Description: It is always better to be prepared for the bad situations. If you are a pet owner, it is inevitable that your pet will eventually fall ill or get injured. Now, the first aid is the immediate care for that injured pet, prevent any further harm, and keep the health condition stable. If you want to learn about all the aspects of taking care your pet, then you should definitely take Pet First Aid Course. A well-informed owner will be able to make a quick assessment of the scene and a quick examination of the victim. Immediate attention is given to the animal's level of consciousness, airway patency, breathing, and circulatory functions (including pulse). There are several techniques for doing inspection, managing transport, using first aid apparatus, bandaging, cleaning the wound, etc. The course has several modules thoroughly discussing all these aspects and give you a profound knowledge about them. It also has modules on how to handle bee/insect stings, bloat and burns. You will also be taught on how to perform CPR, mollify chemical injuries, dehydration, diarrhoea, vomiting and other similar health issues. So what are you waiting for? Get started with this course now. Who is the course for? Animal Health Care employees or professionals who want to improve themselves. Dog and Cat owners and lovers who want to learn how to provide first aid for their pets. Entry Requirement: This course is available to all learners, of all academic backgrounds. Learners should be aged 16 or over to undertake the qualification. Good understanding of English language, numeracy and ICT are required to attend this course. Assessment: At the end of the course, you will be required to sit an online multiple-choice test. Your test will be assessed automatically and immediately so that you will instantly know whether you have been successful. Before sitting for your final exam, you will have the opportunity to test your proficiency with a mock exam. Certification: After you have successfully passed the test, you will be able to obtain an Accredited Certificate of Achievement. You can however also obtain a Course Completion Certificate following the course completion without sitting for the test. Certificates can be obtained either in hardcopy at the cost of £39 or in PDF format at the cost of £24. PDF certificate's turnaround time is 24 hours, and for the hardcopy certificate, it is 3-9 working days. Why choose us? Affordable, engaging & high-quality e-learning study materials; Tutorial videos/materials from the industry leading experts; Study in a user-friendly, advanced online learning platform; Efficient exam systems for the assessment and instant result; The UK & internationally recognized accredited qualification; Access to course content on mobile, tablet or desktop from anywhere anytime; The benefit of career advancement opportunities; 24/7 student support via email. Career Path: Pet First Aid Course is a useful qualification to possess and would be beneficial for any professions or career from any industry you are in such as: Animal Breeder Animal Groomer Animal Handler Veterinary Doctor Veterinary Technician. Pet First Aid Course Introduction to Pet First Aid 00:15:00 What is First Aid? 00:15:00 Abscess & Bandaging 00:15:00 Bee Stings / Insect Bites & Bleeding 00:15:00 Bloat and Burns 00:15:00 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 00:15:00 Chemical Injuries, Dehydration 00:15:00 Diarrhea, Vomiting & Difficult birth 00:15:00 Electrocution & Eye Injuries 00:15:00 Fainting/Dizziness (Syncope) 00:15:00 First Aid for Choking & Poisoning 00:15:00 Fractures / Injuries 00:15:00 Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke, Heat Prostration) 00:15:00 Impalement Injuries, Near Drowing 00:15:00 Physical Exam Checklist for Pets 00:30:00 Preventing a Health and Safety Crisis 00:15:00 Choking & Poisoning 00:15:00 Travelling 00:15:00 Shock 00:15:00 Snakebite 00:15:00 Straining & Sunburn 00:15:00 When Your Pet Cannot Breathe 00:15:00 Conclusion to Pet First Aid 00:15:00 Mock Exam Mock Exam- Pet First Aid Course 00:20:00 Final Exam Final Exam- Pet First Aid Course 00:20:00 Certificate and Transcript Order Your Certificates and Transcripts 00:00:00
Overview This comprehensive course on Introduction to Dog Breeds and Basic Anatomy will deepen your understanding on this topic. After successful completion of this course you can acquire the required skills in this sector. This Introduction to Dog Breeds and Basic Anatomy comes with accredited certification from CPD, which will enhance your CV and make you worthy in the job market. So enrol in this course today to fast track your career ladder. How will I get my certificate? You may have to take a quiz or a written test online during or after the course. After successfully completing the course, you will be eligible for the certificate. Who is This course for? There is no experience or previous qualifications required for enrolment on this Introduction to Dog Breeds and Basic Anatomy. It is available to all students, of all academic backgrounds. Requirements Our Introduction to Dog Breeds and Basic Anatomy is fully compatible with PC's, Mac's, Laptop, Tablet and Smartphone devices. This course has been designed to be fully compatible with tablets and smartphones so you can access your course on Wi-Fi, 3G or 4G. There is no time limit for completing this course, it can be studied in your own time at your own pace. Career Path Learning this new skill will help you to advance in your career. It will diversify your job options and help you develop new techniques to keep up with the fast-changing world. This skillset will help you to- Open doors of opportunities Increase your adaptability Keep you relevant Boost confidence And much more! Course Curriculum 5 sections • 5 lectures • 01:04:00 total length •Understanding Basic Dog Anatomy: 00:12:00 •Different Dog Breeds Toy Group and Working Group: 00:11:00 •Herding Group and Hound Group: 00:14:00 •Different Dog Breeds Terrier Group and Sporting Group: 00:14:00 •Non-Sporting Group and Mixed Breeds: 00:13:00
Highlights of the Course Course Type: Online Learning Duration: 2 hours Tutor Support: Tutor support is included Customer Support: 24/7 customer support is available Quality Training: The course is designed by an industry expert Recognised Credential: Recognised and Valuable Certification Completion Certificate: Free Course Completion Certificate Included Instalment: 3 Installment Plan on checkout What you will learn from this course? Gain comprehensive knowledge about classroom and behavioural management Understand the core competencies and principles of classroom and behavioural management Explore the various areas of classroom and behavioural management Know how to apply the skills you acquired from this course in a real-life context Become a confident and expert applied behavioral analyst Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) Course Master the skills you need to propel your career forward in applied behavioral analysis. This course will equip you with the essential knowledge and skillset that will make you a confident applied behavioral analyst and take your career to the next level. This comprehensive behavioural analysis course is designed to help you surpass your professional goals. The skills and knowledge that you will gain through studying this behavioural analysis course will help you get one step closer to your professional aspirations and develop your skills for a rewarding career. This comprehensive course will teach you the theory of effective applied behavioral analysis practice and equip you with the essential skills, confidence and competence to assist you in the applied behavioral analysis industry. You'll gain a solid understanding of the core competencies required to drive a successful career in applied behavioral analysis. This course is designed by industry experts, so you'll gain knowledge and skills based on the latest expertise and best practices. This extensive course is designed for applied behavioral analyst or for people who are aspiring to specialise in applied behavioral analysis. Enrol in this behavioural analysis course today and take the next step towards your personal and professional goals. Earn industry-recognised credentials to demonstrate your new skills and add extra value to your CV that will help you outshine other candidates. Who is this Course for? This comprehensive behavioural analysis course is ideal for anyone wishing to boost their career profile or advance their career in this field by gaining a thorough understanding of the subject. Anyone willing to gain extensive knowledge on this applied behavioral analysis can also take this course. Whether you are a complete beginner or an aspiring professional, this course will provide you with the necessary skills and professional competence, and open your doors to a wide number of professions within your chosen sector. Entry Requirements This behavioural analysis course has no academic prerequisites and is open to students from all academic disciplines. You will, however, need a laptop, desktop, tablet, or smartphone, as well as a reliable internet connection. Assessment This behavioural analysis course assesses learners through multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Upon successful completion of the modules, learners must answer MCQs to complete the assessment procedure. Through the MCQs, it is measured how much a learner could grasp from each section. In the assessment pass mark is 60%. Advance Your Career This behavioural analysis course will provide you with a fresh opportunity to enter the relevant job market and choose your desired career path. Additionally, you will be able to advance your career, increase your level of competition in your chosen field, and highlight these skills on your resume. Recognised Accreditation This course is accredited by continuing professional development (CPD). CPD UK is globally recognised by employers, professional organisations, and academic institutions, thus a certificate from CPD Certification Service creates value towards your professional goal and achievement. Course Curriculum Introduction to ABA Introduction to ABA 00:13:00 ABA Component Breakdown ABA Component Breakdown 00:09:00 Rules When Applying ABA Rules When Applying ABA 00:10:00 Foundation Techniques of ABA Part A Foundation Techniques of ABA Part A 00:14:00 ABA for Motor Skills ABA for Motor Skills 00:10:00 ABA for Language Skills ABA for Language Skills 00:22:00 ABA for Cognitive Skills ABA for Cognitive Skills 00:21:00 ABA for Visuospatial Skills ABA for Visuospatial Skills 00:22:00 Generalization in ABA Theory Generalization in ABA Theory 00:13:00 Final Assessment Assessment - Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) 00:10:00 Obtain Your Certificate Order Your Certificate of Achievement 00:00:00 Get Your Insurance Now Get Your Insurance Now 00:00:00 Feedback Feedback 00:00:00
Are you looking to enhance your Dog Grooming skills? If yes, then you have come to the right place. Our comprehensive course on Dog Grooming will assist you in producing the best possible outcome by mastering the Dog Grooming skills. The Dog Grooming course is for those who want to be successful. In the Dog Grooming course, you will learn the essential knowledge needed to become well versed in Dog Grooming. Our Dog Grooming course starts with the basics of Dog Grooming and gradually progresses towards advanced topics. Therefore, each lesson of this Dog Grooming course is intuitive and easy to understand. Why would you choose the Dog Grooming course from Compliance Central: Lifetime access to Dog Grooming course materials Full tutor support is available from Monday to Friday with the Dog Grooming course Learn Dog Grooming skills at your own pace from the comfort of your home Gain a complete understanding of Dog Grooming course Accessible, informative Dog Grooming learning modules designed by expert instructors Get 24/7 help or advice from our email and live chat teams with the Dog Grooming bundle Study Dog Grooming in your own time through your computer, tablet or mobile device. A 100% learning satisfaction guarantee with your Dog Grooming Course Improve your chance of gaining in demand skills and better earning potential by completing the Dog Grooming Dog Grooming Curriculum Breakdown of the Dog Grooming Course Unit 01: Purpose of Dog Grooming Unit 02: Dog Anatomy and Different Dog Breeds Unit 03: Dog's Health and Safety Unit 04: Regular Care and Check-ups for Dogs Unit 05: Coat Types, Skin Disorders and Parasites Unit 06: Preparation for Grooming Unit 07: Basics of Grooming, Tools and Equipment Unit 08: Bathing and Drying Process Unit 09: First Aid and Emergencies Unit 10: Starting Your Own Dog Grooming Business Unit 11: Unearthing the Myths Unit 12: Regulations and Workplace Safety CPD 10 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? The Dog Grooming course helps aspiring professionals who want to obtain the knowledge and familiarise themselves with the skillsets to pursue a career in Dog Grooming. It is also great for professionals who are already working in Dog Grooming and want to get promoted at work. Requirements To enrol in this Dog Grooming course, all you need is a basic understanding of the English Language and an internet connection. Career path The Dog Grooming course will enhance your knowledge and improve your confidence in exploring opportunities in various sectors related to Dog Grooming. Certificates CPD Accredited PDF Certificate Digital certificate - Included CPD Accredited PDF Certificate CPD Accredited Hard Copy Certificate Hard copy certificate - £10.79 CPD Accredited Hard Copy Certificate Delivery Charge: Inside the UK: Free Outside of the UK: £9.99
Course Overview Learn all the essential skills to become an expert in Dog Training. From this comprehensive Dog Training Business course, you will be able to understand the principles of Dog Training. In the step-by-step training process, you will acquire practical skills along with theoretical knowledge. The Qualified professionals will assist you throughout this learning process. This Dog Training Business is structured to ensure you have all the adequate skills to secure a position in this competitive industry. You will achieve the confidence and competency to bear all the responsibilities of this profession. The course will add all the right credentials to your resume and increase your employability in this growing industry. Who is this course for? Anyone who is now employed in this field or who aspires to be one should take this course. Your knowledge will grow through taking this course, which will also strengthen your resume. To demonstrate your newly gained knowledge, develop crucial abilities and receive a professional credential. Entry Requirement This course is available to all learners, of all academic backgrounds. Learners should be aged 16 or over to undertake the qualification. Good understanding of English language, numeracy and ICT are required to attend this course. Certification After you have successfully completed the course, you will be able to obtain an Accredited Certificate of Achievement. You can however also obtain a Course Completion Certificate following the course completion without sitting for the test. Certificates can be obtained either in hardcopy at the cost of £39 or in PDF format at the cost of £24. PDF certificate's turnaround time is 24 hours, and for the hardcopy certificate, it is 3-9 working days. Why choose us? Affordable, engaging & high-quality e-learning study materials; Tutorial videos/materials from the industry-leading experts; Study in a user-friendly, advanced online learning platform; Efficient exam systems for the assessment and instant result; The UK & internationally recognized accredited qualification; Access to course content on mobile, tablet or desktop from anywhere anytime; The benefit of career advancement opportunities; 24/7 student support via email. Career Path The Dog Training Business course is intended to assist you in obtaining the dream job or maybe the promotion you've always desired. With the assistance and direction of our Dog Training Business course, learn the vital abilities and knowledge you require to succeed in your life. This Is What You'll Get From This Course This Is What You'll Get From This Course 00:02:00 Creating An Unforgettable Brand 3 Elements Your Brand Must Have 00:06:00 Your Personal Brand 00:10:00 Branding Errors 00:05:00 Your Branding Aim 00:02:00 Creating An Unforgettable Brand - Handout 00:14:00 Creating An Unforgettable Brand - Video Slides 01:02:00 How To Choose A Niche Or Target Market Finding The Right Niche Or Target Market For You 00:09:00 Why People Don't Niche And What They Miss Out On 00:06:00 How To Identify Your Niche Or Target Market 00:03:00 How To Choose A Niche - Handout & Workbook 00:09:00 How To Choose A Niche - Video Slides 00:26:00 How To Attract Your Niche or Target Market How To Avoid The Common Mistakes Often Made When Attracting Your Target Market 00:09:00 7 Ways To Find Out Your Potential Client's Pain Points 00:04:00 How To Create 'Benefit Statements' That Will Get People Wanting To Work With You 00:07:00 How To Find Your USP (Unique Selling Point) 00:03:00 How To Attract Your Target Market - Handout 00:16:00 How To Attract Your Target Market - Video Slides 01:10:00 How To Create Transformational Packages That Your Clients Will Love 3 Things To Do In Order To Get Paid Well And Stop Trading Time For Money 00:04:00 The Best Ways To Deliver Your Transformational Packages 00:06:00 How Much To Charge And Suggested Packages 00:09:00 Student Question Answered On Creating Transformational Packages 00:11:00 How To Create Transformational Packages - Handout & Workbook 00:13:00 How To Create Transformational Packages - Video Slides 00:38:00 Pricing, Payment Plans And Money Back Guarantees How To Select The Right Price 00:07:00 How To Plan Your Financial Goals 00:04:00 Payment Plans - Should You Use Them And If So What's The Best Way To Do So 00:03:00 The Magic Of Money Back Guarantees - What Most People Don't Realize 00:08:00 Pricing, Payment Plans And Money Back Guarantees - Handout 00:15:00 Pricing, Payment Plans And Money Back Guarantees - Video Slides 00:48:00 How To Sell With Integrity How To Sell Authentically 00:03:00 7 Steps To Closing A Sale With Integrity 00:09:00 Getting A Yes - Then What? 00:02:00 How To Track And Test What's Working And What's Not 00:03:00 How To Sell With Integrity - Handout 00:20:00 How To Sell With Integrity - Video Slides 00:44:00 Bonus Section **Bonus** How To Get A Great Testimonial 00:15:00 **Bonus* How To Create An 'Elevator Speech' For A Memorable 1st Impression 00:21:00 Assignment Assignment - Dog Training Business 00:00:00 Certificate and Transcript Order Your Certificates and Transcripts 00:00:00
Expand your equestrian horizons with one of our cross-country days or weekends. Heights of obstacles and technical difficulty to suit all levels of riders. Jumps mimicing ski-runs with Greens (75cms), Blues (90cms), Reds (1m) and Blacks. So always something to aim for and improve riding skills. Experienced horses available for all levels.
Having a dog is a joyful experience but an untrained dog will put stress and anxiety on the whole family. At Cheshire Dog Services, we want to help you enjoy your dog so are happy to provide one to one training sessions for you and your dog. Having trained many different breeds from Chihuahua’s & Yorkies – Lab’s & Spaniels to Rottweiler’s & German Shepherds, I am well versed in handling most problems in any breed. I am also a member of The Guild of Dog Trainers who acknowledge the needs of dog owners & their aim of a well behaved dog. The Guild fully understands the expectation society places on dog owners & additionally the laws which affect them all. We live in an artificial environment, which can often pose many dangers to dogs. We invite pets into our home then punish or blame them for acting up like animals do. It’s our responsibility to teach our dogs what the social boundaries are and how to live in a human environment. Even though they become trusted family members, we need to remember that fundamentally they are animals and as beautiful and loving as they are, training is key to avoid behavioral problems that will inevitably crop up. Have you ever noticed when a trainer handles a students’ dog in class – the dog performs amazingly well? The dog then goes back to his owner and forgets all that was taught. This is all down to how you handle your dog. How you are able to read the smallest changes in their body language and posture and make the confident and correct adjustments according to what is required. As a dog trainer with many years worth of experience, my aim is to pass on my skills and as much knowledge as is possible to all of my valued clients. When you and I work together, your dog will learn FASTER! You will enjoy a better-behaved dog in a shorter period of time whilst still being actively involved in the process of teaching your dog. As your dog learns the necessary concepts with me, you will experience the benefit of reducing your own frustration within your own training sessions at home. I help both you and your dog come together towards a common goal of a happy life together. Puppy 1-2-1’s Pups are never too young to learn, their Mums teach them many things in the first 7/8 weeks before we take them into our lives. We need to continue to educate the pup so they know the boundaries we expect in order for them to fit into our human ways and for you to fully enjoy these wonderful creatures. Much can be done BEFORE they have had all their inoculations and are ready to walk outside. The key to effective training is teaching your pup that whenever he does something wrong, you immediately redirect him to what you expect and then reward for getting it right. Most of all, puppy training needs to be upbeat, consistent and rewarding with regular sessions practiced and integrated into your daily routine. What I’ll cover with you at your home are: Shaping behaviour Crating Basic obedience controls of Sit, down, stand, focus & wait. Recall set up, the most important command for all dogs without a doubt! The best type of equipment use to help with training, whistles for recall, training lines, reward pouches etc. Interactive play used to build bonds and value in you as the owner/handler through ball tugs, tugs and ropes. How to teach the pup to “leave it” Advice on leads, harnesses, treats, socialising, lead control Answer any questions you may have resulting to your puppy Adolescent and mature dogs 1-2-1’s Adolescence in dogs is reached by month 7-8 & the dog becomes fully mature by month 18. We’ll cover the following in our sessions or can focus on a specific need if requiredat’s r Obedience Heel-work so your dog walks nicely by your side and doesn’t pull. Wait / Stay commands for both obedience and safety Interactive play and bond building to aid recall Recall development is essential for all dogs big and small. “Leave it” command so the dog ignores what its told to leave Focus will allow a higher level of obedience. I believe positive reinforcement training is the best way to create a happy and confident dog who understands what is expected of them. I teach owners how to establish boundaries at home and employ problem behaviour prevention strategies from early puppyhood onwards. Training and behaviour problems are resolved without the punishment-based techniques that commonly result in fear, aggression, or deterioration of the bond between dog and owner. Instead I utilise positive methods based on well-established learning theories and behavioural science that are humane, practical and effective. I teach marker-based training, either with a clicker or word, combined with rewards of all kinds (e.g., food, toys, play, and praise). All my training sessions reflect a comprehensive understanding of the dog’s natural behaviour, and take into respect learning abilities as well as the dog’s mental and physical developmental stages. In my classes, I strive to create a relaxed and enjoyable learning experience as I believe that the human part of the equation needs as much support and understanding as the canine component. Most people learn more quickly when not subjected to criticisms and negative feedback and therefore, a positive approach to the training of the people is an integral part of all our classes. Please contact us for prices (they vary depending on what’s required)
One of the best things in life is having a healthy, happy dog but sometimes our lifestyles are unable to provide what your “best friend” needs. The stimulation achieved from walking and exercising your dog provides much more benefit than outside space alone can, so if, for whatever reason you cannot afford the time because of work or other commitments may have, we can step in and walk your dog for you. Cheshire Dog Services will collect your dog in our fully ventilated vehicle, which has individual cages for your dog’s safety. Following a good walk, we will return your dog back to your home, happy, socialised and tired. If you’re looking for a dog walker… GET IN TOUCH If you have ever seen any of the TV shows relating to dog behaviour, you will know that walking is so essential to your dog’s wellbeing. They need both mental and physical stimulation and lack of these stimuli can often result in behavioural problems such as barking, chewing or just general nuisance behaviour, which is not what you want from your dog. During our daily walks your dog can do what dogs want to do, they will get the chance to have a really good run around whilst socialising with us and the other dogs. The locations/routes taken are varied so that the walks always remain interesting. Walking your dog in a pack could therefore provide a good proportion of the social interaction and physical exercise your dog requires to have a well-balanced disposition. We can walk either on the lead or simply allow them to run free; it depends on what your dog needs & what you instruct us to do. Your dog should then return home happy, tired and just about ready for a good rest! Prior to your dog’s first walk, we will come and meet him /her to get to know the character whilst at the same time allowing you to ask any questions you may have. All dogs will undergo a free assessment prior to joining Cheshire Dog Services. This places you under no obligation, just the opportunity to meet us before you make any decisions. If you wish to go ahead with our walking service, your dog may then be walked on a one to one basis for the first few walks, just so we can get to know your dog a little better and gauge how your dog reacts in different situations. We will then suggest that your dog would be suited to one of the following. Walking in a “pack” with dogs of a similar temperament or breed, which will help to socialise & stimulate your dog. We walk no more than five dogs at once but prefer a maximum of four smaller breed or three larger breed dogs as we feel this is the number that allows us to give them the attention they need and for their safety and confidence too. OR Recommend for ‘1 to 1 walks‘. Any issues that arise will be discussed with you in detail. We recognise that all dogs are different and have individual needs, so our descriptions are used as a guide only. We can personalise any of our services to suit your (or your dog’s) requirements so if you don’t find exactly what you are looking for or have any questions, CONTACT US and we will do our very best to meet your needs. We are able to offer special rates if you would like us to look after additional dogs from the same household and weekly bookings. Cheshire Dog Services are DBS certified and fully insured. Please contact us for prices (they vary depending on what’s required)
DOG BEHAVIOUR At Cheshire Dog Services, emphasis is placed on modification of the dog’s behaviour through non-coercive and non-aversive methods. While basic training is a component of any behaviour modification program, it is likely you require assistance in devising a course of action that will help you and your dog successfully overcome any problems that arise during your dogs’ lifetime. Plenty of the problem behaviours that dogs’ develop can be a result of an owner’s misunderstanding of their dogs’ behaviour and can make matters worse when responding in an inappropriate way. Harsh methods can deteriorate your relationship with your dog and build distrust on both sides so using aggression to cure aggression does not work. Many nuisance behaviours or aggression problems are often very normal dog behaviours, therefore using harsh or aversive tactics to remove these undesirable actions are unwarranted and only delay in “fixing” the problem in the first place. Helping you understand dog psychology can give you the foundation to a happier life together! Glyn has a diploma (merit pass) in Advanced Canine Behaviour from the esteemed British College of Canine Studies. Are you experiencing problems with your dog such as: Jumping up Object guarding or stealing Aggression to other dogs, children & strangers Over guarding of you or your house Fear / nervousness / anxiety Excessive barking Getting into the car Barking at people or cars Behaviour Modification takes into account: Ensuring the Health & physical wellbeing of your dog. (physical health – diet, rest, exercise, medical illness ) & emotional wellbeing. Setting the dog up for Success – Avoiding putting the dog in a situation where he/she is likely to fail. Desensitisation & Counter Conditioning – presenting less threatening versions of the triggering stimulus & pairing it with things the dog enjoys. Positive Reinforcement / Differential reinforcement of Alternative Behaviour – teaching other skills the dog can do instead of the unwanted behaviour. Please contact us with the behaviour problems you are encountering and we’ll review what’s involved to help you. We would normally like to carry out a visit to your home, discuss the issue on full, meet your dog and set out what we need to do to help you. At this stage, we’ll set out costs involved as I’m sure you can understand that some behavioural issues can take longer to resolve than others. We would normally like to carry out at least one follow up visit and will provide you with a written report too. Please contact us for prices (they vary depending on what’s required)