1202 ARC courses delivered Live Online

CWAP training course description This WiFi analysis course consists of hands-on learning using the latest enterprise wireless LAN analysis and troubleshooting tools. The course takes an in-depth look at the functionality of WLANs, intended operation of the 802.11 protocol and Wi-Fi Alliance specifications, WLAN frame formatting and structure, troubleshooting methodology, and protocol analysis. It also includes extensive training in modern spectrum analysis with a focus on advanced RF behaviour analysis, data collection methods, interpreting spectrum plots and charts, and understanding advanced features of WLAN spectrum analysers. What will you learn Analyse WiFi frames using Wireshark. Explain 802.11 protocol operation. Troubleshoot WiFi networks using Wireshark. Troubleshoot WiFi networks using spectrum analysers. CWAP training course details Who will benefit: Technical Network Staff Anyone looking to become a CWAP Prerequisites: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Duration 4 days CWAP training course contents Principles of WLAN Communication 802.11 Working Group, OSI reference model and the 802.11 PHY and MAC, Communication sublayers and data units, WLAN architecture components, Organization of station forwarding Addressing and internetworking operation, Modern WLAN product architectures. Physical (PHY) and MAC Layer Formats and Technologies Physical layer functions, Preamble function and format, Header purpose and structure, Analysis of PHY problems, Physical PPDU formats, 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, MAC frame components, MAC encapsulation, Fields and subfields of the MAC header, Frame Control, Frame types and subtypes and their uses, Addressing, Frame body, Data frame format, Control frame format, Management frame format, Information elements and fields. Beaconing and synchronization Scanning, Client state machine, 802.11 contention, QoS, Admission control, Band steering and airtime fairness mechanisms Fragmentation, Acknowledgments and Block acknowledgments, Protection mechanisms and backward compatibility, Power management, Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC), Security components, methods, and exchanges, Roaming procedures exchanges, Future protocol enhancements. 802.11n Transmit beamforming, Spatial multiplexing, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Space-Time Block Coding, 40 MHz channels, Frame aggregation, HT-OFDM format, Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS), HT frame formatting and more. Protocol Analysis Tools and Methodology Troubleshooting methodology, Protocol analyser types, Analysis NIC/adapter selection and constraints, Interpreting results based on location, Analyzer settings and features, Filtering and channel scanning, Interpreting decodes, Using advanced analysis features, Assessing WLAN health and behaviour factors, Evaluating network statistics, Troubleshooting common problems, Wired analysis to support wireless network issues. Spectrum Analysis Tools and Methodology Radio frequency behaviour review, Visualizing RF domains using spectrum measurement tools, Spectrum analyser types and operation, Analyser specifications and characteristics, Understanding spectrum data presentation, Interpreting plots and charts, Common WLAN spectrum analyser features, Identifying transmit patterns, Device classification and network impact, Recognizing transmit signatures. Hands on lab exercises Wireshark Setup, Use, and In-Depth Analysis Wireshark is fundamental to troubleshooting. Labs include: - Capabilities, configuration, and data display - Opening, collecting, saving, and modifying capture files. - Filtering traffic, and using colouring rules as analysis aides. - Live captures based on a set of desired collection criteria. - Identify and isolate network problems. - Conversation analysis. - Remote packet capture with an AP. Understanding Frame Components Familiarity with the frame structure and contents is essential in real -world troubleshooting efforts. Labs include: - Understanding the MAC header - Comparing the three major frame types and their subtypes - Analysing frame formats of individual frame types - Analysing 802.11n frame components - Additional information is reported by protocol analysers - Information not visible in protocol analysers Frame Exchanges Understanding frame exchange rules and behaviors is critical to identifying expected and unexpected. It is also necessary to understand what is normal so that aberrations can be properly troubleshot. Labs include: - Connectivity exchanges and sequences - Legacy and modern security exchanges - ERP and HT protection mechanisms - Power save behaviour - Acknowledgments, block acknowledgments, and supporting action frames - Dynamic rate switching - Band steering Troubleshooting Common Problems This lab exposes students to hands-on troubleshooting skills by setting up common problems in WLANs and allowing students to attempt to solve them. - Trouleshooting connectivity exchanges - Troubleshooting 802.1X and EAP exchanges - Troubleshooting roaming Spectrum Analyzer Setup, Use, and In-Depth Analysis Specifically, it will explore the plots and charts used to display spectrum data and how to interpret this data to define a transmitter's impact on the network. The following are covered: - Installing the analyser and using display and navigation - The 'RF perspective' provided by each plot and chart - Using built-in features and automated device identification - Characterizing the behaviours of an interference source - Assessing the impact of an interference source - Determining the impact of transmitter proximity on interference. - Identifying signatures of common transmitters - Remote spectrum analysis with an AP

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Network forensics training course description This course studies network forensics-monitoring and analysis of network traffic for information gathering, intrusion detection and legal evidence. We focus on the technical aspects of network forensics rather than other skills such as incident response procedures etc.. Hands on sessions follow all the major sections. What will you learn Recognise network forensic data sources. Perform network forensics using: Wireshark NetFlow Log analysis Describe issues such as encryption. Network forensics training course details Who will benefit: Technical network and/or security staff. Prerequisites: TCP/IP foundation for engineers. Duration 3 days Network forensics training course contents What is network forensics? What it is, host vs network forensics, purposes, legal implications, network devices, network data sources, investigation tools. Hands on whois, DNS queries. Host side network forensics Services, connections tools. Hands on Windows services, Linux daemons, netstat, ifoconfig/ipconfig, ps and Process explorer, ntop, arp, resource monitor. Packet capture and analysis Network forensics with Wireshark, Taps, NetworkMiner. Hands on Performing Network Traffic Analysis using NetworkMiner and Wireshark. Attacks DOS attacks, SYN floods, vulnerability exploits, ARP and DNS poisoning, application attacks, DNS ANY requests, buffer overflow attacks, SQL injection attack, attack evasion with fragmentation. Hands on Detecting scans, using nmap, identifying attack tools. Calculating location Timezones, whois, traceroute, geolocation. Wifi positioning. Hands on Wireshark with GeoIP lookup. Data collection NetFlow, sflow, logging, splunk, splunk patterns, GRR. HTTP proxies. Hands on NetFlow configuration, NetFlow analysis. The role of IDS, firewalls and logs Host based vs network based, IDS detection styles, IDS architectures, alerting. Snort. syslog-ng. Microsoft log parser. Hands on syslog, Windows Event viewer. Correlation Time synchronisation, capture times, log aggregation and management, timelines. Hands on Wireshark conversations. Other considerations Tunnelling, encryption, cloud computing, TOR. Hands on TLS handshake in Wireshark.

Ethernet LANS training course description This course has been replaced as part of our continuous curriculum development. Please see our Definitive Ethernet switching course What will you learn Describe what Ethernet is and how it works. Install Ethernet networks Troubleshoot Ethernet networks Analyse Ethernet packets Design Ethernet networks Recognise the uses of Hubs, Bridges, switches and routers. Ethernet LANS training course details Who will benefit: Those wishing to find out more about how their LAN works. Prerequisites: Intro to Data comms & networking. Duration 3 days Ethernet LANS training course contents What is Ethernet? LANS, What is Ethernet?, history, standards, the OSI reference model, how Ethernet works, CSMA/CD. Ethernet Cabling UTP, cat 3,4,5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 7, fibre optic cable, MMF, SMF. Hands on Making a cable. 802.3 physical specifications Distance limitations, hubs and repeaters, 5-4-3-2-1 rule, 10BaseT, 10BaseF, 100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, 1000BaseSX, 1000BaseT, 10gbe. Hands on Working with hubs. Ethernet layer 2 Overview, NICS, device drivers, MAC addresses, broadcasts, multicasts, frame formats, Ether II, 802.3, 802.2, SNAP, compatibility, Ethernet type numbers, Ethernet multicast addresses, Ethernet vendor codes. Hands on Installing Ethernet components, analysing MAC headers. IP and Ethernet ARP Hands on Analysing ARP packets. Ethernet extensions Full/half duplex, auto negotiation, flow control methods, 802.3ad, 802.3af, 802.3ah. Hands on Configuration of full/half duplex. Ethernet speed enhancements Encoding, Carrier extension, packet bursting, jumbo frames. Prioritisation 802.1P, 802.1Q, TOS, WRR, QOS, VLANs. Hands on 802.1p testing Interconnecting LANS Broadcast domains, Collision domains, What are bridges, transparent bridging, What are switches? STP, VLANS, What are routers? Layer 3 switches, Connecting Ethernet to the WAN. Hands on STP, Analysing Ethernet frames in a routed architecture. Troubleshooting and maintaining Ethernet Utilisation, performance, TDR and other testers, bottlenecks, statistics, RMON. Hands on Monitoring performance, troubleshooting tools.

Duration 5 Days 30 CPD hours This course is intended for This course is intended for experienced IT security-related practitioners, auditors, consultants, investigators, or instructors, including network or security analysts and engineers, network administrators, information security specialists, and risk management professionals, who are pursuing CISSP training and certification to acquire the credibility and mobility to advance within their current computer security careers or to migrate to a related career. Through the study of all eight CISSP Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) domains, students will validate their knowledge by meeting the necessary preparation requirements to qualify to sit for the CISSP certification exam. Additional CISSP certification requirements include a minimum of five years of direct professional work experience in two or more fields related to the eight CBK security domains, or a college degree and four years of experience. Overview #NAME? In this course, students will expand upon their knowledge by addressing the essential elements of the 8 domains that comprise a Common Body of Knowledge (CBK)© for information systems security professionals. Prerequisites CompTIA Network+ Certification 1 - Security and Risk Management Security Governance Principles Compliance Professional Ethics Security Documentation Risk Management Threat Modeling Business Continuity Plan Fundamentals Acquisition Strategy and Practice Personnel Security Policies Security Awareness and Training 2 - Asset Security Asset Classification Privacy Protection Asset Retention Data Security Controls Secure Data Handling 3 - Security Engineering Security in the Engineering Lifecycle System Component Security Security Models Controls and Countermeasures in Enterprise Security Information System Security Capabilities Design and Architecture Vulnerability Mitigation Vulnerability Mitigation in Embedded, Mobile, and Web-Based Systems Cryptography Concepts Cryptography Techniques Site and Facility Design for Physical Security Physical Security Implementation in Sites and Facilities 4 - Information Security Management Goals Organizational Security The Application of Security Concepts 5 - Information Security Classification and Program Development Information Classification Security Program Development 6 - Risk Management and Ethics Risk Management Ethics 7 - Software Development Security Software Configuration Management Software Controls Database System Security 8 - Cryptography Ciphers and Cryptography Symmetric-Key Cryptography Asymmetric-Key Cryptography Hashing and Message Digests Email, Internet, and Wireless Security Cryptographic Weaknesses 9 - Physical Security Physical Access Control Physical Access Monitoring Physical Security Methods Facilities Security

Debian training course description This three day hands on course provides a comprehensive coverage of core Linux administration tasks on Debian Linux. What will you learn Administer & configure Linux systems. Maintain Linux by handling disk space and taking regular backups. Manage software packages. Perform basic troubleshooting. Maintain a secure Linux system. Describe the organisation and implementation of the filesystem. Debian training course details Who will benefit: System administrators. Network administrators. Prerequisites: Linux fundamentals Duration 3 days Debian training course contents Managing software Package Concepts, RPM, rpm Commands, Yum, Dependencies and Conflicts, Startup Script Problems, Shared Libraries, Library Management, Managing Processes, the Kernel: The First Process, Process Lists, Foreground & Background Processes, Process Priorities, Killing Processes. Configuring hardware Configuring Firmware and Hardware, IRQs, I/O Addresses, DMA Addresses, Boot Disks, Coldplug and Hotplug Devices, Configuring Expansion Cards and PCI Cards, Kernel Modules, USB Devices, Linux USB Drivers, Configuring Hard Disks, Partitioning Systems, LVM, Common Layouts, Creating Partitions and Filesystems, Maintaining Filesystem Health, Tuning, Journals, Checking Filesystems, Monitoring Disk Use, Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems. Managing files File Management Commands, File Naming and Wildcards, File Archiving, Links, Directory Commands, File Ownership and Group, File access control, Permissions, chmod, Defaults, File Attributes, Disk Quotas, Enabling and setting Quotas, Locating Files, The FHS. Booting Linux and editing files Installing Boot Loaders, GRUB Legacy, GRUB 2, Alternative Boot Loaders, the Boot Process, Boot Messages, Runlevels and the Initialization Process, Runlevel Functions, Runlevel Services, Alternative Boot Systems , Upstart, system. Administering the system Managing Users and Groups, Tuning User and System Environments, Using System Log Files, Understanding syslogd , Setting Logging Options, Manually Logging Data, Rotating Log Files, Reviewing Log File Contents, Maintaining the System Time, Linux Time Concepts, Manually Setting the Time, Using NTP, Running Jobs in the Future, Understanding the Role of cron, Creating System cron Jobs, Creating User cron Jobs, Using anacron, Using at. Configuring basic networking TCP/IP, Network Hardware, Network Addresses, Hostnames, Network Ports, Configuring Linux for a Local Network, Configuring with DHCP, Static IP Address, Configuring Routing, Using GUI Configuration Tools, ifup and ifdown, Diagnosing Network Connections, Testing Connectivity, Tracing a Route, Checking Network Status , Examining Network Traffic, Additional Tools. Securing your systems Administering Network Security, Super Server Restrictions, Disabling Unused Servers, Administering Local Security, Securing Passwords, Limiting root Access, Setting Login, Process, SUID/SGID Files, Configuring SSH, Using GPG, Generating, Importing and Revoking Keys, Encrypting and Decrypting Data, Signing Messages and Verifying Signatures.

CWDP training course description The CWDP course consists of instructor-led training applicable to the design of wireless LANs using the latest technologies including 802.11n and 802.11ac. The course goes in-depth into the design process and provides attendees with the knowledge needed to plan, deploy and test modern 802.11-based networks. It also prepares students for the CWDP examination. Students who complete the course will acquire the necessary skills for preparing, planning performing and documenting site surveys and wireless LAN design procedures. What will you learn Design enterprise WiFi networks. Select appropriate antennas and Access points. Perform site surveys. Describe the security requirements required for enterprise networks. Test, validate and troubleshoot installations. CWDP training course details Who will benefit: Anyone looking for the skills to analyze, troubleshoot, and optimize any enterprise level Wi-Fi network, no matter which brand of equipment your organization deploys. Anyone looking to become a CWNP. Prerequisites: CWNA Duration 5 days CWDP training course contents WLAN design overview Importance of good design, Impact of bad design, Design process, Design skills, Design toolkit. Requirements analysis Pre-planning, Customer interaction, Requirements gathering, Discovering existing systems, Documenting the environment, Defining constraints, Creating documentation. Designing for clients and applications Client Device types, Application types, Application-specific design, High density design issues. Designing for industry Standard corporate networks, Industry-specific designs, Government, Healthcare, Hospitality, Retail, Public hotspots, Transportation, Mobile offices, Outdoor and mesh, Remote networks and branch offices, Last-miles / ISP and bridging. Vendor selection processes Defining vendor issues, Operational planes, Design models, Understanding architectures. Radio Frequency (RF) planning RF spectrum, RF behaviors, Modulation and coding schemes, RF accessories, Throughput factors. WLAN hardware selection Antennas, 802.11n and antennas, Choosing Aps, Powering Aps. Site surveys Site survey tools, Site survey preparation, Predictive site surveys, Manual site surveys, Site survey principles and processes. Designing for Quality of Service (QoS) QoS overview, QoS application points, Roaming support. Designing for security Bad security, Authentication solutions, Encryption solutions, Security best practices, Intrusion prevention. Installation testing, validation and troubleshooting Network health status, Troubleshooting and validation process, Troubleshooting and validation tools, Common problems. Hands-on lab exercises Hands-on labs depend on the audience and can include use of: Spectrum analyzers, Protocol analyzers, Site Survey software, Diagramming software, Various wireless access points, Various wireless adapters and antennas.

Ubuntu training course description This three day hands on course provides a comprehensive coverage of core Linux administration tasks on Ubuntu Linux. What will you learn Administer & configure Linux systems. Maintain Linux by handling disk space and taking regular backups. Manage software packages. Perform basic troubleshooting. Maintain a secure Linux system. Describe the organisation and implementation of the filesystem. Ubuntu training course details Who will benefit: System administrators. Network administrators. Prerequisites: Linux fundamentals Duration 3 days Ubuntu training course contents Managing software Package Concepts, RPM, rpm Commands, Yum, Dependencies and Conflicts, Startup Script Problems, Shared Libraries, Library Management, Managing Processes, the Kernel: The First Process, Process Lists, Foreground & Background Processes, Process Priorities, Killing Processes. Configuring hardware Configuring Firmware and Hardware, IRQs, I/O Addresses, DMA Addresses, Boot Disks, Coldplug and Hotplug Devices, Configuring Expansion Cards and PCI Cards, Kernel Modules, USB Devices, Linux USB Drivers, Configuring Hard Disks, Partitioning Systems, LVM, Common Layouts, Creating Partitions and Filesystems, Maintaining Filesystem Health, Tuning, Journals, Checking Filesystems, Monitoring Disk Use, Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems. Managing files File Management Commands, File Naming and Wildcards, File Archiving, Links, Directory Commands, File Ownership and Group, File access control, Permissions, chmod, Defaults, File Attributes, Disk Quotas, Enabling and setting Quotas, Locating Files, The FHS. Booting Linux and editing files Installing Boot Loaders, GRUB Legacy, GRUB 2, Alternative Boot Loaders, the Boot Process, Boot Messages, Runlevels and the Initialization Process, Runlevel Functions, Runlevel Services, Alternative Boot Systems , Upstart, system. Administering the system Managing Users and Groups, Tuning User and System Environments, Using System Log Files, Understanding syslogd , Setting Logging Options, Manually Logging Data, Rotating Log Files, Reviewing Log File Contents, Maintaining the System Time, Linux Time Concepts, Manually Setting the Time, Using NTP, Running Jobs in the Future, Understanding the Role of cron, Creating System cron Jobs, Creating User cron Jobs, Using anacron, Using at. Configuring basic networking TCP/IP, Network Hardware, Network Addresses, Hostnames, Network Ports, Configuring Linux for a Local Network, Configuring with DHCP, Static IP Address, Configuring Routing, Using GUI Configuration Tools, ifup and ifdown, Diagnosing Network Connections, Testing Connectivity, Tracing a Route, Checking Network Status , Examining Network Traffic, Additional Tools. Securing your systems Administering Network Security, Super Server Restrictions, Disabling Unused Servers, Administering Local Security, Securing Passwords, Limiting root Access, Setting Login, Process, SUID/SGID Files, Configuring SSH, Using GPG, Generating, Importing and Revoking Keys, Encrypting and Decrypting Data, Signing Messages and Verifying Signatures.

Suse training course description This three day hands on course provides a comprehensive coverage of core Linux administration tasks on Suse Linux. What will you learn Administer & configure Linux systems. Maintain Linux by handling disk space and taking regular backups. Manage software packages. Perform basic troubleshooting. Maintain a secure Linux system. Describe the organisation and implementation of the filesystem. Suse training course details Who will benefit: System administrators. Network administrators. Prerequisites: Linux fundamentals Duration 3 days Suse training course contents Managing software Package Concepts, RPM, rpm Commands, Yum, Dependencies and Conflicts, Startup Script Problems, Shared Libraries, Library Management, Managing Processes, the Kernel: The First Process, Process Lists, Foreground & Background Processes, Process Priorities, Killing Processes. Configuring hardware Configuring Firmware and Hardware, IRQs, I/O Addresses, DMA Addresses, Boot Disks, Coldplug and Hotplug Devices, Configuring Expansion Cards and PCI Cards, Kernel Modules, USB Devices, Linux USB Drivers, Configuring Hard Disks, Partitioning Systems, LVM, Common Layouts, Creating Partitions and Filesystems, Maintaining Filesystem Health, Tuning, Journals, Checking Filesystems, Monitoring Disk Use, Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems. Managing files File Management Commands, File Naming and Wildcards, File Archiving, Links, Directory Commands, File Ownership and Group, File access control, Permissions, chmod, Defaults, File Attributes, Disk Quotas, Enabling and setting Quotas, Locating Files, The FHS. Booting Linux and editing files Installing Boot Loaders, GRUB Legacy, GRUB 2, Alternative Boot Loaders, the Boot Process, Boot Messages, Runlevels and the Initialization Process, Runlevel Functions, Runlevel Services, Alternative Boot Systems , Upstart, system. Administering the system Managing Users and Groups, Tuning User and System Environments, Using System Log Files, Understanding syslogd , Setting Logging Options, Manually Logging Data, Rotating Log Files, Reviewing Log File Contents, Maintaining the System Time, Linux Time Concepts, Manually Setting the Time, Using NTP, Running Jobs in the Future, Understanding the Role of cron, Creating System cron Jobs, Creating User cron Jobs, Using anacron, Using at. Configuring basic networking TCP/IP, Network Hardware, Network Addresses, Hostnames, Network Ports, Configuring Linux for a Local Network, Configuring with DHCP, Static IP Address, Configuring Routing, Using GUI Configuration Tools, ifup and ifdown, Diagnosing Network Connections, Testing Connectivity, Tracing a Route, Checking Network Status , Examining Network Traffic, Additional Tools. Securing your systems Administering Network Security, Super Server Restrictions, Disabling Unused Servers, Administering Local Security, Securing Passwords, Limiting root Access, Setting Login, Process, SUID/SGID Files, Configuring SSH, Using GPG, Generating, Importing and Revoking Keys, Encrypting and Decrypting Data, Signing Messages and Verifying Signatures.

CentOS training course description This three day hands on course provides a comprehensive coverage of core Linux administration tasks on CentOS Linux. What will you learn Administer & configure Linux systems. Maintain Linux by handling disk space and taking regular backups. Manage software packages. Perform basic troubleshooting. Maintain a secure Linux system. Describe the organisation and implementation of the filesystem. CentOS training course details Who will benefit: System administrators. Network administrators. Prerequisites: Linux fundamentals Duration 3 days CentOS training course contents Managing software Package Concepts, RPM, rpm Commands, Yum, Dependencies and Conflicts, Startup Script Problems, Shared Libraries, Library Management, Managing Processes, the Kernel: The First Process, Process Lists, Foreground & Background Processes, Process Priorities, Killing Processes. Configuring hardware Configuring Firmware and Hardware, IRQs, I/O Addresses, DMA Addresses, Boot Disks, Coldplug and Hotplug Devices, Configuring Expansion Cards and PCI Cards, Kernel Modules, USB Devices, Linux USB Drivers, Configuring Hard Disks, Partitioning Systems, LVM, Common Layouts, Creating Partitions and Filesystems, Maintaining Filesystem Health, Tuning, Journals, Checking Filesystems, Monitoring Disk Use, Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems. Managing files File Management Commands, File Naming and Wildcards, File Archiving, Links, Directory Commands, File Ownership and Group, File access control, Permissions, chmod, Defaults, File Attributes, Disk Quotas, Enabling and setting Quotas, Locating Files, The FHS. Booting Linux and editing files Installing Boot Loaders, GRUB Legacy, GRUB 2, Alternative Boot Loaders, the Boot Process, Boot Messages, Runlevels and the Initialization Process, Runlevel Functions, Runlevel Services, Alternative Boot Systems , Upstart, system. Administering the system Managing Users and Groups, Tuning User and System Environments, Using System Log Files, Understanding syslogd , Setting Logging Options, Manually Logging Data, Rotating Log Files, Reviewing Log File Contents, Maintaining the System Time, Linux Time Concepts, Manually Setting the Time, Using NTP, Running Jobs in the Future, Understanding the Role of cron, Creating System cron Jobs, Creating User cron Jobs, Using anacron, Using at. Configuring basic networking TCP/IP, Network Hardware, Network Addresses, Hostnames, Network Ports, Configuring Linux for a Local Network, Configuring with DHCP, Static IP Address, Configuring Routing, Using GUI Configuration Tools, ifup and ifdown, Diagnosing Network Connections, Testing Connectivity, Tracing a Route, Checking Network Status , Examining Network Traffic, Additional Tools. Securing your systems Administering Network Security, Super Server Restrictions, Disabling Unused Servers, Administering Local Security, Securing Passwords, Limiting root Access, Setting Login, Process, SUID/SGID Files, Configuring SSH, Using GPG, Generating, Importing and Revoking Keys, Encrypting and Decrypting Data, Signing Messages and Verifying Signatures.