4247 Courses

***Limited Time Exclusive Bundle*** Life Just Got Better! Get Hard Copy + PDF Certificates + Transcript + Student ID Card as a Gift - Enrol Now Tired of browsing and searching for the course you are looking for? Can't find the complete package that fulfils all your needs? Then don't worry as you have just found the solution. Take a minute and look through this 14-in-1 extensive bundle that has everything you need to succeed in Sports Medicine and other relevant fields! After surveying thousands of learners just like you and considering their valuable feedback, this all in onebundle has been designed by industry experts. We prioritised what learners were looking for in a complete package and developed this in-demand Sports Medicine course that will enhance your skills and prepare you for the competitive job market. Also, our Sports Medicine experts are available for answering your queries and help you along your learning journey. Advanced audiovisual learning modules of these courses are broken down into little chunks so that you can learn at your own pace without being overwhelmed by too much material at once. Furthermore, to help you showcase your expertise,we have prepared a special gift of 1 hardcopy certificate and 1 PDF certificate for the title course completely free of cost. These certificates will enhance your credibility and encourage possible employers to pick you over the rest. This Sports Medicine Bundle Consists of the following Premium courses: Course 01: Sports Medicine Fundamentals Course 02: Sports Injuries Course 03: Sports Therapy Course 04: Sports Psychology Course 05: Hydrotherapy Course 06: Deep Tissue Massage Therapy Course 07: Pain Management Course 08: Core Stability Course 09: Sports Nutrition Training Level 3 Course 10: Immunity Boosting Food Course 11: First Aid Training Course 12: Understanding Nutrition and Health Level 4 Course 13: Personal Hygiene Course 14: Complete Communication Skills Master Class for Life Benefits you'll get choosing Apex Learning: Pay once and get lifetime access to 14 CPD courses Certificates, student ID for the title course included in a one-time fee Free up your time - don't waste time and money travelling for classes Accessible, informative modules designed by expert instructors Learn at your ease - anytime, from anywhere Study the course from your computer, tablet or mobile device CPD accredited course - improve the chance of gaining professional skills How will I get my Certificate? After successfully completing the course you will be able to order your CPD Accredited Certificates (PDF + Hard Copy) as proof of your achievement. PDF Certificate: Free (For The Title Course) Hard Copy Certificate: Free (For The Title Course) Curriculum of the Bundle Course 01: Sports Medicine Fundamentals Sports Medicine Careers Top Ten Common Injuries Common Medicines Nutrition and Weight Management Medical Problems Faced by Athletes Exercise Imaging Performance Enhancement The Future Course 02: Sports Injuries Introduction Top Ten Common Injuries Other Injuries and their Treatment Internal Organ Injuries and their Treatment First Aid Anatomy and Physiology Drugs and Doping in Sport Medical Assessment and Pre-participation Screening And more.. Course 03: Sports Therapy Introduction Professionalism and Ethics Anatomy & Kinesiology Assessment of Injuries Injuries Depend on Profile Common Injuries Major Injury First Aid Treatment Nutrition Rehabilitation Exercise Massage Treatments Hydrotherapy & Electrotherapy Course 04: Sports Psychology Introduction Mental Toughness Imagery Motivation in sport Goal Setting in Sport Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety Arousal Regulation Concentration Exercise and Psychological Wellbeing Athletic Injuries and Psychology And more.. Course 05: Hydrotherapy Introduction to Hydrotherapy Anatomy and Physiology Review Types of Hydrotherapy Effects of Hydrotherapy Common Conditions Treated with Hydrotherapy Hydrotherapy for Shoulder and Lower Limb Hydrotherapy for Animals Course 06: Deep Tissue Massage Therapy Introduction The Massage Strokes Correct and Incorrect Ways Full Body Deep tissue Massage Full Massage Sequence Course 07: Pain Management Introducing Pain Management Pain Theories Types of Pain Physiology and Psychology of Acute Pain Pain as a Long-term Condition Back and Neck Pain Headache Neuropathic Pain and Its Management Cancer Pain Assessment of Pain Relaxation for Pain Management Course 08: Core Stability Course Speaking Anti-Extension Easy Anti-Extension Hard Anti-Extension Medium Anti-Rotation Easy Anti-Rotation Hard Anti-Rotation Medium Bear Crawl Exercises Hip Easy Hip Hard Hip Medium Scapula Easy Scapula Medium Testing Course 09: Sports Nutrition Training Level 3 Introduction to Nutrition The Role of Nutritionist The Digestive System Nutrients for Life - Macronutrients Nutrients for Life - Micronutrients Nutrition Requirements for Adults and Various Groups Healthy Dieting Weight Control Management Weight Loss Management The Day of Competition Replacing Nutrients After Competition Course 10: Immunity Boosting Food Introduction to Boosting Your Immune System Nutrition for Your Immune System Disease Fighting Foods Pre & Pro-Biotics - Crucial to Your Health Top 10 Immunity Boosting Foods Final Thoughts & Tips Course 11: First Aid Training Introduction to Workplace First Aid Legal Framework for Workplace First Aid Incident Management at Work Primary Survey Secondary Survey Basic First-Aid Techniques Dealing with Minor Injuries at the Workplace Secondary Illness Loss of Responsiveness and CPR Secondary Illness Breathing Problems Secondary Illnesses and Injuries Dealing With Fractures and Dislocations Call for an Emergency Course 12: Understanding Nutrition and Health Level 4 Module 01: Introduction to Nutrition Module 02: Nutrients for Life - Nutrients for Life Macronutrients Module 03: Nutrients for Life - Micronutrients Module 04: Nutrition Requirements from Pregnancy to Teenage Module 05: Nutrition Requirements for Adults and Various Groups Module 06: Healthy Dieting Module 07: Eating Disorders Module 08: Diet and Nutrition Related Diseases Module 09: Use of Nutrition in Different Illnesses/Diseases Module 10: Weight Control Management Module 11: Weight Loss Management Module 12: Basics of Ketogenic Diet Module 13: The Role of Nutritionist Course 13: Personal Hygiene Introduction to Personal Hygiene and a Brief History Looking Clean, Smelling Clean Improving and Maintaining Oral Health Care of the Eyes Ear Care Secrets Foot & Nail Care in Personal Hygiene Hair Care Hygienic Ways Hygienic Approach to Skin Care Maintain Good Toilet Hygiene Potential Hygiene Guidelines Personal Hygiene During Coronavirus Pandemic Course 14: Complete Communication Skills Master Class for Life Module 01: Effective Communication Module 02: How to Talk to Anyone Module 03: Power of Storytelling Module 04: Becoming an Influencer Module 05: Importance of Body Language Module 06: Communication Skills for Job Interviews Module 07: Public Speaking CPD 140 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Anyone from any background can enrol in thisbundle. Persons with similar professions can also refresh or strengthen their skills by enrolling in this course. Students can take this course to gather professional knowledge besides their study or for the future. Requirements Our is fully compatible with PC's, Mac's, laptops, tablets and Smartphone devices. Career path Having this various expertise will increase the value of your CV and open you up to multiple job sectors. Certificates Certificate of completion Digital certificate - Included You will get the PDF Certificate for the title course (Sports Medicine Fundamentals) absolutely Free! Certificate of completion Hard copy certificate - Included You will get the Hard Copy certificate for the title course (Sports Medicine Fundamentals) absolutely Free! Other Hard Copy certificates are available for £10 each. Please Note: The delivery charge inside the UK is £3.99, and the international students must pay a £9.99 shipping cost.

Introducing the ultimate bundle for sports enthusiasts and aspiring professionals: the Sports Therapy, Hydrotherapy & Sports Psychology (QLS) bundle! Get ready to dive into a world of knowledge and unlock your potential with eight comprehensive courses designed to take your understanding of sports therapy, hydrotherapy, and sports psychology to new heights. What sets this bundle apart are the three QLS-endorsed courses that come with hardcopy certificates upon completion. These courses have been carefully curated and validated by industry experts, ensuring that you receive the highest standard of theoretical education. No need to worry about missing out on practical skills or hands-on experience-these courses are packed with valuable insights, strategies, and techniques that will equip you with the knowledge to excel in your field. But that's not all! In addition to the QLS-endorsed courses, you'll also gain access to five CPD QS-accredited courses. These courses cover a range of relevant topics, including sports coaching, common sports injuries, sports medicine fundamentals, sports nutrition, and functional skills in fitness. With this comprehensive bundle, you'll acquire a well-rounded understanding of the key aspects that contribute to success in the world of sports therapy and psychology. Imagine being able to confidently analyse and treat sports injuries, implement effective fitness and nutrition strategies, and understand the psychological factors that drive athletes to perform at their best. Whether you're an aspiring sports therapist, coach, or simply passionate about the field, this bundle is your gateway to a wealth of knowledge that will set you apart from the competition. Expand your horizons, enhance your career prospects, and become an invaluable asset in the world of sports therapy, hydrotherapy, and sports psychology. Enrol in the Sports Therapy, Hydrotherapy & Sports Psychology (QLS) bundle today and embark on an exciting journey of discovery and growth. Don't miss out on this opportunity to fuel your passion and take your skills to the next level! Key Features of the Sports Therapy, Hydrotherapy & Sports Psychology (QLS) Bundle: 3 QLS-Endorsed Courses: We proudly offer 3 QLS-endorsed courses within our Sports Therapy, Hydrotherapy & Sports Psychology (QLS) bundle, providing you with industry-recognized qualifications. Plus, you'll receive a free hardcopy certificate for each of these courses. QLS Course 01: Sports Therapy QLS Course 02: Hydrotherapy QLS Course 03: Sports Psychology 5 CPD QS Accredited Courses: Additionally, our bundle includes 5 relevant CPD QS accredited courses, ensuring that you stay up-to-date with the latest industry standards and practices. Course 01: Sports Coaching: Fitness & Nutrition Course 02: Sports Therapy: Common Sports Injuries Course 03: Sports Medicine Fundamentals Course 04: Sports Nutrition Course Course 05: Functional Skills - Fitness In Addition, you'll get Five Career Boosting Courses absolutely FREE with this Bundle. Course 01: Professional CV Writing Course 02: Job Search Skills Course 03: Self-Esteem & Confidence Building Course 04: Professional Diploma in Stress Management Course 05: Complete Communication Skills Master Class Convenient Online Learning: Our Sports Therapy, Hydrotherapy & Sports Psychology (QLS) courses are accessible online, allowing you to learn at your own pace and from the comfort of your own home. Learning Outcomes: Gain a comprehensive understanding of sports therapy principles, including injury assessment, rehabilitation techniques, and therapeutic modalities. Acquire in-depth knowledge of hydrotherapy and its application in sports injury management, including immersion techniques, hydrostatic pressure, and resistance exercises. Develop a solid foundation in sports psychology, exploring the psychological factors that influence athletic performance, motivation, and mental skills training. Learn effective sports coaching strategies encompassing fitness and nutrition principles, goal setting, and athlete development. Identify and evaluate common sports injuries, understanding their causes, symptoms, and appropriate treatment approaches. Familiarize yourself with the fundamentals of sports medicine, including biomechanics, exercise physiology, and the role of sports nutrition in optimising performance. Enhance your functional skills in fitness, encompassing core strength, flexibility, endurance, and overall physical fitness. Discover the fascinating world of sports therapy, hydrotherapy, and sports psychology with our comprehensive bundle. Through a series of carefully curated courses, you'll explore the theoretical foundations of these fields, empowering you with the knowledge to excel in sports-related disciplines. With three QLS-endorsed courses, each accompanied by a hardcopy certificate, and an additional five CPD QS-accredited courses, this bundle provides a comprehensive understanding of key principles and practices. Dive deep into sports coaching, injury assessment and rehabilitation, sports psychology, hydrotherapy techniques, and more. Expand your horizons, boost your career prospects, and unleash your potential in the realm of sports therapy and psychology. CPD 250 CPD hours / points Accredited by CPD Quality Standards Who is this course for? Aspiring sports therapists looking to gain a strong theoretical foundation in the field. Sports coaches seeking to enhance their knowledge of injury management, sports psychology, and fitness and nutrition principles. Fitness enthusiasts interested in understanding the theoretical underpinnings of sports therapy and psychology. Individuals passionate about the sports industry and keen to explore the theoretical aspects of sports medicine and rehabilitation. Career path Sports Therapist: £20,000 - £40,000 per year Sports Coach: £18,000 - £35,000 per year Fitness Instructor: £14,000 - £30,000 per year Rehabilitation Specialist: £25,000 - £45,000 per year Sports Nutritionist: £20,000 - £40,000 per year Sports Psychology Consultant: £30,000 - £60,000 per year Certificates Digital certificate Digital certificate - Included Hard copy certificate Hard copy certificate - Included

2 QLS Endorsed Course | FREE 2 CPD Courses | CPD Certified | Free PDF & QLS Hardcopy Certificates | Lifetime Access

Description Want to start your freelancing career as a web designer and web developer? Then enrol the Freelancing for Designers and Developers course and be a skilled web designer and developer. Gone are the days when you need to wake you in the early morning by sacrificing your peaceful sleep and need to ready for your office. Freelancing makes your work easier than before. Convert your home to your office and be your own boss. However, the path of freelancing is not that much easy or difficult. You need to know how to handle the problems and mistakes while taking freelancing as your career. The course explains the common errors while starting your freelancing career. As the lessons proceed, you will know how to write an appropriate CV and create a stunning profile that attracts the potential clients and guarantee jobs. You will learn to set hourly rates, attending the competition, checking updates in the freelancing systems, browsing categories, and more. Finally, the course provides a list of freelancing sites and the productivity apps for the freelancers. Entry Requirement: All Freelancers new and old Newbie or Beginner Freelancers Web Designers & Web Developers UI Designers Graphic Designers Programmers Coders Front-end Developers App Developers Assessment: At the end of the course, you will be required to sit an online multiple-choice test. Your test will be assessed automatically and immediately so that you will instantly know whether you have been successful. Before sitting for your final exam, you will have the opportunity to test your proficiency with a mock exam. Certification: After completing and passing the course successfully, you will be able to obtain an Accredited Certificate of Achievement. Certificates can be obtained either in hard copy at a cost of £39 or in PDF format at a cost of £24. Why choose us? Affordable, engaging & high-quality e-learning study materials; Tutorial videos/materials from the industry leading experts; Study in a user-friendly, advanced online learning platform; Efficient exam systems for the assessment and instant result; The UK & internationally recognized accredited qualification; Access to course content on mobile, tablet or desktop from anywhere anytime; The benefit of career advancement opportunities; 24/7 student support via email. Career Path After completing this course you will be able to build up accurate knowledge and skills with proper confidence to enrich yourself and brighten up your career in the relevant job market. Module: 01 Promo - Freelancing for Designers and Developers 00:02:00 Level Of Skills Updated 00:10:00 Communication Skills 00:09:00 Speed Of Response 00:09:00 Presenting Your Work 00:06:00 Professional Behavior 00:06:00 Proper-deliverables 00:10:00 Awards and certifications 00:05:00 Breadth Of Skills Skillsets 00:11:00 Why Specialist 00:03:00 Module: 02 Freelance Accepting Projects 00:08:00 Pricing Yourself 00:06:00 Time Manage for Freelancers 00:08:00 Freelance Portfolio 00:09:00 Work Life Balance 00:08:00 No Job Season 00:05:00 Module: 03 Writing Job Application 00:05:00 Job Selection 00:08:00 Job Application Automation 00:05:00 Choosing Right Client 00:10:00 Building Trust With Clients 00:05:00 Pricing Strategies 00:10:00 Winning Proposals 00:10:00 Freelancer Profile 00:11:00 Win-clients-with perfect cover letter 00:06:00 How To Communicate better with clients-new 00:02:00 Module: 04 Categories Of Freelance Websites 00:07:00 Most Popular Freelance Websites 00:08:00 Gigs Websites 00:03:00 Competition Websites 00:03:00 Craiglist 00:03:00 Job Boards 00:03:00 Startup Jobs 00:04:00 Small Task Websites 00:03:00 Cheating The Freelance System 00:06:00 Module: 05 Invoicing Apps 00:12:00 Time Tracking Mac Only Improved 00:07:00 Collaboration Apps 00:15:00 Video Conferencing Tools 00:04:00 Productivity Apps 00:07:00 Time Tracking Apps 00:17:00 Order Your Certificate and Transcript Order Your Certificates and Transcripts 00:00:00

About Course Learn the Fundamental Principles of Copywriting and Start Writing Effective Promotional Pieces In this practical course, you will learn the fundamental principles of copywriting, including: Features versus benefits: How to turn product features into benefits that resonate with your target audience Headlines and leads: How to write strong headlines and leads that capture attention and make people want to read more Dramatization of differences: How to use language to emphasize the unique selling points of your product or service Credibility builders: How to establish your expertise and credibility as a writer Social proof: How to use testimonials and other forms of social proof to persuade people to buy Offers and tone: How to craft irresistible offers and write in a tone that appeals to your target audience You will also get the opportunity to complete three real-life writing assignments and compare your work to that of others. This will give you valuable feedback and help you improve your copywriting skills. By the end of this course, you will be able to: Write effective promotional pieces that generate leads and sales Communicate the unique selling points of your product or service Persuade people to take action Write in a tone that What Will You Learn? Through hands-on practice, know how to turn words into money Analyze any persuasion challenge so as to identify the factors that will move readers to action Include all the necessary elements in either the simplest, shortest marketing piece and more complicated ones Differentiate an offering from the competition Capture a reader's attention, explain what's on offer and clinch the deal Gain confidence from a start-to-finish overview of effective copywriting Course Content Introduction Introduction The What and The So What The Importance of 'What' 6 Ways to Clarify the 'What' Benefits - the 'So What' Capture Attention The Top 8 Types of Headlines 8 Leads That Set the Hook Differentiate and Dramatize Differentiate from the Competition 10 Ways to Dramatize Differences Now You Try #1 Credibility and Proof Credibility Builders The Top 5 Types of Social Proof Credibility Killers Offers What Is an Offer? Elements of Offers Now You Try #2 Putting it All Together Tone Formatting Copy Now You Try #3 Conclusion Conclusion A course by Marcia Yudkin Marketing Coach, Introvert Advocate RequirementsSuitable for absolute beginnersGood review and practice for those with some experience Audience Anyone seeking a practical (and potentially lucrative) new writing skill Employees told to write a website, sales letter or ad who aren't sure how Aspiring freelancers wanting a solid foundation for success Managers or business owners who need to know how to assess the work of copywriters they hire Audience Anyone seeking a practical (and potentially lucrative) new writing skill Employees told to write a website, sales letter or ad who aren't sure how Aspiring freelancers wanting a solid foundation for success Managers or business owners who need to know how to assess the work of copywriters they hire

Overview With the growing competition and limited job opportunities, the UK job market has become a tight spot for new professionals. To help them navigate through the competition, we have crafted the Job Searching Training. In this comprehensive course, you will gain an in-depth understanding of the current job market in the UK. The course will show you how to develop an effective CV. You will also be able to learn valuable strategies that will assist you in searching for jobs. In addition, the course will educate you on the application process and enable you to develop an appealing cover letter that suits the job requirements. Finally, you will learn the process of preparing for your interview and how to ace it. So, enrol today and get closer to securing your dream job! Course Preview Learning Outcomes Get a proper view of the UK job market landscape Learn how to create an attractive CV Familiarise yourself with job-searching strategies in the UK Understand how to use LinkedIn for job searching Acquire the skills for writing compelling cover letters Master the strategies for acing the interview Why Take This Course From John Academy? Affordable, well-structured and high-quality e-learning study materials Engaging tutorial videos, materials from the industry-leading experts Opportunity to study in a user-friendly, advanced online learning platform Efficient exam systems for the assessment and instant result Earn UK & internationally recognised accredited qualification Easily access the course content on mobile, tablet, or desktop from anywhere, anytime Excellent career advancement opportunities Get 24/7 student support via email. What Skills Will You Learn from This Course? Developing CV Cover letter writing Interview preparations Who Should Take This Job Searching Training Course? Whether you're an existing practitioner or an aspiring professional, this course is an ideal training opportunity. It will elevate your expertise and boost your CV with key skills and a recognised qualification attesting to your knowledge. Are There Any Entry Requirements? This Job Searching Training course is available to all learners of all academic backgrounds. But learners should be aged 16 or over to undertake the qualification. And a good understanding of the English language, numeracy, and ICT will be helpful. Certificate of Achievement After completing this course successfully, you will be able to obtain an Accredited Certificate of Achievement. Certificates & Transcripts can be obtained either in Hardcopy at £14.99 or in PDF format at £11.99. Career Path​ This exclusive Job Searching Training 2023 course will equip you with effective skills and abilities and help you explore career paths such as  HR manager Recruiter Career Coach Module 01: Introduction to Job Search in the UK Introduction to Job Search in the UK 00:11:00 Module 02: Crafting an Effective CV (Curriculum Vitae) Crafting an Effective CV (Curriculum Vitae) 00:13:00 Module 03: Job Search Strategies in the UK Job Search Strategies in the UK 00:16:00 Module 04: Leveraging LinkedIn for Job Search Leveraging LinkedIn for Job Search 00:16:00 Module 05: Job Application and Cover Letters Job Application and Cover Letters 00:14:00 Module 06: Interview Preparation in the UK Interview Preparation in the UK 00:15:00 Module 07: Post-Interview Follow-up and Negotiation Post-Interview Follow-up and Negotiation 00:14:00 Certificate and Transcript Order Your Certificates and Transcripts 00:00:00

Join our Youth Work & Leadership course and discover your hidden skills, setting you on a path to success in this area. Get ready to improve your skills and achieve your biggest goals. The Youth Work & Leadership course has everything you need to get a great start in this sector. Improving and moving forward is key to getting ahead personally. The Youth Work & Leadership course is designed to teach you the important stuff quickly and well, helping you to get off to a great start in the field. So, what are you looking for? Enrol now! You Will Learn Following Things: Learn strategies to boost your workplace efficiency. Hone your skills to help you advance your career. Acquire a comprehensive understanding of various topics and tips. Learn in-demand skills that are in high demand among UK employers This course covers the topics you must know to stand against the tough competition. The future is truly yours to seize with this Youth Work & Leadership. Enrol today and complete the course to achieve a certificate that can change your career forever. Details Perks of Learning with IOMH One-to-one support from a dedicated tutor throughout your course. Study online - whenever and wherever you want. Instant Digital/ PDF certificate 100% money back guarantee 12 months access This course covers everything you must know to stand against the tough competition. The future is truly yours to seize with this Youth Work & Leadership. Enrol today and complete the course to achieve a certificate that can change your career forever. Process of Evaluation After studying the course, your skills and knowledge will be tested with an MCQ exam or assignment. You have to get a score of 60% to pass the test and get your certificate. Certificate of Achievement After completing the Youth Work & Leadership course, you will receive your CPD-accredited Digital/PDF Certificate for £5.99. To get the hardcopy certificate for £12.99, you must also pay the shipping charge of just £3.99 (UK) and £10.99 (International). Who Is This Course for? This Youth Work & Leadership is suitable for anyone aspiring to start a career in relevant field; even if you are new to this and have no prior knowledge, this course is going to be very easy for you to understand.  On the other hand, if you are already working in this sector, this course will be a great source of knowledge for you to improve your existing skills and take them to the next level.  This course has been developed with maximum flexibility and accessibility, making it ideal for people who don't have the time to devote to traditional education. Requirements There is no prerequisite to enrol in this course. You don't need any educational qualification or experience to enrol in the Youth Work & Leadership course. Do note: you must be at least 16 years old to enrol. Any internet-connected device, such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone, can access this online course. Career Path The certification and skills you get from this Youth Work & Leadership Course can help you advance your career and gain expertise in several fields, allowing you to apply for high-paying jobs in related sectors. Course Curriculum Youth Work & Leadership Module 01: Introduction to Youth Work 00:13:00 Module 02: Who Are the Youth Workers? 00:11:00 Module 03: Youth Worker Role and Methods 00:20:00 Module 04: Legal Responsibilities 00:17:00 Module 05: Youth Work as a Career (Social Work) 00:22:00 Module 06: Social Influences 00:21:00 Module 07: Youth Work in Mental Health 00:28:00 Module 08: Social Work and Criminal Justice 00:20:00

Level 6 QLS Endorsed Course with FREE Certificate | CPD & CiQ Accredited | 150 CPD Points | Lifetime Access

Motorsport is as much a business as it is a sport. Our new Master’s Degree programme will provide students with a broad range of modules which examine the national and international aspects of the industry from a commercial perspective. Study an individual module from the MA Business of Motorsport for Continuing Professional Development (CPD).

A comprehensive course that starts with the basics and gradually moves toward advanced concepts. This course will help you increase the usability of your web forms, which will improve user experience and get website visitors interested in completing and converting your forms. Learn the process of delivering a perfect, interactive, and functional form.