QoS, IETF working groups. Application issues Video, Voice, other applications, Jitter, delay, packet loss. Flows, per flow and per aggregate QoS, Stateful vs. stateless QoS, applications vs. network QoS. 'Traditional' IP QoS The TOS field and precedence, the obsolete OSPF use of the TOS field, TCP congestion avoidance. Queuing Where to use queuing, FIFO, Priority queuing, Custom queuing, Weighted Fair Queuing, CBWFQ, PQWFQ, LLQ, RED and WRED. DiffServ Architecture, DSCP, CU, packet classification and marking, meters and conditioners, Bandwidth brokers and COPS, Per Hop Behaviours, best effort PHB, Assured Forwarding PHB, Expedited forwarding PHB, Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR). Layer 2 issues Fragmentation and interleaving, compression (codecs, MPEG formats, header compression…), 802.1p, Subnet bandwidth management, Bandwidth allocators and requestor modules, the use of MPLS, traffic engineering, traffic shaping. RSVP What is RSVP? architectures, paths, path messages, reservations, traffic specifications, tear downs, guaranteed and controlled load, token buckets, Call Admission Control in voice networks, gatekeepers. Other issues Policy based routing, the Resource Allocation Protocol, QoS management tools, baselining networks, design issues, QoS in IPv6, QoS and multicasts.

IPsec training course description This hands on course focuses on IPsec VPNs. Rather than focusing on one implementation this course concentrates on the technologies and protocols of IPsec. Starting with an overview of the complete IPsec architecture the course then moves onto ESP packet analysis along with encryption and authentication provided. IKEv1 and IKEv2 are both covered in detail. Having covered IPsec with pre shared keys the course then moves onto IPsec with certificates followed by IPsec issues. The course is vendor neutral with hands on with both Cisco and Microsoft implementations. What will you learn Explain how IPsec works. Explain the role of AH, ESP and IKE. Configure IPsec. Troubleshoot IPsec. IPsec training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with IPsec. Prerequisites: Definitive IP VPNs for engineers. Duration 3 days IPsec training course contents What is IPsec? How to spell IPsec, IPsec is IP security, confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, replay protection, what is a VPN? Network layer security, IPsec and IPv4, IPsec and IPv6, the suite of protocols, the standard, IPsec RFCs, IPsec history. Hands on Analysis of 'normal' IP packets. IPsec architecture The IPsec protocols, AH vs ESP, Why two headers? transport mode, tunnel mode, Remote access VPNs, site to site VPNs, security associations, SA database, Security Parameters Index, implementations: Host tack, Bump in the Stack, Bump in the Wire. Hands on Configuring IPsec. AH What AH does, the stack, The AH header, What is authenticated? Device authentication. AH in transport mode, AH in tunnel mode. Hands on AH packet analysis. ESP What ESP does, the ESP header, ESP in transport mode, ESP in tunnel mode, ESP and SA, ESP and SPI. Hands on ESP packet analysis, policy configuration. IPsec encryption IPsec is a framework, standard algorithms, ESP keys, the role of IKE, key lifetimes, how IKE generates the keys, DES, 3DES, AES, cipher block chaining, counter mode, other encryption. Hands on Encryption configuration. IPsec authentication Authentication types, IPsec authentication, Authentication algorithms: MD5, keyed SHA-1, HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA-1, HMAC-RIPEMD, other authentication algorithms. Hands on Authentication configuration. IKE Internet Key Exchange, IKE and the SAD, the two phase negotiation, ISAKMP, ISAKMP header, pre shared keys, digital signatures, public key encryption, Diffie Hellman, proposals, counter proposals, nonces, identities, phase 1 negotiation: main mode, aggressive mode, base mode. Phase 2 negotiation: quick mode, new group mode. Hands on IKE packet analysis. More IKE PFS, IKE and dynamic addresses, XAUTH, hybrid authentication, CRACK, ULA, PIC. User level authentication. IKE renegotiation, heartbeats. Hands on Troubleshooting IPsec. IKEv2 The IKEv2 exchange, IKE_SA_INIT, IKE_AUTH, CREATE_CHILD_SA, IKEv2 packets, the informational exchange. Comparing IKev1 vs IKE v2. Hands on IKEv2 configuration and analysis. PKI What is PKI?, Digital certificates, Certificate authorities, CA servers, RA, VA, certificates, CA hierarchy, CRLs, certificate formats. Hands on installing and configuring certificate servers. IPsec issues NAT, IPsec overhead and fragmentation. Summary IPsec strengths and weaknesses. Where to get further information.

5G training course description This course is designed to give the delegate an understanding of the technologies and interworking requirements of the next generation of cellular communications. It is not a definitive set of descriptions but a possibility of the final deployment. During the course we will investigate the 10 pillars for 5G, which will include various Radio Access Technologies that are required to interwork smoothly. Hence we will look at the 4G Pro features and other RATs. What will you learn List the ten pillars of 5G deployment. Explain the 5G Internet and Software Distributed Networks (SDN). Explain carrier aggregation, the mobile cloud and RAT virtualisation. Explain an overall picture of 5G architecture. 5G training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who is looking to work with next generation networks. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 3 days 5G training course contents Drivers for 5G 5G Road Map, 10 Pillars of 5G, evolving RATs, small cell, o SON, MTCm, mm-wave, backhaul, EE, new spectrum, spectrum sharing, RAN virtualisation. 4G LTE advanced features *MIMO, Downlink & uplink MIMO R8, MIMO technology in LTE advanced, Downlink 8-layer SU-MIMO, Downlink MU-MIMO, Uplink MU-MIMO, Uplink transmit diversity, Coordinated multi-point operation (CoMP), Independent eNB & remote base station configurations, Downlink CoMP, * Uplink Multi-Cell Reception. ICIC & eICIC ICIC, Homogeneous to heterogeneous network, eICIC, Macro-pico scenario, Macro-femto scenario, Time orthogonal frequencies. Almost Blank Subframe (ABS). Carrier aggregation Component carriers (CC), * CC aggregation, Intra-band contiguous solutions, Intra-band non-contiguous solutions, Inter-band non-contiguous solutions, CA bandwidth classes, Aggregated transmission bandwidth configurations (ATBC), Possible carrier aggregation configurations (Rel 9, 10 & 12). Enhanced Interference Mitigation & Traffic Adaptation (eIMTA) TDD UL-DL reconfiguration for traffic adaptation, Reconfiguration mechanisms, Interference mitigation schemes, Dynamic & flexible resource allocation. 5G architectures 5G in Europe, horizon 2020 framework, 5G infrastructure PPP, METIS project, innovation centre, 5G in North America, research, company R & D, 5G specifications. The 5G internet Cloud services, IoT & context awareness, network reconfiguration & virtualization support, hypervisors, SDN, the controller, service-oriented API, OpenFlow switches, SDN operation, SDN control for traffic flow redirection, OpenFlow controllers, how SDN works, application, control and infrastructure layers, a programmable network, how SDN & NFV tie together, SDN's downside, SDN orchestration, Mobility, architectures for distributed mobility management, MEDIEVAL & MEDIVO projects, a clean slate approach, mobility first architecture, network virtualization (VNet), INM, NetInf, ForMux, MEEM, GP & AM, QoS support, network resource provisioning, IntServ, RSVP, DiffServ, CoS, aggregated resource provisioning, SICAP, MARA, Emerging approach for resource over-provisioning, example use case architecture for the 5G internet, integrating SDN/NFV for efficient resource control, control information repository, service admission control policies, network resource provisioning, control enforcement functions, network configurations, network operations. Small cells for 5G Average spectral efficiency evolution, What are small cells? WiFi & Femto cells as candidate small-cell technologies, Capacity limits & achievable gains with densifications, gains with multi-antenna techniques, gains with small cells, Mobile data demand, approach & methodology, subscriber density projections, traffic demand projections, global mobile data traffic increase modelling, country level backhaul traffic projections, 2020 average spectrum requirement, Small cell challenges, backhaul, spectrum, automation. Cooperation for next generation wireless networks Cooperative diversity & relaying strategies, Cooperative ARQ & MAC protocols, NCCARQ & PRCSMA packet exchange, Physical layer impact on MAC protocol, NCCARQ overview, PHY layer impact, Performance evaluation, simulation scenario and results. Mobile clouds; technology & services for future communications platforms Mobile cloud, software, hardware and networking resources, Mobile cloud enablers, mobile user domain, wireless technologies, WWAN WLAN and WPAN range, Bluetooth, IEEE.802.15.4, software stacks, infrared, near field communications (NFC), store & forward vs compute & forward, random/linear network coding. Security for 5G communications Potential 5G architectures, Security issues & challenges in 5G, user equipment, mobile malware attacks, 5G mobile botnets, attacks on 4G networks, C-RNTI & packet sequence numbers based UE location tracking, false buffer status reports attacks, message insertion attacks, HeNB attacks, physical attacks, attacks on mobile operator's network, user data & identity attacks, DDoS attacks, amplification, HSS saturation, external IP networks.

4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course description This course is designed to explain the roaming procedures of modern mobile networks, based on the GSMA roaming specification the course explains all scenarios where a mobile subscriber may find themselves whilst visiting a preferred mobile network partner. Interconnection between MNOs and the use of GRX & IPX as an interworking process. The course will work through the registration & authentication procedure, download of the user profile, the APN configuration & DIAMETER process to verify user authenticity. VoLTE roaming and IMS registration procedures for voice support & SMS delivery will be discussed and explained. What will you learn Architecture Models Technical requirements for interfaces - 4G Roaming Scenarios Technical requirements & recommendations for services Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Technical Requirements for QoS support Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interfaces - 5G Scenarios Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interworking & Coexistence with E-UTRAN & EPC Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Services Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations 4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course details Who will benefit: Those working in mobile networks. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days 4G & 5G Roaming Scenarios & Procedures course contents Architecture Models 4G Evolved Packet System 5G Core Network SGs Interface for CSFB& SMS over SGs Technical Requirements for Interfaces - 4G Roaming Scenarios General requirements for inter-PLMN interfaces Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) IAMETER S8 Interface SGW selection PGW selection GTP Transport Layer engineering S9 interface Implementation requirements Guidelines for DIAMETER over S9 S6a & S6d interface Gy interface Guidelines for DIAMETER over Gy Legacy interworking scenarios VPLMN has not implemented LTE HPLMN has not implemented LTE Co-existence scenarios Possible scenarios 2G/3G roaming agreement only 2G/3G LTE roaming agreement LTE roaming registrations Consequences of different APN approaches when roaming Guidance regarding the APN approach when roaming Inter-RAT handover Handover & access restrictions to/from 2G/3G & LTE (Active mode) Access restriction for 2G/3G and/or LTE (Idle mode) Handover of PDN Connections between GERAN/UTRAN & LTE Handover to/from non-3GPP accesses & LTE Bandwidth considerations ARP considerations at handover from LTE to 2G/3G Tech requirements & recommendations for Services SMS SMS over SGs Voice CSFB Roaming retry for CSFB Roaming Forwarding for CSFB Coexistence of Roaming Forwarding & Roaming Retry Recommended procedures IMS Voice Roaming Architecture Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Access Control Addressing APN for IMS based services IMS Well Known APN APN for Home Operator Services Gateway Selection Inter-PLMN roaming handover Data off related functionality Emergency Services Emergency PDN connectivity Emergency Call indicator Security GTP Security DIAMETER Security DIAMTER Roaming hubbing Default APN E-UTRA NR Dual Connectivity with EPC GW Selection for E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity TAC/LAC Restriction Guidelines Technical Requirements for QoS support QoS parameters definition QoS Management in the Home Routed architecture QoS control for IMS APN in the S8HR architecture Support of QoS in GRX/IPX QoS Control in Local Breakout architecture Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interfaces - 5G Scenarios General requirements for inter-PLMN interfaces Transport protocol - TCP/IP Serialisation protocol - JSON Interface Definition language - OpenAPI Application Protocol - HTTP2 Inter-PLMN (N32) Interface N32c N32f ALS & IPX HTTP Proxy SMF & UPF in HPLMN & VPLMN Requirements related to Service Based Architecture Naming, addressing & routing for 5G SA roaming SEPP load distribution SEPP administration, naming convention & routing SEPP HTTP redirections Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Interworking & Coexistence with E-UTRAN & EPC Interworking scenarios Coexistence scenarios Inter-RAT Handover Handover & Access restriction between 5GC & EPC Technical Requirements & Recommendations for Services Network slicing Voice, Video & Messaging Location support UE Route Selection Policy Other Technical Requirements & Recommendations Access control IP Addressing DNN for IMS based services Emergency PDU Session Emergency Services Fallback Security Steering of Roaming in 5GS Technical Requirements for QoS support 5G QoS model 5G QoS profile QoS Control

Definitive VPNs training course description A hands on course covering VPNs from the basics of benefits and Internet vs. Intranet VPNs through to detailed analysis of the technologies involved in VPNs. All the major VPN protocols are covered including PPPoE, L2TP, SSL, IPsec and dynamic VPNs. MPLS L3 VPNs are also covered. What will you learn Describe what a VPN is and explain the difference between different VPN types. Recognise the design and implementation issues involved in implementing a VPN. Explain how the various technologies involved in a VPN work. Describe and implement: L2TP, IPsec, SSL, MPLS L3 VPNs. Evaluate VPN technologies. Definitive VPNs training course details Who will benefit: Network personnel. Prerequisites: IP Security foundation for engineers. Duration 3 days Definitive VPNs training course contents VPN overview What is a VPN? What is an IP VPN? VPNs vs. Private Data Networks, Internet VPNs, Intranet VPNs, Remote access VPNs, Site to site VPNs, VPN benefits and disadvantages. VPN Tunnelling VPN components, VPN tunnels, tunnel sources, tunnel end points, hardware based VPNs, Firewall based VPNs, software based VPNs, tunnelling topologies, tunnelling protocols, which tunnelling protocol should you use? requirements of tunnels. VPN security components Critical VPN security requirements, Encryption and authentication, Diffie Hellman, DES, 3DES, RSA, PKI, Ca server types, pre shared keys versus certificates, Enrolling with a CA, RADIUS in VPNs. PPP Encapsulation, operation, authentication. Hands on Setting up PPPoE and analysing PPP packets. PPTP Overview, Components, How it works, control and data connections, GRE. Hands on Building a PPTP VPN. L2TP Overview, components, how it works, security, packet authentication, L2TP/IPSec, L2TP/PPP, Layer 2 versus layer 3 tunnelling. Hands on Implementing a L2TP tunnel. IPSec AH, HMAC, ESP, transport and tunnel modes, Security Association, use of encryption and authentication algorithms, manual vs automated key exchange, NAT and other issues. Hands on Implementing an IPSec VPN. Intranet VPNs Headers, architecture, label switching, LDP, MPLS VPNs. VPN products and services PE and CPE, management, various VPN products. VPN issues and architectures VPN architectures: terminate VPN before/on/ after/in parallel with firewall, resilience issues, VRRP, performance issues, QoS and VPNs. documentation.