Management of Risk (M_o_R®) Foundation: In-House Training This M_o_R® Foundation course prepares learners to demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of the four elements of the M_o_R framework: Principles, Approach, Processes, Embedding and Reviewing and how these elements support corporate governance. The M_o_R Foundation Course is also a prerequisite for the M_o_R Practitioner qualification. What you will Learn At the end of the M_o_R Foundation course, participants will gain competencies in and be able to: Describe the key characteristics of risk and the benefits of risk management List the eight M_o_R Principles List and describe the use of the key M_o_R Approach documents Create Probability and Impact scales Define and distinguish between risks and issues Create a Risk Register Create a Stakeholder map Identify the key roles in risk management Use the key techniques and describe specialisms in risk management Undertake the M_o_R Foundation examination Introduction Introduction to the M_o_R course What is a risk? What is risk management? Why is risk management so important? Basic risk definitions The development of knowledge about risk management Corporate governance and internal control Where and when should risk management be applied? M_o_R Principles The purpose of M_o_R principles Aligns with objectives Fits the context Engages stakeholders Provides clear guidance Informs decision-making Facilitates continual improvement Creates a supportive culture Achieves measurable value Risk management maturity models M_o_R Approach Relationship between the documents Risk management policy Risk management process guide Risk management strategy Risk register Issue register Risk response plan Risk improvement plan Risk communications plan M_o_R Process Common process barriers Identify contexts Identify the risks Assess estimate Assess evaluate Plan Implement Communication throughout the process M_o_R Perspectives Strategic perspective Program perspective Project perspective Operational perspective Risk Specialisms Business continuity management Incident and crisis management Health and Safety management Financial risk management Environmental risk management Reputational risk management Contract risk management
About this training Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an upcoming new technology that has a vital place within global efforts to decarbonise. It has a unique set of challenges, opportunities and risks to be understood and accommodated within appropriate legal, regulatory, and social and public license frameworks. The course has a strong international and global south emphasis with case studies on CCS projects and will touch on the role of CCS in developing country energy transition. The course satisfies a part of the market that is not currently catered for - the wider science, risks, financing, regulation, planning and social license aspects of CCS. These are issues that are as important as the technical issues in the sense that any of them can be a show-stopper for CCS. Training Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: Place CCS within the context of the global geological carbon cycle and the contribution to could make to carbon abatement Explore the basic engineering and other challenges and solutions of CO2 transport and capture Recognize the geological challenges and solutions of CO2 storage Learn the methods of geological and environmental monitoring of CCS sites and why monitoring is important Understand the policy and finance challenges and solutions of CCS projects Know the importance of social license to operate and how to gain a social license to operate Target Audience This course will cater for in-company legal specialists, finance, project managers, marketing and communications specialists; as well as geologists, planners and environmental scientists in regulatory or government roles in regions considering the development of CCS. The course will provide up to date and relevant information to help in understanding opportunities and in managing risk. Geoscientists Government energy regulators and policy makers Financiers and investors Government natural resource and planning department Environmental scientists Finance professionals Marketing and communication professionals Legal specialists Project managers Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your expert course leader is one of the most influential figures in British geoscience. He has 25 years' experience in geological, energy, and palaeontological science and research, including 8 years national level science leadership as the UK's chief geologist (Executive Chief Scientist and Director of Science and Technology of the British Geological Survey). He has been providing geoscience advice to Government for almost 15 years and has an excellent overview of Government policy, industrial activity and funding landscape in applied and energy geoscience, including CCUS and shale gas. He is a well-known communicator of science and has published three single-author popular science books (one award-winning), including the best introductory book on CCS 'Returning Carbon to Nature' Elsevier 2013. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations
Better Business Cases™ Practitioner: In-House Training: In-House Training Better Business Cases™ is based on the Five Case Model - which is the UK government's best practice approach to structuring spending proposals and making effective business decisions. Using this best-practice approach will allow organizations to reduce unnecessary spending and improve the decision-making process which gives you a greater chance of securing necessary funding and support for initiatives. The goal of the practitioner course is to develop a candidate's ability to deliver a comprehensive business case, through encouraging expanded knowledge to guide the practical application of theoretical foundations. Upon the completion of this Practitioner course, a candidate will be able to start applying the model to a real business case development project. What You Will Learn At the end of this program, you will be able to: Develop the lifecycle of a business case and to establish the relationships between the five cases Apply the steps in the business case development framework, in order to support the production of a business case, using the Five Case Model, for a given scenario Overview of Better Business Cases Alignment with the strategic planning process Importance of the Business Case using the Five Case Model Overview of the Five Case Model Purpose of the key stages in the development of a spending proposal Purpose of a Business Justification Case Business Case Development Process Purpose of project / programme assurance and assurance reviews Responsibility for producing the Business Case Determining the Strategic Context and Undertaking the Strategic Assessment Scoping the Scheme and Preparing the Strategic Outline Case Planning the Scheme and Preparing the Outline Business Case Procuring the Solution and Preparing the Full Business Case Implementation and monitoring Evaluation and feedback Making the Case for Change Agree on the strategic context Determine spending objectives, existing arrangements, and business needs Determine potential business scope and key service requirements Determine benefits, risks, constraint, and dependencies Exploring the Preferred Way Forward Agree on critical success factors Determine long list options and SWOT analysis Recommend a preferred way forward Determining Potential Value for Money Revisit the short list Prepare the economic appraisal for short-listed options Undertake benefits appraisal Undertake risk appraisal Select preferred option and undertake sensitivity analysis Preparing for the Potential Deal Determine the procurement strategy Determine service streams and required outputs Outline potential risk apportionment Outline potential payment mechanisms Ascertain contractual issues and accountancy treatment Ascertaining Affordability and Funding Requirement Prepare the financial model Prepare the financial appraisals Planning for Successful Delivery Plan programme / project management Plan change and contract management Plan benefits realization Plan risk management Plan programme / project assurance and post project evaluation Procuring the Value for Money Solution Revisit the case for change Revisit the OBC options Detail procurement process and evaluation of best and final offers (BAFOs) Contracting for the Deal Set out the negotiated deal and contractual arrangements Set out the financial implications of the deal Ensuring Successful Delivery Finalize project management arrangements and plans Finalize change management arrangements and plans Finalize benefits realization arrangements and plans Finalize risk management arrangements and plans Finalize contract management arrangements and plans Finalize post-project evaluation arrangements and plans
Managing Benefits™ Practitioner: In-House Training Managing Benefits™ provides generally applicable guidance encompassing benefits management principles, practices, and techniques. The purpose of the Practitioner-level qualification is to confirm whether you have achieved sufficient understanding of how to apply and tailor the Managing Benefits guidance and, specifically, the principles, practices, techniques, roles, and documentation in a scenario situation. A Practitioner candidate should, with suitable support, be able to plan, implement, sustain, and measure benefits management while adapting to different organizational environments. You should also be able to: Identify activities that should be undertaken during each of the practices of the Benefits Management Cycle, together with the accountabilities and responsibilities of each of the defined roles Evaluate examples of benefits management information (documents) Analyse the solutions adopted in relation to a given scenario This course will prepare you to take and pass the Practitioner exam, which is held on the afternoon of the second day. Using APMG-provided sample exam papers and additional project case studies, you will learn how to apply what you've learned during the Foundation course and how to approach the scenario-based Practitioner exam, which is aimed at testing your ability to apply Managing Benefits in an actual project environment (via simulated case study). What You Will Learn You'll learn how to: Plan for the implementation of benefits management Select appropriate strategies to sustain and measure progress Select and adapt principles, practices, and techniques to suit different organizational environments Identify activities that should be undertaken during each of the practices of the Benefits Management Cycle together with the accountabilities and responsibilities of each of the defined roles Evaluate examples of benefits management information (documents) Analyse the solutions adopted in relation to a given scenario Improve your ability to pass the APMG Managing Benefits Practitioner Certification exam Introductions Course structure Course goals and objectives Overview and Principles Review Managing Benefits Practices Managing Benefits Practitioner Exam Preparation Practitioner Exam Briefing Review of and practice with APMG sample questions and test papers Sample project case study scenarios to apply the concepts in practice and deepen the learning Sample Practitioner Exam Debrief Results from Sample Practitioner Exam APMG Managing Benefits Practitioner Exam
Managing Benefits™ Practitioner Managing Benefits™ provides generally applicable guidance encompassing benefits management principles, practices, and techniques. The purpose of the Practitioner-level qualification is to confirm whether you have achieved sufficient understanding of how to apply and tailor the Managing Benefits guidance and, specifically, the principles, practices, techniques, roles, and documentation in a scenario situation. A Practitioner candidate should, with suitable support, be able to plan, implement, sustain, and measure benefits management while adapting to different organizational environments. You should also be able to: Identify activities that should be undertaken during each of the practices of the Benefits Management Cycle, together with the accountabilities and responsibilities of each of the defined roles Evaluate examples of benefits management information (documents) Analyse the solutions adopted in relation to a given scenario This course will prepare you to take and pass the Practitioner exam, which is held on the afternoon of the second day. Using APMG-provided sample exam papers and additional project case studies, you will learn how to apply what you've learned during the Foundation course and how to approach the scenario-based Practitioner exam, which is aimed at testing your ability to apply Managing Benefits in an actual project environment (via simulated case study). What You Will Learn You'll learn how to: Plan for the implementation of benefits management Select appropriate strategies to sustain and measure progress Select and adapt principles, practices, and techniques to suit different organizational environments Identify activities that should be undertaken during each of the practices of the Benefits Management Cycle together with the accountabilities and responsibilities of each of the defined roles Evaluate examples of benefits management information (documents) Analyse the solutions adopted in relation to a given scenario Improve your ability to pass the APMG Managing Benefits Practitioner Certification exam Introductions Course structure Course goals and objectives Overview and Principles Review Managing Benefits Practices Managing Benefits Practitioner Exam Preparation Practitioner Exam Briefing Review of and practice with APMG sample questions and test papers Sample project case study scenarios to apply the concepts in practice and deepen the learning Sample Practitioner Exam Debrief Results from Sample Practitioner Exam APMG Managing Benefits Practitioner Exam
About this Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) The Advanced Reservoir Engineering VILT course will address modern practical aspects of reservoir engineering during 5 half-days packed with lectures, virtual exercises, discussions and literature reviews. The participants' understanding of fundamental concepts and modern practical reservoir engineering methods will be deepened and a wide range of topics will be addressed. Topics covered The VILT course will emphasise reservoir engineering applications and include topics such as: Rock properties of clastic and carbonate reservoirs Reservoir characterisation Reservoir fluid behaviour Identification of main production mechanisms Design and analysis of well tests Production forecasting Application of Decline Curve Analysis in mature fields Detailed modeling of wells and reservoirs Water flooding Application of EOR methods Reserves and resource estimation Reservoir simulation approaches, model construction and well, aquifer and fluid modelling Development planning Uncertainty handling and scenario methods Depending on the background and requirements of the participants, some topics may be given more emphasis. Training Objectives In this VILT course, reservoir engineering methods will be addressed which are of use in the daily reservoir engineering practice. The focus will be on practical applicability. Use is made of practical and actual reservoir engineering problems and examples to illustrate relevant subjects. By attending this VILT course, participants will have a deeper knowledge of modern reservoir engineering practices for reservoir development and production, including the construction and use of reservoir models. Target Audience The VILT course is intended for experienced reservoir engineers with prior technical or engineering exposure to production activities. Petroleum engineers and geoscientists who require more than general knowledge of reservoir engineering will also find this course useful. Participants are invited but not obliged to bring a short presentation (max of 15 minutes) on a practical problem they encountered in their work. This will then be explained and discussed in the VILT class. A short test or quiz will be held at the end the VILT course. Training Methods This VILT course will be delivered online over 5 half-days. There will be 2 blocks of two hours per day, including lectures, discussion, quizzes and short classroom exercises. Additionally, some self-study will be required. Two breaks of 10 minutes will be provided each day. Course Duration: 5 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (20 hours in total). Trainer Your course leader is an independent Reservoir Engineering Consultant. He provides project consultancy, quality assurance and reservoir engineering training for major oil companies, governments, engineering firms and other global customers. Before he retired from Shell in 2012, he held positions as Senior Reserves Consultant for the Middle East and Reservoir Engineering Discipline Lead. He is a petroleum engineering professional, with global experience, mostly in Shell companies and joint ventures (NAM, SSB, SCL, PDO, SKDBV). He has been involved in reserves and resource management, has extensive reservoir modelling and reservoir simulation expertise, and wide experience in the design and delivery of training programmes for employee development. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2012 - 2016 Independent Reservoir Engineering Consultant Project consultancy, quality assurance and reservoir engineering training for major oil companies, governments, engineering firms and other global customers. Delivering specialised and general Reservoir Engineering courses to a multitude of international companies. 2008 - 2012 Shell International E&P, the Hague, the Netherlands Senior Reserves Consultant for the Middle East Region Assurance of SEC and SPE compliance of reserves and resources in Shell Middle East region. Contributor to the 2012 SPE guidelines on reserves and resources assessment. 2006 - 2008 Shell E&P Technology Solutions, Rijswijk, the Netherlands Reservoir Engineering Discipline Lead Responsible for QA/QC of Reservoir Engineering in global E&P projects as well as for staff development. (over 60 international Reservoir Engineers) 2001 - 2005 Centre for Carbonate Studies, SQU, Oman / Shell International E&P Technology Applications and Research /Shell Representative Office Oman Petroleum Engineering Manager PE manager in the Carbonate Research centre, at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman. Industrial research projects and support to teaching on recovery aspects of carbonate reservoir development. Design and delivery of industrial courses on carbonate reservoirs 1997- 2000 Shell International E&P, Rijswijk, the Netherlands Principal Reservoir engineer. Acting Shell Group Reserves Co-ordinator in 1997-1998. Facilitation of workshops with government shareholders, including discussions on sensitive reserves issues (BSP Petroleum Unit Brunei, PDO Oman, SPDC government Nigeria). Co-ordination of the NOV subsurface team in Shell Kazakhstan Development BV in 2000. Leading role in Shell Gamechanger project on natural gas hydrates. 1992- 1996 Shell Training Centre, Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands Reservoir Engineering Programme Training Director Directed Shell Group Reservoir Engineering Training. Introduced advanced PE training events, QA/QC and learning transfer measures, Design and delivery of reservoir engineering and multidiscipline courses to Shell staff from a wide range of nationalities. 1985- 1992 Shell International, SIPM, the Hague, The Netherlands Senior Reservoir Engineer Full field reservoir simulation projects supporting Field Development Plans, operational strategies and unitisation negotiations for Shell Group Operating Companies in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Egypt. Major contributor to the Shell internal Gas Field Planning Tool development. 1984- 1985 Geological Survey of the Netherlands (RGD), Ministry of Economic Affairs Reservoir Engineering Section Head Responsible for Petroleum Engineering advice on oil and gas licences to the Ministry of Economic Affairs. First-hand experience with a government view on resource management. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations
Management of Value (MoV®) Practitioner This interactive MoV® Practitioner course provides a modular and case-study-driven approach to learning Management of Value (MoV). The core knowledge is structured and comprehensive; and well-rounded modules cover the methodology and various techniques. A case study is used to help appreciate the relevance of MoV in its practical application. What you will Learn The MoV Practitioner Course prepares you for the MoV Practitioner exam. Individuals certified at the MoV Practitioner level will be able to: Apply Management of Value (MoV) principles, processes and techniques, and advocate the benefits of this application appropriately to the senior Management. Develop a plan of MoV activities for the whole lifecycle of small and large projects and programs. Plan an MoV study, tailoring it to particular projects or programs and developing practical study or workshop handbooks as required. Understand and articulate value in relation to organizational objectives. Prioritize value drivers using function analysis and use these to demonstrate how value might be improved. Quantify monetary and non-monetary value using the Value Index, Value Metrics and the Value for Money ratio. Describe and comment on the application of various techniques relevant to MoV. Monitor improvements in value realized throughout a project lifecycle and capture learning which can be transferred to future projects. Offer suggestions and guidance about embedding MoV into an organization, including policy issues, undertake a health check, assess maturity and competence, and provide guidance on typical roles and responsibilities. Understand and articulate the use of MoV within other Best Management Practice methods and its contributions to them Benefits of Taking This Course Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to: Organise and contribute constructively to a Management of Value (MoV) Study Demonstrate a knowledge of MoV principles, processes, approach, and environment Analyse a company, programme or project to establish its organisational value includes identification and weighting of Value Drivers Pass the AXELOS Practitioner Examination Function Analysis Customer FAST Diagram Value Tree Development Weighting Attributes Paired Comparisons Developing a Value Profile Developing a Value Index Value for Money Ratio Stimulating Innovation Value Engineering Option Evaluation and Selection Evaluation Matrix Value and Value for Money Timing and Planning Teams and Stakeholders MoV in the Organization Integrating with Best Management Practice Relationship between Process and Approach
About this Training Course Well engineers who are responsible for technically evaluating and authorizing programs for drilling or working over wells must have the required skills and competencies to safely design wells of varying nature. They also need to be able to confirm that well delivery and intervention programs generate intrinsic well control assurance. Such work programs must establish, verify, monitor and maintain suitable and sufficient barriers for the entire well lifecycle - from spud to abandonment. Well engineers must also be able to select a suitable drilling or workover rig, capable of safely performing the work within its operational envelope. This 3 full-day course aims to further develop and assess the knowledge required to work on and eventually, authorize a well delivery program as deemed fit for purpose. It also addresses elements of well control that must be embedded into well design, well work programming and equipment selection. This course is intended for participants who already have a sound understanding of the principles of the design and/or delivery of wells and with more than 3 years of relevant industry experience. Training Objectives By the end of this course, participants will be able to: Feel confident to design and plan drilling and workover activities while considering geological risks, formation pressures/strengths, and any integrity or well control concerns. Monitor wells operations and ensure that they can and will remain within the accepted design envelope. Assess risks and then apply mitigation or recovery methods in cases where design envelopes are threatened. Participants should be capable of assessing a drilling or workover program and then be able to answer the following key questions: Does the program delivery have a sound design and work plan that allows the well(s) to be drilled or worked over safely? Have we determined the appropriate kick tolerance for each open hole section and is it realistic for all drilling hazards that may be encountered? Have all drilling hazards been suitably assessed, and the associated risk mitigated to a level as low as reasonably practicable? Are there adequate, verifiable barriers in place throughout the operation and does everybody know their role and responsibility? And, as applicable, is the selected rig capable of implementing the work program? Target Audience This course is intended for personnel directly or indirectly involved in the preparation, review or authorization of drilling and workover programs. This includes: Well engineers and drilling supervisors who are responsible for planning and executing drilling and workover operations. Contractor well engineers, rig managers and other senior drilling staff. Senior well engineers and rig superintendents who are responsible for managing the delivery of a project or well. Technical authority holders who are responsible for licensing drilling and workover operations from a regulatory perspective. Assessment: A satisfactory command of critical knowledge and skills is assured by a 1+ hour closed book assessment. This assessment has a mix of multiple-choice questions (MCQs), calculations and answers that must be written up. The exam is taken electronically. Participants are provided with a suitable formula sheet. The pass mark for issuing a certificate is 70% and participants who are not successful will be issued with a certificate of attendance instead. Trainer Your expert course leader has over 45 years of experience in the Oil & Gas industry. During that time, he has worked exclusively in the well engineering domain. After being employed in 1974 by Shell, one of the major oil & gas producing operators, he worked as an apprentice on drilling rigs in the Netherlands. After a year, he was sent for his first international assignment to the Sultanate of Oman where he climbed up the career ladder from Assistant Driller, to Driller, to wellsite Petroleum Engineer and eventually on-site Drilling Supervisor, actively engaged in the drilling of development and exploration wells in almost every corner of this vast desert area. At that time, drilling techniques were fairly basic and safety was just a buzz word, but such a situation propels learning and the fruits of 'doing-the-basics' are still reaped today when standing in front of a class. After some seven years in the Middle East, a series of other international assignments followed in places like the United Kingdom, Indonesia, Turkey, Denmark, China, Malaysia, and Russia. Apart from on-site drilling supervisory jobs on various types of drilling rigs (such as helicopter rigs) and working environments (such as jungle and artic), he was also assigned to research, to projects and to the company's learning centre. In research, he was responsible for promoting directional drilling and surveying and advised on the first horizontal wells being drilled, in projects, he was responsible for a high pressure drilling campaign in Nigeria while in the learning centre, he looked after the development of new engineers joining the company after graduating from university. He was also involved in international well control certification and served as chairman for a period of three years. In the last years of his active career, he worked again in China as a staff development manager, a position he nurtured because he was able to pass on his knowledge to a vast number of new employees once again. After retiring in 2015, he has delivered well engineering related courses in Australia, Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, China, South Korea, Thailand, India, Dubai, Qatar, Kuwait, The Netherlands, and the United States. The training he provides includes well control to obtain certification in drilling and well intervention, extended reach drilling, high pressure-high temperature drilling, stuck pipe prevention and a number of other ad-hoc courses. He thoroughly enjoys training and is keen to continue taking classes as an instructor for some time to come. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations
Management of Value (MoV®) Practitioner: In-House Training This interactive MoV® Practitioner course provides a modular and case-study-driven approach to learning Management of Value (MoV). The core knowledge is structured and comprehensive; and well-rounded modules cover the methodology and various techniques. A case study is used to help appreciate the relevance of MoV in its practical application. What you will Learn The MoV Practitioner Course prepares you for the MoV Practitioner exam. Individuals certified at the MoV Practitioner level will be able to: Apply Management of Value (MoV) principles, processes and techniques, and advocate the benefits of this application appropriately to the senior Management. Develop a plan of MoV activities for the whole lifecycle of small and large projects and programs. Plan an MoV study, tailoring it to particular projects or programs and developing practical study or workshop handbooks as required. Understand and articulate value in relation to organizational objectives. Prioritize value drivers using function analysis and use these to demonstrate how value might be improved. Quantify monetary and non-monetary value using the Value Index, Value Metrics and the Value for Money ratio. Describe and comment on the application of various techniques relevant to MoV. Monitor improvements in value realized throughout a project lifecycle and capture learning which can be transferred to future projects. Offer suggestions and guidance about embedding MoV into an organization, including policy issues, undertake a health check, assess maturity and competence, and provide guidance on typical roles and responsibilities. Understand and articulate the use of MoV within other Best Management Practice methods and its contributions to them Benefits of Taking This Course Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to: Organise and contribute constructively to a Management of Value (MoV) Study Demonstrate a knowledge of MoV principles, processes, approach, and environment Analyse a company, programme or project to establish its organisational value includes identification and weighting of Value Drivers Pass the AXELOS Practitioner Examination Function Analysis Customer FAST Diagram Value Tree Development Weighting Attributes Paired Comparisons Developing a Value Profile Developing a Value Index Value for Money Ratio Stimulating Innovation Value Engineering Option Evaluation and Selection Evaluation Matrix Value and Value for Money Timing and Planning Teams and Stakeholders MoV in the Organization Integrating with Best Management Practice Relationship between Process and Approach
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