LTE Airside training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE airside. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the air interface protocol stack, cell acquisition, transmission and reception of data and of he layer 1 procedures along with layer 2 procedures. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE Airside training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE Airside training course contents Introduction and review of LTE This section describes the requirements of LTE and key technical features, and reviews the system architecture. LTE Architecture, UE, E-UTRAN and EPC. Specifications. OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO antennas This section describes the techniques used in the LTE air interface, notably orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas. Communication techniques for fading multipath channels. OFDMA, FFT processing and cyclic prefix insertion. SC-FDMA in the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna techniques including transmit & receive diversity and spatial multiplexing. Introduction to the air interface This section covers the operation of the air interface, the channels that it uses, and the mapping to the time and frequency domains of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and physical signals. LTE spectrum allocation. Cell acquisition This is the first of three sections covering the air interface physical layer. Here, we cover mobile procedures to start low-level communications with the cell, and base station transmission of the corresponding information. Primary/secondary synchronisation signals. Downlink reference signals. The master information block. Physical control format indicator channel. Organisation and transmission of the system information. Data transmission and reception In this section, we cover procedures used for data transmission and reception on the shared channels, and describe in detail the individual steps. Data transmission and reception on the uplink and downlink. Scheduling commands and grants on the PDCCH. DL-SCH and UL-SCH. Physical channel processing of the PDSCH and PUSCH. Hybrid ARQ indicators on the PHICH. Uplink control information on the PUCCH. Uplink demodulation and sounding reference signals. Additional physical layer procedure This section concludes our discussion of the air interface physical layer, by discussing a number of procedures that support its operation. Transmission of the physical random access channel. Contention and non-contention based random access procedures. Discontinuous transmission in idle and connected modes. Uplink power control and timing advance. Air interface layer 2 This section describes the architecture and operation of layer 2 of the air interface protocol stack. MAC protocol, interactions with the physical layer, use for scheduling. RLC protocol, transparent, unacknowledged and acknowledged modes. PDCP, including header compression, security functions and recovery from handover.
Arbitration and Dispute Resolution Why Attend Effective dispute resolution helps minimize the costs and adverse effects to relationships that often arise from commercial disputes. If informal negotiation fails to resolve a dispute, mediation or arbitration can often be the next best option in order to avoid litigation in court. This course will give participants an insight into dispute resolution from the perspective of a lawyer. Participants will gain an in-depth understanding of the main differences between the various dispute resolution techniques with a particular focus on arbitration, in order to reduce the likelihood of disputes leading to court cases. Course Methodology In this interactive training course participants will frequently work in pairs as well as in larger groups to complete exercises as well as regional and international case studies. Course Objectives By the end of the course, participants will be able to: Identify the right course of action to resolve a legal dispute Reduce the possibility of disputes leading to legal action Apply national and international legal requirements for dispute resolution Employ arbitration knowledge to negotiate terms Use case law to achieve a favorable outcome for their organization Target Audience This course is suitable for professionals within all industries who are involved in contract management and resolving disputes including, but not limited to, project managers, contract managers, procurement managers, supply chain managers, contractors, architects, developers and engineers. This course would also highly benefit in-house council and legal advisors new to the region who require the fundamentals of dispute resolution in the GCC. Target Competencies Litigation Arbitration Mediation Negotiation GCC Dispute Resolution Frameworks Note The Dubai Government Legal Affairs Department has introduced a Continuing Legal Professional Development (CLPD) programme to legal consultants authorised to practise through a licensed firm in the Emirate of Dubai. We are proud to announce that the Dubai Government Legal Affairs Department has accredited EMG Associates as a CLPD provider. In addition, all our legal programmes have been approved. This PLUS Specialty Training Legal course qualifies for 4 elective CLPD points. Fundamentals of dispute resolution Overview of the dispute resolution process Adjudicative process Consensual process Introduction to the English High Court litigation processes Why do international businesses take their dispute to the English High Court? English civil courts Legal practitioners who are involved in resolving disputes Importance of jurisdiction clause How do you decide? Exclusive or non-exclusive? Differences between the Civil law system and the Common law system Principles of the common law system Principles of the civil law system The importance of these systems in dispute resolution Importance of Alternative Dispute Resolution ( ADR) Types of ADR Arbitration Mediations Conciliation Negotiation Arbitration - the best form of ADR The object of Arbitration The role of an Arbitrator Advantages and disadvantages of Arbitration Requirement of an Arbitration agreement The importance of the New York convention The role of UNCITRAL in dispute resolution Preparing for an arbitration hearing Types of Arbitration Institutional arbitration v Ad hoc arbitration Advantages and disadvantages of Institutional arbitration Advantages and disadvantages of Ad hoc arbitration Drafting international Arbitration agreement Checklist for drafting an Arbitration agreement Practical consideration with 'Seat' of Arbitration Model Arbitration clauses ICC LCIA Arbitral awards Enforcement of an Arbitral awards Grounds for challenging Arbitral awards Recent international case law Arbitration terms and terminology Other ADR methods: Advantages and disadvantages of each method: Mediation Conciliation Negotiation Ambiguity in an Arbitration clause What to avoid Importance of the language used in an Arbitration clause Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) Examining the rules of DIAC
Introduction to Design Thinking Innovation is the cornerstone of highly successful companies, especially those that continue to be successful over the years and decades. Design thinking practices fuel this continual innovation, as they are the critical links from inspiration to delivery, concept to showroom floor, and start-up to global business. Design thinking is a structured approach to promoting innovation and creative problem-solving. It is not a new approach. It has been around for centuries, as the art, architecture, and inventions of mankind illustrate. By examining the steps to achieving great design and maximum utility of product, design thinking approaches provide a framework in which to develop new solutions to problems and new products to sell. This highly interactive course is designed to help participants think like designers to generate innovation, and to help teams to produce more innovation and creativity. Since design thinking is based on doing rather than thinking, we participants are challenged to apply the techniques, in the classroom, to create new ideas and solutions to a case study project. What you will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Explain the underlying principles and value of using Design Thinking for innovation Describe the basic concepts of the Stanford Model for Design Thinking Evaluate a set of basic Design Thinking techniques for application to your projects Apply tools, techniques, and skills aligned with the 5 stages of the Stanford Model Drive innovation through Design Thinking at some level in your work environment Foundation Concepts Problems and solutions The Design Thinking difference Design Thinking skills and abilities Design Thinking mindset Design Thinking frameworks Stages of Design Thinking Problems and solutions The Design Thinking difference Design Thinking skills and abilities Design Thinking mindset Design Thinking frameworks General Practices Team formation Visualization Improvisation Personalization Empathize Practices Overview of Empathize techniques Observation Engagement Interviews Define Practices Overview of Define practices Unpacking techniques Defining the customer techniques Integrating the Define experience Ideate Practices Overview of Ideate practices Reusable techniques for the Ideate stage New Ideate techniques to explore Prototype & Test Practices Overview of Prototype practices Examples of prototypes Overview of Testing practices Forms of testing techniques Adopt and Adapt Design Thinking Overview of Design Thinking implementation Design Thinking implementation challenges Success in implementing Design Thinking Summary and Next Steps Workshop summary Next steps: Personal Action Plans
About this Training Course Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has provided intercontinental mobility to natural gas, which now provides about 25% of the global primary energy. Being the cleanest fossil fuel, natural gas/LNG consumption is forecasted to grow in all future scenarios. With the entry of various players, including Trading companies, the LNG value chain is becoming increasingly complex, and a solid understanding of its economics and management of its interfaces have become crucial to identify and assess investment opportunities and risks. Recent market disturbances caused by COVID-19, Oil & Gas price instabilities - coupled with the political (Ukraine/Russia) challenges - make a deep understanding of LNG Value Chain Logistics and Economics even more essential to ensure the security of energy supplies sustainably and profitably. This intermediate level 3 full-day course starts with a concise introduction to the LNG business. Thereafter, the elements of the LNG value chain are described, and their individual economics analysed. A Business Activity Model along the value chain will be developed and discussed in depth, covering the following key processes: 'Buy Gas - Transport Gas - Liquefy Gas - Sell LNG/Products - Ship LNG - Regasify LNG' The integrated chain economics will then be developed and quantified. A hands-on group workshop/exercise developing the economic case of a full-sized Liquefaction project will be carried out, considering the forecasted cash flows throughout the project life, the location of the plant, its markets, project sensitivities and profitability assessment. Participants will be provided with Excel based tools/models (LNG Liquefaction project development Net Present Value (NPV) analyses, Shipping Freight Calculations and Economics) to work through the exercises and also for their future personal use. Training Objectives After the completion of this course, participants will be able to: Understand how the LNG Value Chain operates, bound by the relevant Contracts and Agreements. Learn the basic economic parameters (operating, capital costs, financing, profitability) of each major element of the value chain. Appreciate the complexity of the value chain, and the associated opportunities and risks. Develop quantitative project evaluation skills. Explore options to maximise profitability in a given LNG value chain. Discuss best practices on how to manage, steer and govern these activities. Target Audience Technical, Operational, Shipping, Commercial, Project and Governance professionals who are already active in a specific section of the LNG Value Chain will directly benefit in developing a wider and deeper perspective on how the LNG Value Chain operations and can be optimised. Managers (Technical, Financial, Legal and Governance) less familiar with the specifics of the LNG Industry will also benefit from attending this VILT course, as they will obtain the required background to be able to set sharper targets, suitable performance indicators, and governance and performance assessment guidelines for units engaged in the chain. The course is most relevant for professionals engaged in the LNG industry at: National and International Oil & Gas/Energy Companies LNG Importers/Exporters/Traders/Shippers Government & Regulatory Agencies Finance Institutions It will also apply to the following audience: Business Development Managers Corporate Planning Professionals Project Developers Supply Planners & Scheduling Professionals Regulators Tax & Finance Advisors Compliance Officers Equity Analyst and Bankers Joint Venture Representatives, Board Directors Negotiators and Contracting Staff Trading Professionals Course Level Intermediate Trainer Your expert course leader is an Oil & Gas/LNG professional with more than 35 years of international experience, majority of which was gained at Shell International Joint Ventures engaged in Oil Refining, Supply / Trading, Gas Supply and LNG Businesses in the Netherlands, France, Thailand, Dominican Republic and Nigeria. Since 2004, he has had several roles in the management of the LNG Value Chain including the Commercial Operational Management of Nigeria LNG (NLNG). He played an active role in the start-up and integration of LNG trains 4, 5 and 6 with NLNG becoming the 3rd largest LNG producer in the world in 2007. Commercial operations spanned 4 Gas Supply, 11 LNG Sales & Purchase Agreements, ad-hoc LPG and Condensate Sales and LNG Ship Chartering contracts. Under his supervision, more than 2,000 LNG cargoes were exported. He was part of the organizational transformation of the company from a Project-based set-up to a Production / Commercial based structure and implemented an 'Integrated Planning and Scheduling Department' in which he optimized the value chain (Buy-Gas - Liquify Gas to LNG - Sell - Ship LNG). Staff competence management was one of his focus areas during this period. He was also the NLNG representative on JV Technical, Commercial, Shipping Committees where he interfaced with Government & Regulatory authorities. In 2014, he was appointed as Shell Shareholder representative to NLNG and became a Non-Executive Board member to NLNG companies, including Bonny Gas Transport (BGT) managing 24 LNG Ships. During this period, he was involved in the Economic and Technical steering of the Shipping Fleet and Liquefaction Plant Rejuvenation projects and a further capacity expansion of liquefaction plant which resulted in the achievement of NLNG train 7 project FID in 2019. Since 2016, he has been active as an independent consultant. He co-authored 2 patents and more than 30 published papers/presentations. He holds a PhD from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and a MSc and BSc in Chemical Engineering from the University of Birmingham, UK. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations
Introduction to Design Thinking: In-House Training Innovation is the cornerstone of highly successful companies, especially those that continue to be successful over the years and decades. Design thinking practices fuel this continual innovation, as they are the critical links from inspiration to delivery, concept to showroom floor, and start-up to global business. Design thinking is a structured approach to promoting innovation and creative problem-solving. It is not a new approach. It has been around for centuries, as the art, architecture, and inventions of mankind illustrate. By examining the steps to achieving great design and maximum utility of product, design thinking approaches provide a framework in which to develop new solutions to problems and new products to sell. This highly interactive course is designed to help participants think like designers to generate innovation, and to help teams to produce more innovation and creativity. Since design thinking is based on doing rather than thinking, we participants are challenged to apply the techniques, in the classroom, to create new ideas and solutions to a case study project. What you will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Explain the underlying principles and value of using Design Thinking for innovation Describe the basic concepts of the Stanford Model for Design Thinking Evaluate a set of basic Design Thinking techniques for application to your projects Apply tools, techniques, and skills aligned with the 5 stages of the Stanford Model Drive innovation through Design Thinking at some level in your work environment Foundation Concepts Problems and solutions The Design Thinking difference Design Thinking skills and abilities Design Thinking mindset Design Thinking frameworks Stages of Design Thinking Problems and solutions The Design Thinking difference Design Thinking skills and abilities Design Thinking mindset Design Thinking frameworks General Practices Team formation Visualization Improvisation Personalization Empathize Practices Overview of Empathize techniques Observation Engagement Interviews Define Practices Overview of Define practices Unpacking techniques Defining the customer techniques Integrating the Define experience Ideate Practices Overview of Ideate practices Reusable techniques for the Ideate stage New Ideate techniques to explore Prototype & Test Practices Overview of Prototype practices Examples of prototypes Overview of Testing practices Forms of testing techniques Adopt and Adapt Design Thinking Overview of Design Thinking implementation Design Thinking implementation challenges Success in implementing Design Thinking Summary and Next Steps Workshop summary Next steps: Personal Action Plans
Administering Microsoft SQL Server course description This course provides students with the knowledge and skills to maintain a Microsoft SQL Server database. The course focuses on how to use SQL Server 2016 product features and tools related to maintaining a database. Note: This course is designed for customers who are interested in learning SQL Server 2014 or SQL Server 2016. It covers the new features in SQL Server 2016, but also the important capabilities across the SQL Server data platform. What will you learn Describe core database administration tasks and tools. Configure SQL Server databases and storage. Import and export data. Monitor SQL Server. Trace SQL Server activity. Manage SQL Server security. Audit data access and encrypt data. Administering Microsoft SQL Server course details Who will benefit: Individuals who work with SQL Server databases. Individuals who develop applications that deliver content from SQL Server databases. Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications & networking. Duration 3 days Administering Microsoft SQL Server course contents Introduction to SQL Server administration Database administration, SQL Server platform, database management tools and techniques. Hands on SQL Server Management Studio, sqlcmd Windows PowerShell with SQL Server. Working with databases and storage Data storage with SQL Server, managing storage for system databases, managing storage for user databases, moving database files, configuring the buffer pool extension. Hands on Configuring tempdb storage, creating databases, attaching a database. Importing and exporting data Transferring data, importing and exporting table data, copying or moving a database. Hands on import and export wizard, bcp utility, BULK INSERT statement, OPENROWSET function. Monitoring SQL Server 2014 Monitoring SQL Server, dynamic management views and functions, performance monitor. Hands on Baseline metrics, monitoring a workload. Tracing SQL Server activity Tracing workload activity, using traces. Hands on Capturing a trace in SQL Server profiler, generating tuning recommendations. Managing SQL Server security SQL Server security, server-level security, database-level principals, database permissions. Hands on SQL Server security. Testing access.
ASP.Net training course description Our hands on ASP.NET training course that will teach students how to create a simple ASP.NET application that delivers dynamic content to the web. The course is applicable for those using C# or VB.NET with ASP.NET. What will you learn Create a web form with server controls Separate page code from content with code-behind pages, page controls, and components. Display dynamic data from a data source by using ADO.NET and data binding. Debug ASP.NET pages by using trace. ASP.Net training course details Who will benefit: Programmers working with ASP.NET. Prerequisites: HTML5 development fundamentals VBNet_course.htm or C++ programming foundation Duration 3 days ASP.Net training course contents Working with ASP.NET Introducing ASP.NET. Creating web forms. Adding ASP.NET code to a page. Handling page events. Using Web Controls Web controls and HTML controls compared. Using intrinsic controls. Using input validation controls. Introduction to user controls. Using trace in ASP.NET pages Overview of tracing. Trace information. Page-level trace and application-level trace. Separating code from content Advantages of partitioning an ASP.NET page. Creating and using code-behind pages. Creating and using components and classes. Inheritance of classes. Interfaces. Using ADO .NET to access data Accessing text files. Overview of ADO .NET Connecting to a data source. Accessing data with DateSets. Using DataViews. Accessing data with DataReaders. Using XML data with a DataSet. Creating an ASP.NET Web Application Requirements of a web application. Sharing information between pages. Securing an ASP.NET application. Web services. Creating a simple web service using Visual Studio.NET Calling a web service using Visual Studio.NET
MPLS training course description A hands-on introduction to MPLS covering the basics of what MPLS is and how to configure it, through to more advanced concepts such as MPLS VPNs and traffic engineering with MPLS. What will you learn Describe MPLS Explain how MPLS works Describe the interaction between OSPF/IS-IS/BGP and MPLS Describe MPLS traffic engineering MPLS training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with MPLS. Prerequisites: IP Routing BGP Duration 3 days MPLS training course contents What is MPLS? What does MPLS stand for? What is MPLS? Core MPLS, MPLS and the 7 layer model, MPLS is a protocol, MPLS is a standard, MPLS runs on routers, MPLS history, Why MPLS? For service providers, For enterprises. MPLS Architecture Label Switch Routers, two types of LSR, PE and P router roles, FEC, swapping labels, MPLS packet format, Loops, TTL control. Hands on: Building the base network. Enabling MPLS. Simple testing and troubleshooting of MPLS. Label distribution Label review, label switch path, label distribution methods, piggybacking, Label distribution Protocols, LDP, LDP operation, LDP packets, discovery messages, session messages, advertisement messages, notification message, Label Information Base, routing tables, the LFIB, MPLS forwarding, penultimate hop popping, handling labels, LSP control modes, when to distribute labels, how long to keep labels, aggregation, label merging. Hands on: LDP traffic analysis. MPLS TE and QoS What is MPLS TE? Why TE? TE versus shorted path, how MPLS TE works, CR-LDP, OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE, TE with BGP, RSVP-TE, MPLS Fast reroute, MPLS QoS. Hands on: Enabling MPLS-TE. BFD BFD, hello the BFD protocol. MPLS VPN What is a VPN? MPLS VPN types, MPLS VPN comparison, MPLS L3 VPN, VRFs, MBGP, MPLS VPN architecture, VRF RD, VRF RT, the label stack, L2 VPNs, VPWS, AToM, VPLS. Hands on: MPLS L3 VPN setup, troubleshooting.
Concise Cisco routers course description A fast paced practical hands on introduction to Cisco routers concentrating on basic product knowledge needed for the real world. Starts with the basics of routing through configuring static routes, RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP ending with access lists. Hands on sessions follow all the major chapters with a major practical at the end to reinforce all that was learnt in the course. What will you learn Use the Cisco setup script. Use the Cisco command line. Perform basic troubleshooting. Configure - Interfaces - RIP, IGRP - OSPF, EIGRP Concise Cisco routers course details Who will benefit: Anyone who will be working with Cisco routers. In particular: Network Administrators, Field engineers, Network support personnel Prerequisites: None, although a knowledge of the TCP/IP protocols would be advantageous. Duration 3 days Concise Cisco routers course content Basics of routing What are routers? Network protocols, Routing protocols. The Cisco routers Router models, The IOS, DRAM, SRAM, NVRAM, Flash, ROM and boot flash. Getting started Accessing the router, installing a Cisco, using the setup script. The command line interface User and privilege modes, online help show, debug, basic troubleshooting Configuring Ciscos The configuration editor, Global, major and sub commands, enable, secret and other passwords, telnet. Miscellaneous exercises Buffered logging, web access, CDP⦠Subnetting IP addressing rules. The need for subnetting, subnet masks, Calculating network numbers. Configuring Interfaces Basics, Ethernet, Serial lines, PPP, DCE, loopback interfaces. Static routes Why use static routes? Configuring static routes, default routes. Configuring RIP and IGRP How they work, configuration, troubleshooting. OSPF Configuration and troubleshooting. EIGRP Configuration and troubleshooting. Housekeeping Configuration management, offline editing and TFTP usage. Cisco boot sequence, IOS upgrades. Bypassing Cisco passwords. Access lists What are access lists? General rules, basic and extended IP access lists. Putting it all together A series of exercises based around, installs, adds, moves, changes, upgrades and troubleshootin
Definitive Segment Routing course description This Segment Routing (SR) training course is a comprehensive program designed to equip network professionals with the knowledge and skills needed to implement and manage SR in modern networking environments. Segment Routing is a cutting-edge network architecture that enhances network flexibility, scalability, and efficiency. This course offers in-depth coverage of SR principles, protocols, and practical implementation techniques. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. What will you learn Explain packet paths when implementing SLB. Explain how Segment Routing works. Explain the relationship between SR and MPLS. Use SR for Traffic Engineering. Troubleshoot Segment Routing. Implement TI-LFA using Segment Routing Definitive Segment Routing course details Who will benefit: This course is ideal for network engineers, architects, and administrators who want to stay up-to-date with the latest networking technologies and enhance their expertise in Segment Routing. Prerequisites: Concise MPLS for engineers Duration 3 days Definitive Segment Routing course contents Introduction to Segment Routing (SR) What is SR? Source based routing, SPRING, history, segments, why SR? SR benefits.SR usage: Traffic Engineering, Shortest path, local protection. Relationship between SR and MPLS, SRv6. Hands on Investigating the base network. Segment Routing architecture SR domains, SR paths, SR segments. Segment types. Segment IDs, combining segments, IGP extensions, control plane components. Hands on Configuring SR, exploring how SR works, Segment Routing protocols SR-MPLS. MPLS label stack operations. Segment Routing Global Block (SRGB). SRLB. IS-IS and OSPF extensions for SR. Prefix segments, adjacency segments. SRGB/IGP interactions. Multidomain SR policies. SPF, Strict SPF. Hands on Analysing IGP SR extension operation. Investigating the SRGB. Segment Routing Traffic Engineering RSVP-TE versus SR-TE. SR policies. Anycast and binding SIDs. SR flexible algorithm flex-algo, Performance measurement delay. Hands on Optimising network paths for various applications. SR integration with 'older' technologies MPLS and LDP integration with SR. Hands on Integration. Topology Independent Loop Free Alternative Classic LFA and IP/MPLS protection mechanisms. TI-LFA protection options. Hands on TI-LFA operation with SR and LDP traffic. Scenarios SDN. Managing SR with SR controllers. Analyse, optimise, automate. Network slicing. BGP peering segments Path Computation Elements, BGP Link State. BGP prefix segments, BGP peer segments. Egress peer engineering. SR enabled VPNs. Hands onBGP segment routing. Troubleshooting Segment Routing IP toolkit: ping and traceroute. MPLS toolkit: MPLS ping, MPLS echo request/reply, MPLS ping, MPLS traceroute and path discovery. Router show commands. Hands on Used throughout the course during exercises. SRv6 Note this is an optional extra day. See our one day SRv6 course for details. IPv6 headers review, routing headers, IPv6 segment, SRv6 segment Identifiers. IPv6 Segment Routing Header. SRH procedures. Hands on Configuring SRv6, Analysing SRv6 operation.