256 Anatomy & Physiology courses in Cardiff delivered Online

Geriatric Care Course Aims to This course describes the physiological aspects of balance and how the aging process affects balance. Risk factors for falls in the aging population are discussed. The normal components of balance are identified, and a description of how the aging process alters these components over time is discussed. The instructor presents evidence-based, reliable methods of balance examinations. Interventions including exercise and functional activities to promote balance and reduce falls are described. A discussion of current evidence indicates the effectiveness of the interventions presented, with recommendations for program design to achieve functional outcomes with balance rehabilitation. Learning Objectives Describe the physiological components of balance Describe balance strategies used to correct the deviation of the center of gravity from the base of support. Describe evidence-based balance tests to determine falls risk in elderly persons. Design interventions to reduce the risk of falls in elderly populations based on current evidence. Who Should Enroll Physiotherapist Geriatric Care giver Nurses Occupational Therapist ICU Allied Health Worker Course Agenda: BALANCE DEFINITIONS, SYSTEMS, AND STRATEGIES (15 mins) EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR FALLS (25 mins) THE AGING PROCESS: NEUROMUSCULAR AND MEDICAL CHALLENGES OF AGING (25 mins) RISK FACTORS IN AGING, MEDICATIONS, MEDICAL CONDITIONS, DEGENERATIVE PROCESSES (25 mins) BALANCE EXAMINATION TOOLS DISCUSSION (20 mins) RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF BALANCE EXAM TOOLS (20 mins) INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE BALANCE AND REDUCE FALLS: DISCUSSION (35 mins) Q&A (15 mins) CPD Credit Hours 3 Hours Resources 1-Month Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material CPD Certificate Presenter Speaker Bio:  Theresa A. Schmidt, DPT,MS,OCS,LMT,CEAS,CHy.,DD is the founder of Educise Resources Inc, a professional continuing education and health enhancement company. Dr. Schmidt is the president of Flex Physical Therapy in Long Island, NY. She is Board-certified in Orthopedic Physical Therapy by ABPTS since 1994. Dr. Schmidt graduated Long Island University’s Masters Program in Physical Therapy with Highest Honors. She served as Chair of the Physical Therapist Assistant Program and faculty of the Masters Program at Touro College Physical Therapy Programs in New York, NY, at Nassau Community College and CUNY Queens College. She completed extensive studies in Orthopedic manual therapies including Myofascial Release, Craniosacral Therapy, Muscle Energy, Counterstrain, Joint Mobilization, high velocity thrust, visceral manipulation, Functional Technique, acupressure Amma therapy, and therapeutic touch. Theresa is a Certified Hypnotherapist,and a certified personal trainer. She has presented internationally for APTA, AOTA/IA AMTA/NY, IDEA, ACE, New York College for Wholistic Health Education and Research, Council of Licensed Physiotherapists, Cross Country Education, MotivationsCEU, HomeCEUconnection, Allied Health Education and private hospitals and clinics. Theresa is a graduate of the Doctorate of Physical Therapy Program at University of New England. 

COPD Physiotherapy Treatment Aims to  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the United States. There are approximately 30 million people in the United States who have been diagnosed with COPD. Physical activity and therapy can provide great improvement in symptoms, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life. This course is for physical and occupational therapy clinicians in acute, subacute or home health care who are seeking to update their understanding of COPD rehabilitation. As rehabilitation professionals, we need to understand the pathophysiology as well as the evidence-based treatment strategies to promote optimal living for individuals with COPD. This webinar is part 2 in a 2-part series. This part 2 webinar focuses on PT and OT objective assessment tools, program prescriptions, and evidence-based treatment for COPD patients. Prescribing a treatment program that is dosed appropriately is essential for the prevention of exacerbations, improved quality of life, and value-based care. Rehabilitation therapists have unique skills to provide this valuable care for the COPD population. Learning Objectives At the end of this course, the participant will be able to: Explain how to conduct specific objective measures commonly used with COPD patients to determine baseline function Summarize guidelines for evidence-based exercises for patients with COPD including HIIT exercise Prescribe an appropriate treatment program for the COPD patient to include appropriate stimulus, duration, frequency and functional application. Apply knowledge obtained in course to determine appropriate assessments and treatment program to case studies Explain the correlation between hospital admissions and level of physical activity as well as the impact on value-based purchasing. Who Should Enroll Physiotherapist Respiratory Physiotherapist Nurses Occupational Therapist Course Agenda Overview of COPD- 15 minutes Rehab prescriptionPulmonary Impairment-Based Outcome Measures- 30 minutesTreatment Dosage and Components – 15 minutesGoals for COPD- 15 minutesReassessment- 10 minutes Case Studies/ Documentation tips for COPD- 35 minute CPD Credit Hours Contact Hours: 2.0 Resources 1-Month Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material  CPD Certificate Presenter Speaker Bio: Virginia Bowen, PT, DPT Virginia Bowen, PT, DPT is an experienced home health therapist with 7 years of experience as an educator and more than 20 years as a home care physical therapy case manager. Virginia received her B.S degree in Physical Therapy from the University of Wisconsin in 1987 and went on to receive her DPT from the College of Saint Scholastica in 2019. She has developed and taught chronic disease courses for her current employer as well as the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee and also has personal experience being the HCPOA for a COPD patient. She has treated numerous COPD patients in her 25 years as a home health therapist and enjoys teaching courses pertaining to this subject matter in order to help therapists develop professionally and gain knowledge of best practices. 

Overview The 'Forensic Anthropology: Skeletal Analysis' course offers an excellent opportunity to step into a dynamic field where history, biology, and law intertwine. The forensic science market is expected to reach $19.5 billion by 2025, so this course positions you at the forefront of a rapidly expanding industry.  Diving into the depths of human osteology, students will uncover the secrets bones hold, applying their knowledge to real-world scenarios in criminal and historical investigations. This comprehensive course is not just a study program; it's a gateway to understanding the silent narratives of skeletal remains, blending science with the pursuit of justice. Enrol now in 'Forensic Anthropology: Skeletal Analysis' and step into a future where your skills uncover the silent stories of the past. How will I get my certificate? You may have to take a quiz or a written test online during or after the course. After successfully completing the course, you will be eligible for the certificate. Who is This course for? There is no experience or previous qualifications required for enrolment on this Forensic Anthropology: Skeletal Analysis. It is available to all students, of all academic backgrounds. Requirements Our Forensic Anthropology: Skeletal Analysis is fully compatible with PC's, Mac's, Laptop, Tablet and Smartphone devices. This course has been designed to be fully compatible with tablets and smartphones so you can access your course on Wi-Fi, 3G or 4G. There is no time limit for completing this course, it can be studied in your own time at your own pace. Career Path Having these various qualifications will increase the value in your CV and open you up to multiple sectors such as Business & Management, Admin, Accountancy & Finance, Secretarial & PA, Teaching & Mentoring etc. Course Curriculum 14 sections • 38 lectures • 05:51:00 total length •Course outline: 00:05:00 •What is Anthropology?: 00:01:00 •Introduction to Anthropology: 01:08:00 •Forensic Anthropology: 00:01:00 •Role of Forensic Anthropology: 01:05:00 •Human Osteology: 00:01:00 •Supplemental bone identification video lecture: 00:02:00 •Comparative Osteology: 02:15:00 •Supplemental comparative osteology video lecture: 00:04:00 •Estimating sex from skeletal elements: 00:05:00 •Estimating sex from human remains PowerPoint: 03:00:00 •Estimating age at death from skeletal remains: 00:01:00 •Estimate age at death PowerPoint: 02:45:00 •Supplemental age estimation video lecture: 00:04:00 •Supplemental age estimation video lecture number 2: 00:02:00 •Estimating Stature, BMI, and MNI: 00:01:00 •Estimating stature, BMI, and MNI PowerPoint: 00:35:00 •Estimating ancestry: 00:02:00 •Estimating ancestry PowerPoint: 01:35:00 •Supplemental ancestry estimation video lecture: 00:04:00 •Analyzing trauma: 00:01:00 •How does trauma present on the skeleton; Projectile trauma: 03:05:00 •Sharp force trauma: 00:40:00 •Blunt force trauma: 01:05:00 •Supplemental trauma analysis video lecture: 00:05:00 •Writing it up! How to produce a professional report: 00:01:00 •Writing it up PowerPoint presentation: 00:45:00 •Ethical considerations: 00:01:00 •Physical anthropology code of ethics: 00:55:00 •Forensic anthropology code of ethics: 00:10:00 •Ethical code for human rights work: 07:55:00 •Sex estimation exercise key: 00:15:00 •Age estimation exercise key: 00:05:00 •Ancestry estimation exercise key: 00:15:00 •Bone identification exercise key: 00:15:00 •Trauma exercise key: 00:20:00 •Supplemental textbook recommendations video: 00:02:00 •Human Osteology and Skeletal Biology: 01:00:00

Physiotherapy in ICU Guidelines Aims to  Acute Care and ICU Physical Therapy is a growing area of practice. This course is geared toward both the new/entry-level and advanced practice therapist to integrate the complexity of lines, tubes, and monitoring devices and optimize them to advance treatment options with patients. Learning Objectives At the end of this course, the participant will be able to: 1.Integrate information on invasive lines, tubes, and monitoring devices with patient presentation 2.Consider acute care and ICU safety guidelines for physical and occupational therapy intervention and exercise on the impact of patient care and outcomes 3.Explain physiological responses to exercise in order to safely monitor patients during ”high-intensity” treatment 4.Demonstrate integration and application of acute care competencies: safety, sound clinical decision-making, communication, and discharge planning  5.Discuss treatment approaches to creatively optimize patient physical functioning in the acute and ICU setting Who Should Enroll Physiotherapist Allied Healthcare professionals ICU nurses Course Agenda Introduction- 10 minutes Acute Care and ICU Safety and Feasibility- 15 minutes Lines, Tubes, and Monitors- 15 minutes Early Mobility and Physiological Response to Exercise in Critically Ill Patients- 20 minutes Case Presentation- 25 minutes Creative Treatment Approaches for the Acute/ICU Patient- 25 minutes Conclusion/Questions- 10 minutes Total: 120 minutes  CPD Credit Hours 2.0 Hours Resources 1-Month Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material  CPD Certificate Presenter Speaker Bio: Katelyn Whitlock, PT, DPT Dr. Katelyn Whitlock is a practicing cardiovascular and pulmonary acute care and ICU physical therapist in Atlanta, GA. She graduated from Emory University’s Doctor of Physical Therapy Program in May of 2018. Following her DPT she completed the Emory Acute Care Residency in 2019. Prior to her DPT, she earned her bachelor's and master's degrees in Exercise Physiology from the University of Virginia. Currently, she is a primary therapist on the Heart Transplant, Lung Transplant, LVAD and ECMO team at EUH, is a course instructor in the DPT program at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Clinical Management and Pharmacology courses, and has ongoing research in the areas of ICU Physical Therapy and COVID-19. She sat for her Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Specialist Exam in February of 2022. Course Instructor About Physiotherapy Online Physiotherapy Online is a physiotherapist-owned educational company with a vision to create an ensemble of international educators to cater to undergraduate, postgraduate physiotherapy students as well as post professionals who are keen to advance or refesh their existing knowledge in varied specialities. As every student has a unique approach to learning, we have therefore created a library of bite sized chapters which may be accessed as an individual module or a course as a whole; self study webinars; live workshops for those who would like to get an in-person hands on immersive experience and audio books for those on the go.

Executive functioning skills are the missing link between intentions and actions. In this presentation, we will identify executive functioning skills and discuss how ADHD and related neurodiversity diagnoses impact them.

Advancement in Parkinson’s disease Physical therapy Aim's to The goal of for Parkinson's disease physical therapy is to enhance the overall quality of life for individuals living with the condition. By increasing physical activity, addressing movement disorders, and implementing targeted interventions, physical therapists empower their patients to live fuller, more independent lives. A well-designed advanced physical therapy exercise is the cornerstone of Parkinson's management. Physiotherapist work closely with individuals to establish routines that target mobility, flexibility, strength, and balance. These exercises not only help alleviate symptoms but also promote overall physical well-being Key Highlights of live webinar masterclass: Cutting-edge strategies for optimizing patient outcomes Practical insights into innovative therapies and interventions Case studies showcasing effective treatment protocols Learning Objective  Participants will be able to define neuroplasticity , understand the basic principles underlying neuroplasticity for Parkinson’s disease Physical therapy. How brain continue to learn and adapt throughout life, even in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease. This objective will be fulfilled by in depth explanation of neuroplastic mechanisms and how Parkinson’s disease Physical therapy improve symptoms and function in patients. Participants will be able to identify various approaches such as exercises, cognitive training, and other physical therapy interventions in order to harness neuroplasticity and improve function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Participants will be able to current available evidence supporting various Parkinson’s disease Physical therapy techniques in order to gain critical decision-making capacity. CPD Credit Hours:   1 Hour Who Should Enroll Neuro Physiotherapist Geriatric Physiotherapist Occupational Therapist Neuro Nurses Recourses 1-Month Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material  CPD Certificate  Author Profile:  Dr. Srishti Banerjee PT MPT ( Neurology)  Dr. Srishti Banerjee is an accomplished physiotherapist with Masters in neurology. Her journey includes a BPT from Gujarat University, followed by an MPT in Neurology. She's held roles as a Consultant Physiotherapist and Lecturer.  Dr. Banerjee is an author, contributing to a book on peripheral nerve lesions and a chapter on aquatic therapy.  She's published original articles in various journals and explored topics like hamstring flexibility and the environmental impact of NSAIDs. Srishti is an online educator, offering MOOC courses on sustainable healthcare and shoulder dysfunction post-stroke.  She shares her insights through blogs on neuroplasticity and preoperative physiotherapy. As an author, she's explored sleep disturbance in spinal cord injury patients and the impact of COVID-19 on the nervous system.  She's also a one-page owner on Physiopedia. Through webinars, Srishti covers a wide range of topics, including mental health in physiotherapy and environmental sustainability. Her commitment to improving patient care and promoting sustainability in healthcare is evident in her work as an Assistant Professor LJ institute of Physiotherapy , LJ University.  Course Instructor About Physiotherapy Online Physiotherapy Online is a physiotherapist-owned educational company with a vision to create an ensemble of international educators to cater to undergraduate, postgraduate physiotherapy students as well as post professionals who are keen to advance or refesh their existing knowledge in varied specialities. As every student has a unique approach to learning, we have therefore created a library of bite sized chapters which may be accessed as an individual module or a course as a whole; self study webinars; live workshops for those who would like to get an in-person hands on immersive experience and audio books for those on the go.

Pediatric Physiotherapy Courses Aims to  This 2-hour webinar is lecture-based with case studies and is appropriate for pediatric OTs/OTAs and PTs/PTAs at a beginning/intermediate level. The webinar seeks to help therapists answer the questions of What, Why, How, When, Where, and Who regarding the use of adaptive equipment and assistive technology (AT) for children and young adults. An overview of various types of adaptive equipment and assistive technology will be presented. Therapists will learn how to assess for and develop appropriate client/family goals for use of adaptive equipment. A review of high-tech and low-tech options will be discussed, as well as cost vs. benefit, and how adaptive equipment can enhance therapy goals. Attendees will learn how to write an effective letter of medical necessity and wheelchair evaluation. Case studies and quizzes will help attendees consider risk factors for various deformities related to postural alignment, growth, and function, and discuss possible solutions using adaptive equipment and assistive technology. Learning Objectives At the end of this course, the participant will be able to: Define adaptive equipment and AT, and review various types Discuss the purpose of adaptive equipment and AT Types of Adaptive Equipment and Assistive Technology Why, who, when, where to use the adaptive equipment and AT Specific equipment options, advantages/disadvantages/alternatives Review appropriate use of adaptive equipment and AT relative to age, cognition, family needs, and support Summarize important considerations related to growth, environment, and specific diagnoses Recognize the practical considerations associated with the use of adaptive equipment and AT, including evaluation, funding, documentation of need, and fitting Who Should Enroll Physiotherapist Pediatrics Pediatric Nurses Occupational Therapist CPD Credit Hours  2 Hours Resources 1-Month Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material  CPD Certificate Presenter Speaker Bio: Mary B. Pengelley, PT, DPT, ATP Mary Pengelley received her BS in PT at Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse NY in 1983 and her pediatric DPT from Rocky Mountain University in 2015. She has been a certified Assistive Technology Practitioner since 2007. Mary has been the PT clinical director and director of continuing education at Progressive Pediatric Therapy in Palm Beach County Florida for the past 5 years. Throughout her career, she has worked with children with a variety of developmental disabilities, including cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, genetic disorders, muscular dystrophies, orthopedic injuries, brachial plexus injury, autism, and torticollis. Mary's previous experiences as a pediatric PT include working as a Peace Corps Volunteer in rural Jamaica, and Blythedale Children’s Hospital in NY. After moving to Palm Beach County FL in 1989, she has held positions at Easter Seals, Paley Limb Lengthening Institute, and the Arc. At the Arc, Mary was instrumental in helping to develop Potentials Charter School, an innovative therapy-intensive school for children who are non-ambulatory and non-verbal. Her experience includes inpatient, outpatient and school based pediatric PT, therapeutic horseback riding, developmental dance, adaptive gymnastics, aquatic therapy, splinting and casting, and adaptive seating and mobility as an assistive technology practitioner. Mary has also worked as an adjunct professor, teaching pediatric classes and labs to DPT students at the University of St. Augustine and Nova Southeastern University, since 2010, and has presented at national continuing education seminars and webinars. 

Physiotherapy for Arthritis Hands Aims to  This introductory course will identify the basic physiological processes related to osteoarthritis of the hand and wrist. Best practices for the treatment of patients will be covered. Evidence and research related to arthritis, therapy and functional use will be presented. Participants will learn the most relevant clinical treatment techniques and patient education for the clients. Learning Objectives At the end of this course, the participant will be able to: Identify the physiological processes that cause osteoarthritis Identify functional difficulties that can arise from hand/wrist arthritis Evaluate hand and wrist arthritis patients Provide clients with education on joint protection and adaptive devices. Create effective exercise programs for clients with hand/wrist arthritis Assist clients in identifying pain management techniques for OA Who Should Enroll Physiotherapist Orthopedics Orthopedic Nurses Occupational Therapist Course Agenda: Intro: 5 min Anatomy and Physiology of hand/wrist osteoarthritis 20 min Clinical signs and symptoms of OA 20 min Evaluation of the hand/wrist OA client 15 min Functional impairment related to OA 10 min Evidence of best therapy practice for the treatment of hand/wrist OA 15 min Joint protection and adaptive devices 15 min Orthosis for hand/wrist OA 10 min Q & A 10 min TOTAL 120 min CPD Credit Hours Contact Hours: 2 Hours Resources 1-Month Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material  CPD Certificate Presenter Speaker Bio: Elisa Marks, MS, CEAS, OTR/L, CHT Elisa is currently a practicing Occupational Therapist and Certified Hand Therapist at The Center for Health Enhancement and Rehabilitation in Pacific Palisades, CA. Additionally, she is a Certified Ergonomic Assessment Specialist and provides individualized on-site ergonomic assessments. Previously she has held the positions of Outpatient Therapy Supervisor at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Beverly Hills, CA. and Clinical Specialist II in hand therapy at Kaiser Permanente in Woodland Hills, CA. She received her CHT in 2001. She is the co-author of ASHT’s Treatment Guidelines for Tendon Transfer. Elisa also served on the American Occupational Therapy Political Action Committee Board of Directors for 6 years. Elisa is a frequent speaker at national, state, and local conferences.

Protocol for Pusher Syndrome in Stroke Aims to  This intermediate-level course is designed for therapists who are interested in knowledge of updated research to guide best practices for the management of the patient with controversies pushing after stroke. Prevalence, expected outcomes and limitations to progress and discharge planning with this population will be reviewed. In addition, an evidence-based assessment specific to controversies pushing will be introduced and demonstrated. Finally, current literature will be provided on treatment and the instructor will guide participants regarding best practices for optimal outcomes. Learning Objectives At the end of this course, the participant will be able to: Define “contraversive pushing” and discuss the documented pathophysiology behind this phenomenon. Identify updated research on the prevalence of pushing, expected outcomes, and how this affects the management of this population. Explain research available on treatment for controversies pushing. Prevalence, outcomes, and limitations to management Assessment using the Burke Lateropulsion Scale Apply research to demonstrate techniques for effective treatment strategies for contraversive pushing. Who Should Enroll Physiotherapist Neuromuscular specialists Nurses Occupational Therapist CPD Credit Hours 2. hours Resources 1-Month Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material CPD Certificate Presenter Speaker Bio: Jaime Gillespie, PT, DPT Jaime graduated from University of Kansas Medical Center in 2010 with a Doctorate in Physical Therapy. Currently, she is practicing as a Research Physical Therapist for the Baylor Scott & White Research Institute with an innovative team focused on advancement of research in neurological rehabilitation and medicine. For 11 years prior, she practiced in inpatient rehabilitation at Baylor Scott & White Institute for Rehabilitation primarily working with patients with stroke. She has taught multiple continuing education courses at BSWIR on the management of the patient post-stroke and acts as a mentor across the continuum. Additionally, Jaime teaches as an adjunct instructor for neurological courses at Texas Women’s University in the Doctorate of Physical Therapy program. She has education in Neuro-IFRAH and advanced certification from Ekso Bionics to treat patients using the robotic exoskeleton. Jaime’s current and past research efforts and publications have emphasis in areas including rehabilitation health literacy, post-stroke and post-SCI rehabilitation. Nationally, Jaime has presented invited presentations, scientific posters, and educational symposiums in various conferences including Combined Sections Meeting and the American Congress of Rehabilitative Medicine. Jaime is passionate about working with the neurological population as well as advancing research to improve outcomes for these patients.

Advance Knee Osteoarthritis Physical Therapy Protocol Aims to: Our advanced Knee OA physical therapy Protocol present an evidence-based approach primarily focused on addressing non-operative patients of various ages and abilities affected by PFP and OA. Clinicians will learn a comprehensive approach to treatment including dry needling, soft tissue mobilization, progressive exercises, and return to play criteria based on threshold training principles. Rehab principles and information can be applied to postoperative patient populations as well. Learning Objective: At the end of this course, the participant will be able to: 1) Summarize current research related to patellofemoral pain, OA, and exercise to include relevant research on bracing & taping. 2) Explain how to screen and assess clients to determine asymmetry and compensatory movement patterns. 3) Create an effective rehabilitation program to maximize function. 4) Summarize return-to-play guidelines Who Should Enroll Physiotherapist Orthopedics Sport Physiologist Orthopedic Nurses Athletic trainer Occupational Therapist     CPD Credit Hours: 2 Hours Resources:  Lifetime Access to Learning Resources Downloadable Course Material CPD Certificate Presenter  Brian Schiff, PT, DPT, OCS, CSCS Presenter Bio Brian Schiff, PT, DPT, OCS, CSCS, is a licensed physical therapist, strength coach, author, industry speaker, and business owner. He graduated from The Ohio State University in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Allied Health Professions (Physical Therapy). He received his Doctorate of Physical Therapy from Northeastern University in 2021. He became a Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist through the National Strength & Conditioning Association in 1998. Brian has worked in outpatient sports medicine clinics for the past 21 years. He specializes in treating general orthopedics and sports medicine cases, specifically the shoulder, knee, hip, and ankle. From 2002 to 2006, Brian served as the strength & conditioning coach for The Columbus Crew Major League Soccer Team. Brian is currently the supervisor at Raleigh Orthopaedic Performance Center in Raleigh, NC. Raleigh Orthopaedic Performance Center is a 20,000-square-foot multi-disciplinary facility that focuses on sports therapy and sports performance training. He currently focuses on sports rehab and injury prevention and serves as a PT consultant for the Carolina Hurricanes. Brian has produced DVDs on ACL injury prevention, knee arthritis, and knee training for runners. In addition, he has authored books on rotator cuff injuries, the treatment of frozen shoulders, and shoulder injury recovery integrated with golf-specific fitness. Currently. he writes a bi-weekly online column entitled Functionally Fit for PFP Magazine.