171 Architecture courses in Leeds

Linux virtualization and HA training course description The LPIC-3 certification is the culmination of LPI's multi -level professional certification program. LPIC-3 is designed for the enterprise-level Linux professional and represents the highest level of professional, distribution neutral Linux certification within the industry. LPIC-3 304 covers administering Linux enterprise-wide with an emphasis on virtualization and high availability. At SNT we have enhanced the contents of the course by covering containers. What will you learn Manage Virtual Machines. Manage containers. Manage HA clusters. Manage HA cluster storage. Linux virtualization and HA training course details Who will benefit: Linux professionals working with virtualization and/or High availability. Prerequisites: Linux network administration 2 (LPIC-2) Duration 5 days Linux virtualization and HA training course contents VIRTUALIZATION Virtualization concepts and theory Terminology, Pros and Cons of virtualization, variations of Virtual Machine monitors, migration of physical to VMs, migration of VMs between host systems, cloud computing. Xen Xen architecture, networking and storage, Xen configuration, Xen utilities, troubleshooting Xen installations, XAPI, XenStore, Xen Boot Parameters, the xm utility. KVM KVM architecture, networking and storage, KVM configuration, KVM utilities, troubleshooting KVM installations. Other virtualization solutions OpenVZ and LXC, other virtualization technologies, virtualization provisioning tools. Libvirt and Related Tools libvirt architecture, networking and storage, basic technical knowledge of libvirt and virsh, oVirt. Cloud Management Tools Basic feature knowledge of OpenStack and CloudStack, awareness of Eucalyptus and OpenNebula. Containers Containers versus VMs, Docker, Kubernetes. Load balanced clusters of LVS/IPVS, VRRP, configuration of keepalived, configuration of ldirectord, backend server network configuration. HAProxy, configuration of HAProxy. Failover clusters Pacemaker architecture and components (CIB, CRMd, PEngine, LRMd, DC, STONITHd), Pacemaker cluster configuration, Resource classes (OCF, LSB, Systemd, Upstart, Service, STONITH, Nagios), Resource rules and constraints (location, order, colocation), Advanced resource features (templates, groups, clone resources, multi-state resources), Pacemaker management using pcs, Pacemaker management using crmsh, configuration and management of corosync in conjunction with Pacemaker, other cluster engines (OpenAIS, Heartbeat, CMAN). HIGH AVAILABILITY CLUSTER STORAGE DRBD/cLVM DRBD resources, states and replication modes, configuration of DRBD resources, networking, disks and devices, configuration of DRBD automatic recovery and error handling, management of DRBD using drbdadm. drbdsetup and drbdmeta, Integration of DRBD with Pacemaker, cLVM, integration of cLVM with Pacemaker. Clustered File Systems Principles of cluster file systems. Create, maintain and troubleshoot GFS2 file systems in a cluster, create, maintain and troubleshoot OCFS2 file systems in a cluster, Integration of GFS2 and OCFS2 with Pacemaker, the O2CB cluster stack, other commonly used clustered file systems.

UMTS training course description An in-depth study of the UMTS technologies and network structure. What will you learn Explain what 3G and UMTS are. Describe the migration path to UMTS. Describe the UMTS architecture. UMTS training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who needs to know more about UMTS. Prerequisites: Total GSM Duration 3 days UMTS training course contents Introduction 3G WCDMA 2G WCDMA comparison. European and international spectrum allocations. UMTS Services UMTS QoS classes, Conversational, Streaming, Interactive and Background. UMTS bearer services. Radio Access Network (RAN) Architecture System architecture. The Radio Network Controller (RNC) and Node B functionality. Protocol model. The Iu interface for Circuit and Packet switching. The Iur interface and RNSAP. RNC node B interface and NBAP. The Physical layer Spread spectrum coding and modulation. Logical and physical channels. User data rates and transmission. Power control. Signalling, synchronisation, common control, access and indicator channels. Procedures for transmit diversity, measurement, power control and handover. Radio Resource Management Fast and outer loop power control. Transmit power and power rise. Handover algorithms. Intra frequency and inter system handovers. Load, measurement on the air interface. Admission and load control. Packet Access Packet data traffic. Packet data transport channels. Packet scheduling algorithms. Handover, load and administration control. Packet data performance. UTRA TDD Mode Time Division Duplex (TDD). UTRA TDD modulation and spreading, transport channels, physical channels and their structure. Noise and interference limited network. Interference, FDD and TDD co-existence.

Essential IMS training course description The IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS) is defined by 3GPP as a new mobile infrastructure. This course studies the discreet elements in the IMS. What will you learn Describe the IMS. Describe the IMS architecture. Explain how charging, security and QoS is handled in the IMS. Explain how the IMS supports service enablers such as Push to talk and Presence. Essential IMS training course details Who will benefit: Telecommunications staff. Prerequisites: Mobile communications overview Duration 2 days Essential IMS training course contents Mobile communications review The role of IP in telecommunications. GSM to IMS. Enhanced multimedia services, Push To, convergence, conferencing, roaming. What is IMS? What it is, why IMS, standard bodies: 3GPP, IETF, OMA, IMS services. MMD comparison. IMS architecture blocks Overview, IMS functions, IMS interfaces, IMS protocols, IMS elements, IMS reference points. Access network, IMS in GSM, CDMA, WiFi & PSTN networks. Core network. Application, Control and Call planes. HSS - User database Identification. The user database, role of HSS, SLF and multiple HSSs. 'Normal' identities, IMPI, IMPU. IMS signalling: SIP What is SIP? SIP URI, contact address, UAs, Proxies, basic SIP call flow, SIP sessions. IMS other protocols Megaco, Diameter, XML, XCAP, COPS, RTP/RTCP, SDP, H.324M, IM and MSRP. Call/Session Control Call Session Control Functions (CSCF). Domains. Home networks, visited networks. CSCF and SIP. P-CSCF, P-CSCF discovery, P-CSCF functions. I-CSCF, DNS and I-CSCF. S-CSCF, S-CSCF functions, ENUM lookups. QoS. Example call flows. IMS services Open service platform, Application Servers, profiles, AS interface with S-CSCF. 'Normal' services (Caller ID, Call waiting, transfer…) Push to talk Over Cellular (PoC), IMS conferencing, Group management, IMS Presence, IMS Messaging. Other possible applications. Media servers. (MRFC, MRFP). Gateways IMS PSTN procedures, BGCF, PSTN interface. SGW, MGCF, MGW Charging Architecture, Offline, online and flow based charging, charging reference points, CCF, DIAMETER, ICID, IOI. IMS security IMS security architecture, identities, AAA, public and private user ID, service filters, Cx interface, RADIUS, Diameter protocol, 3GPP AKA, integrity, privacy, NDS, IPSEC, trust, assertion.

Intro to containers training course description This course looks at the technologies of containers and microservices. The course starts with a look at what containers are, moving onto working with containers. Networking containers and container orchestration is then studied. The course finishes with monitoring containers with Prometheus and other systems. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific products, although Docker and Kubernetes are used. What will you learn Use containers. Build containers. Orchestrate containers. Evaluate container technologies. Intro to containers training course details Who will benefit: Those wishing to work with containers. Prerequisites: Introduction to virtualization. Duration 2 days Intro to containers training course contents What are containers? Virtualization, VMs, What are containers? What are microservices? Machine containers, application containers. Benefits. Container runtime tools Docker, LXC, Windows containers. Architecture, components. Hands on Installing Docker client and server. Working with containers Docker workflow, Docker images, Docker containers, Dockerfile, Building, running, storing images. Creating containers. Starting, stopping and controlling containers. Public repositories, private registries. Hands on Exploring containers. Microservices What are microservices? Modular architecture, IPC. Hands on Persistence and containers. Networking containers Linking, no networking, host, bridge. The container Network Interface. Hands on Container networking Container orchestration engines Docker swarm: Nodes, services, tasks. Apache Mesos: Mesos master, agents, frameworks. Kubernetes: Kubectl, master node, worker nodes. Openstack: Architecture, containers in OpenStack. Amazon ECS: Architecture, how it works. Hands on Setup and access a Kubernetes cluster. Managing containers Monitoring, logging, collecting metrics, cluster monitoring tools: Heapster. Hands on Using Prometheus with Kubernetes.

Mobile comms training course description A complete overview of mobile communications covering all the major technologies in a 2-day format. What will you learn GSM GPRS UMTS LTE Alternative mobile strategies Mobile comms training course details Who will benefit: Anyone involved in mobile communications. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days Mobile comms training course contents Introduction Telephony, RF, mobile and wireless technologies, distances, mobile phone generations, base stations, cells, frequencies, cell types, MSC, handoffs, channels, internetworking, the Internet, wireless Internet access. UK operators, worldwide operators. GSM What is it? Timeline, digitising voice, channels, GSM architecture, Abis, A, Um, MS, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC. Radio link aspects, GSM signalling overview, signalling protocols, roaming, GSM call flows, authentication. IMEI. SIM cards. GPRS What it is, 2G to 3G, GPRS user features, GPRS network features, GPRS elements, GPRS architecture, overlay, SGSN, GGSN, GPRS ATTACH, GPRS protocol stack, GPRS timeslots, EDGE, GPRS classes, GPRS routing, GPRS packet format. UMTS and 3G What is 3G? IMT-2000, 3G proposals, what is UMTS? Speed comparison, evolution to 3G, CDMA, CDMA 2000, W-CDMA, UMTS components, UMTS infrastructure, RNC, Node B, network architecture, packet switched attach, mobility in 3G, HSDPA. LTE and 4G LTE architecture and principles, Physical layer, Air interface, E-UTRAN, Evolved packet core, service provision. Other wireless solutions Integration of services, Bluetooth, Blackberry, VoIP, Mobile IP, 802.11, WiFi, 802.16, WiMax, What is 5G?

TETRA training course description This 2 day training course covers the network architecture required for TETRA. It also looks at the Air Interface, TETRA Functions and Procedures. What will you learn Describe the TETRA Architecture Describe the Air Interface Explain the TETRA Functions Explain the TETRA Procedures TETRA training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with TETRA. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days TETRA training course contents Introduction History of PMR, ETSI development, Tetra function, Tetra markets, Tetra standards, Tetra supplier base, Tetra Release 1, Tetra Release 2. Network Architecture Mobile network Identity, Mobile stations, Base station, Switching & Management, Addresses & Identitie. Air Interface Modulation, TDMA Format, FD, Framin, Burst format, Traffic Channel TCH, Dedicated Channel DCC, Common Control Channel CCC, Signalling Channel SCH, Logical Control mapping LCM, Protocol stack, Voice coded. TETRA Functions Trunked mode operation, User hierarchies, Individual calling, Group calling, Supplementary services, Voice and Data, Data services, Direct mode operation, Tetra WAP, Circuit mode priorities, Circuit mode data, Packet mode data, Discrete and Ambient listening. Automatic vehicle locator. TETRA Procedures MS operational modes, Mobility management, Cell selection, Security & Authentication, Decryption options, Cell setup, Channel assignment, Network management - internal, Network management -external, PSTN Gateway, ISDN Gateway, Control Room Gateway.

Microsoft Lync training course description This course teaches IT staff how to plan, design, deploy, configure, and administer a Microsoft Lync Server solution. The course emphasizes Lync Server Enterprise Unified Communications features focussing particularly on coexisting with and migrating from legacy communication services. The labs in this course create a solution that includes IM and Presence, Conferencing, and Persistent Chat. This course helps prepare for Exam 70-336. What will you learn Describe the Lync Server architecture. Install and deploy Lync Server. Use Lync Server management interfaces. Deploy and manage clients. Manage and administer dial-in conferencing. Design audio and video for web conferencing. Plan for instant message and presence Federation. Deploy and configure persistent chat in Lync. Configure archiving and monitoring services. Troubleshoot Lync Server. Describe the required daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance tasks. Use SIP commands and analyze SIP logs. Configure high availability features in Lync. Design load balancing in Lync Server. Backup and restore Lync Server data. Microsoft Lync training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with Microsoft Lync. Prerequisites: Supporting Windows 2008 or 2012. Duration 5 days Microsoft Lync training course contents Microsoft Lync Server architecture Lync Server architecture, Lync core capabilities, Lync design process, assessing infrastructure requirements and updating the design, planning for all Microsoft solutions framework phases. Designing a Lync Server topology Infrastructure requirements for Lync Server, using the planning tool, using topology builder, server infrastructure, documentation. Hands on Environment preparation and Lync Server pools. Users and rights in Microsoft Lync Server Managing Lync Server, role based access control. Hands on Using the management shell, configuring role-based access control. Client/device deployment and management Deploy and manage clients, prepare for device deployment, IP phones. Hands on Clients. Conferencing in Lync Server Introduction to conferencing in Lync Server, designing for audio\video and web conferencing, dial-in conferencing in Lync Server, managing and administering conferencing. Hands on Conferencing in Microsoft Lync. Designing and deploying external access Conferencing and external capabilities of Lync Server, planning for IM and presence federation, designing edge services. Hands on Deploying Edge Server and Configuring Remote Access, Validating the Edge Server. Deploying Lync Server persistent chat Overview of persistent chat architecture in Lync Server, designing persistent chat, deploying and persistent chat. Hands on persistent chat server. Monitoring and archiving The archiving service, the monitoring service, configuring archiving and monitoring. Hands on Archiving and monitoring in Lync Server. Administration and maintenance of Lync Lync Server troubleshooting tools, Lync Server operational tasks, Lync Server troubleshooting techniques. Hands on Lync administration tools, centralized logging service, analysing Lync Server logs and traces. High Availability in Lync Server High availability in Lync Server, configuring high availability in Lync Server, planning for load balancing, designing load balancing. Hands on Configuring database mirroring, experiencing a scheduled SQL Server outage, experiencing an unscheduled SQL Server outage. Disaster recovery in Lync Server Disaster recovery in Lync Server, tools for backing up and restoring Lync Server, critical Lync Server data to back up and restore, critical data to export and import, designing branch site resiliency. Hands on Configure pool pairing, experiencing a pool failure or outage. Planning a migration to Lync Server Coexistence and migration, migration steps, planning for clients and devices. Designing a client migration and device migration strategy. Hands on Creating a migration plan, documenting the migration phases.

Voice over LTE training course description This course provides a basic understanding of the 3G LTE Air Interface, SAE, as well as Voice over LTE options and LTE Advanced features. Investigating the standards for the EPS , formulated by the 3GPP standards body, the course will set out to examine and explain the 4G environment from user equipment to border gateway and beyond. This course will ensure the delegate has a grasp of all aspects of the current global deployments, the next steps in upgrades and the promise of things to come. What will you learn Describe the complete EPC architecture. Explain the use of QoS within the air interface & core network. Explore the features of LTE advanced. Describe the various methods of supporting voice services with 3G LTE. Describe IMS structure and control entities. Explain an IMS session. Voice over LTE training course details Who will benefit: Any engineers who are assisting in the deployment of voice services within their LTE networks. Prerequisites: Intro to Data comms & networking Telecommunications Introduction Duration 3 days Voice over LTE training course contents 3GPP standards body Release 8 - Release 12, Supported and expected features. The EPC revisited EPC revisited 3G LTE & EPC Architecture, NB, MME, SGW, PDNGW, PCRF, Interworking capabilities, Protocol stack explored, NAS signalling, Default EPS bearer, Slot allocation algorithms, Scheduling algorithms, Quality of Service requirements, Dedicated EPS bearers. VoLTE deployment strategies Common networks everywhere, GSM/WCDMA view, CDMA view. VoLTE system architecture LTE radio, LTE Radio background, LTE radio architecture, Evolved packet core, EPC entities & functions, EPS mobility management, MS entities, Home subscriber server, Policy & charging rules function. VoLTE functionality Radio functionality, Bearers & schedulers, Mobility, Circuit switched fall back handover, Mobility from 2G/3G back to LTE, Power Saving Features, Positioning services, UE radio access capabilities for VoLTE users. EPC functionalities, LTE subscriber identification, PDN connectivity establishment, EPS dedicated bearer setup, IMS identification, IP multimedia identification module, Public user identity, Private user identity, Relationship between public & private identity, identification of users device, identification of network entities, identification of services, identification without ISIM. IMS service provisioning, Enforcement of allowed services, Service triggering information, Selection of the AS, AS behaviour, Service provisioning in action. VoLTE end-to-end & signalling VoLTE subscription & device configuration. EPS attach for CSFB/IMS VoIP & default bearer. IMS registration, Constructing the REGISTER request, From UE to P-CSCF, From P-CSCF to I-CSCF, From I-CSCF to S-CSCF, S-CSCF challenges the UE, UE's response to the challenge, Registration at the S-CSCF, The 200 OK response, Third-party registration to application servers, Subscription to registration event package, Re-registration & re-authentication, De-registration, Related standards. IMS VoIP session, Constructing the INVITE request, Routing, Media negotiation, Media resource reservation & policy control, Charging, Session release. Voice continuity, PS - PS intersystem handover, Single radio voice call continuity. IMS emergency session, PDN Connection setup for emergency session, Emergency registration, Emergency session. CS fallback for EPS call case, Architecture of CS fallback in EPS, Description of SGs interface, Idle mode signalling reduction, Idle mode vs active mode, CS fallback attachment, Mobile originating call using CSFB, Mobile terminating call using CSFB, Call unrelated CSFB procedures, Mobile terminating roaming retry & forwarding. VoLTE Messaging, Native IMS messages, SMS interworking, Multimedia messaging service. Unstructured supplementary services data simulation in IMS. IMS services VoLTE radio performance Coverage, Latency, Capacity. LTE advanced features Carrier aggregation, Coordinated mMulti-point Operation (CoMP), ICIC & eICIC, Relay node deployment & donor eNBs, Improved cell edge coverage, Reduced control plane latency, Heterogeneous networks, HeNB, security gateways, HeNB gateways.

OpenStack for NFV and SDN course description OpenStack is predominately a cloud management technology. This course looks at how OpenStack can be used in a NFV and SDN environment. What will you learn Describe the architecture of NFV. Explain the relationship between NFV and SDN. Implement NFV VIM using OpenStack. Explain how OpenStack as VNFM and orchestrator works. OpenStack for NFV and SDN course details Who will benefit: Anyone wishing to implement NFV using OpenStack. Prerequisites: Introduction to Virtualization Duration 3 day OpenStack for NFV and SDN course content What is NFV? What is NFV? What are network Functions? NFV benefits, NFV market drivers. ETSI NFV framework. ETSI documents, Architecture overview, compute domain, hypervisor domain, infrastructure network domain. What is OpenStack? Virtual machines, clouds, management. OpenStack architecture, OpenStack modules. Why OpenStack for NFV? Hands on OpenStack installation. OpenStack Virtualization and NFV Server, storage and network virtualization and NFV. Where OpenStack fits in the ETSI framework. Virtual machines, containers and docker. Data centres, clouds, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS. Hands on OpenStack Iaas, OpenStack Nova. The virtualization layer VM centric model, containers versus hypervisors, FD.io. Hands on OpenStack as the VIM. OpenStack Neutron VXLAN, Networks, subnets, ports. Security groups. Routers. Service and component hierarchy. Hands on Implementing a virtual network with OpenStack Neutron. Virtualization of Network Functions Network virtualization versus Network Function virtualization. NFV MANO Management and Orchestration. Where OpenStack fits. MANO descriptors, Open orchestration. OpenStack Tacker, Open MANO, OpenBaton, other orchestrators. OpenStack Tacker Installation, getting started, configuration. SFC and OpenStack. Hands on Deploying a VNF. OPNFV What is OPNFV, Where OpenStack fits into OPNFV. SDN What is SDN? Control and data planes. SDN controllers. Classic SDN versus real SDN. Hybrid SDN, network automation, SDN with overlays. Northbound, southbound, SDN protocols, OpenFlow, OpenDaylight, ONOS, SDN with NFV. SDN and OpenStack. Summary Deploying NFV, performance, testing. Futures

GPON and FTTx networks training course description Designed to benefit those requiring an in depth knowledge of the principles and applications of Ten Gigabit and Gigabit Passive Optical Networking and Fibre to the X in NG Networks applications and their associated equipment, its flexibility and function within a modern transmission network. Using an effective mix of 'hands on' equipment instruction and correlation to theory based learning the delegate will gain a complete understanding of the equipment and the tasks to be undertaken in a real life situation. What will you learn Compare PON/FTTx systems. Explain network elements and designs. Support applications and network interfaces. List circuit provisioning and bandwidth requirements. Understand upstream & downstream issues. Describe headend & network elements/OLT-ONT. Perform network testing with OTDR test sets. GPON and FTTx networks training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with GPON and FTTx. Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications and networking. Duration 5 days GPON and FTTx training course contents FTTN, FTTC, FTTH SMF, MMF, Fibre safety and properties (dispersion/attenuation), Fibre reel cables and types, Fibre installation and air blown fibre, Transmitters and receivers - power budget/laser classes. Fibre to the home (FTTH), FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet), FTTN (Fibre to the node) , FTTD (Fibre to the desk), FFTH topologies and wavelengths, Active or passive optical network. WDM equipment and GPON OSP design Wavelength considerations, WDM/DWDM/CWDM, EDFA optical amplification, AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating) splitters , Couplers (splitters) and losses, Optical splitters 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 2x64. PON variants Gigabit passive optical network (GPON), Gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON), Time division PON (TDM-PON), Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps FSAN (Full Service Access Network) NGA (Next Generation Access), Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play. GEPON design GPON OSP centralized and distributed design, GPON PON splitters x4 x8 x32, Fibre splice trays /cassette trays & enclosures, GPON field testing and installation verification, GPON physical layer testing, Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), Optical power source & meter, Optical return loss (ORL), APON/BPON/GPON/EPON comparisons. GPON ITU-T G.984.1 Reference model, terminology & architecture, Access network system management functions. ONT & OLT functional block examples. FTTx scenarios, 4 switching arrangements for external access network backup. GPON ITU-T G.984.2 Physical layer, Enhancement band, Bit rate and wavelengths, FEC and RAMAN. GPON ITU-T G.984.3 Frame structure, GPON encapsulation method (GEM), GTC adaptation and framing sublayer protocol stack, Status reporting & traffic monitoring DBA (SR-DBA & TM-DBA), Transmission container (T-CONT) types, Downstream & upstream multiplexing, GEM port identifier, Media access control and ONU registration, Extended bandwidth assignment model scheduling architecture, PLOAM & alarm messages, Downstream & Upstream FEC, Process order in a GTC transmit flow. GPON ITU-T G.984.4 and G.988 ONT management and control interface (OMCI) Management interface, Reference model, Typical ONT with SCTE 55-1 or SCTE 55-2 compliancy. GPON ITU-T G.984.5 enhancement band Band options, GPON NGA, Wavelength allocation. GPON ITU-T G.984.6 optical reach extension (G.984.re) Reach extension (RE), OA-based and OEO-based reach extenders, Protection, Reach extender with OTDR blocking filters (BF) and bypass (BYP) filters. GPON ITU-T G.984.7 long reach Quiet Window. 10-GPON ITU-T G.987.1 (XG-PON) Scenarios, reference access network architecture, XG-PON with G-PON through WDM1r, G-PON and XG-PON wavelength allocation, G-PON and XG-PON co-existence with video overlay option, RE migration scenarios. G.989 40Gbps XG-PON2 Functional reference architecture, NG-PON2 system coexistence with legacy systems, Definitions of legacy compatibility terminology. GPON issues and standards GPON components GPON OLT / GPON ONT, GPON management, Operational support systems (OSS), Network management systems (NMS), OMCI (ONT Management control interface), RG (Residential gateway), Data and prioritised voice channel product, GPON broadband-forum standards, Broadband-forum , TR-069 and TR-156, HPNA (home phone network alliance), Powerline carrier (PLC), GPON DLNI G.hn or G.9960, MOCA, FTTH council certification standard for network certification. Fibre-connected home badge, Ethernet in the first mile (EFM), GPON frame synchronization to network timing, Direct clock synchronization interface (BITS), Multiservice access platform (MSAP), Software planning tool, Superconnected cities / voucher scheme. Hands on practical assignments Single and multimode fibre recognition, Fibre Cleaning methods, Checking cleaning with an optical microscope, Optical light source and optical power meter referencing, PON splitter and fibre drum testing with an optical power meter, 6km classroom passive optical network testing with an OTDR at 1310/1550nm, Using decibels (dB's) and decibel milliwats (dBm's), Designing networks up to 20km long using vendor specifications (power budget), Fault finding with a visible fault locator.