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Pcsk9 Education And Research Forum

pcsk9 education and research forum

Alcester

Reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is the priority in managing patients with severe dyslipidaemia (cholesterol abnormality) and at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) death and disability. Yet even when treated with potent statins, many patients fail to achieve LDL-cholesterol targets and therefore their risk of accelerated atherosclerosis and CV death remains high. This problem is particularly critical in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) (the most commonly occurring genetic condition in the world). People with FH typically have very high LDL cholesterol levels on treatment, and consequently, are at very high risk of premature and sudden CV death, myocardial infarction and stroke. Additionally, some patients are unable to tolerate statins – particularly at higher doses – and, therefore, do not achieve LDL-cholesterol goals. What is the importance of PCSK9? Discovered in 2003,1 PCSK9 is a protein made by the liver which increases the removal of LDL receptors from the surface of liver cells. These LDL receptors are critically important in removal of serum LDL-cholesterol from the circulation. People with so-called ‘gain of function’ PCSK9 mutations over-express PCSK9, and therefore have very high plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and are at very risk of atherosclerosis and CV mortality and morbidity.2 In contrast, people with so-called ‘loss of function’ PCSK9 mutations, have very LDL cholesterol levels and reduced risk for heart disease.3 What is PCSK9 inhibition? Different approaches to lowering PCSK9 are now licensed. These include fully human monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab, evolocumab) and a small-interfering RNA therapy (inclisiran). Trials show that these PCSK9 inhibitors reduce LDL cholesterol levels by about 50-60 percent - a significantly greater effect than that achieved with currently available therapies – either when given alone or in combination. These LDL cholesterol lowering effects have been consistently across a broad group of patients, including those with familial hypercholesterolaemia in clinical trials.4 Which clinical settings will benefit from the availability of PCSK9 inhibitors? These treatments offer the potential to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients whose clinical needs cannot be satisfied by current therapy. These include: Patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia – an inherited disorder of lipid metabolism with a very high risk of early CV death or morbidity, if not diagnosed or treated early Patients who cannot tolerate statins, who therefore remain at high risk of CV events such as heart attacks and strokes Patients with established heart disease who have not achieved LDL-cholesterol goals despite current therapies

The Software Sustainability Institute

the software sustainability institute

About the Software Sustainability Institute Better software better research The Software Sustainability Institute motto. Cultivating research software to support world-class research Software is fundamental to research: 7 out of 10 researchers report their work would be impossible without it. From short, thrown-together temporary scripts to solving a specific problem, through an abundance of complex spreadsheets analysing collected data, to the hundreds of software engineers and millions of lines of code behind international efforts such as the Large Hadron Collider and the Square Kilometre Array, there are few areas of research where software does not have a fundamental role. Since 2010, the Software Sustainability Institute has facilitated the advancement of software in research by cultivating better, more sustainable, research software to enable world-class research (“Better software, better research”). In 2018, we were awarded funding from all seven research councils. Our mission is to become the world-leading hub for research software practice. The Institute is based at the Universities of Edinburgh, Manchester, Oxford and Southampton, and draws on a team of experts with a breadth of experience in software development, training, project and programme management, research facilitation, publicity and community engagement. The importance of sustainability Sustainability means that the software you use today will be available - and continue to be improved and supported - in the future. Expert knowledge Securing a future for research software requires more than just quality code, which is why, over the years, we have striven to help researchers build and use better software through better practices, and advocate for culture change within their communities and institutions. Building on our experience and expert understanding of the state of research software in the UK, our work focuses around four objectives: nurturing the growth of communities of practice to foster the sharing of expertise across the entire research community, conducting research to provide insight into the use of software in research, continuing enabling widespread adoption of research software practices, and offering training and guidance to help build a capable researcher community and increase the recognition of software in research.