784 Courses in London

Preparing for Digital Transformation Organizations today must keep pace with changing technology to stay abreast of the market demand. Keeping pace means a transformation of the entire organization into the digital age. This workshop presents the challenges, benefits, and pitfalls of digital transformation and how it will affect you, and how you can be better prepared and positioned for the upcoming digital transformation. The goal of this course is to enable you to become knowledgeable about the technologies behind a digital transformation in your organization and the driving forces compelling such a transformation. You will learn how to become engaged in the processes of transforming your organization digitally to meet with the growing demands of customers and clients What you will Learn Describe the impact that digital is making on the economy and on customer expectations Examine the nature and drivers of the digital transformation Evaluate new technologies such as Blockchain, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and other technologies and see how they work to bring about digital transformation Assess the impact of digital technologies on the current roles and positions in the organization Discuss both the demand that customers have for digital technologies and the impact the digital technologies have on the customer and its relationship with the organization Recognize the new technology trends in the digital transformation and what they mean to the future of the organization Identify how digital transformation will affect all roles and how to be prepared for the upcoming and continuing digital transformation Foundation Concepts Digital transformation versus automation Driving forces behind the digital transformation Learning from digital transformation successes Digital Transformation and Customer Orientation The Digital Customer Customer touch points and the customer journey Omnichannel concept Transform to the customer Digital Technologies and the Organization Relationship Management Big Data: The Basis for it All The Human Factor in Digital Transformations Risks of Digital Transformation Technology Trends Data and Business Analytics Other Major Trends Preview of Coming Attractions Pathway to Digital Transformation

Preparing for Digital Transformation Organizations today must keep pace with changing technology to stay abreast of the market demand. Keeping pace means a transformation of the entire organization into the digital age. This workshop presents the challenges, benefits, and pitfalls of digital transformation and how it will affect you, and how you can be better prepared and positioned for the upcoming digital transformation. The goal of this course is to enable you to become knowledgeable about the technologies behind a digital transformation in your organization and the driving forces compelling such a transformation. You will learn how to become engaged in the processes of transforming your organization digitally to meet with the growing demands of customers and clients What you will Learn Describe the impact that digital is making on the economy and on customer expectations Examine the nature and drivers of the digital transformation Evaluate new technologies such as Blockchain, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and other technologies and see how they work to bring about digital transformation Assess the impact of digital technologies on the current roles and positions in the organization Discuss both the demand that customers have for digital technologies and the impact the digital technologies have on the customer and its relationship with the organization Recognize the new technology trends in the digital transformation and what they mean to the future of the organization Identify how digital transformation will affect all roles and how to be prepared for the upcoming and continuing digital transformation Foundation Concepts Digital transformation versus automation Driving forces behind the digital transformation Learning from digital transformation successes Digital Transformation and Customer Orientation The Digital Customer Customer touch points and the customer journey Omnichannel concept Transform to the customer Digital Technologies and the Organization Relationship Management Big Data: The Basis for it All The Human Factor in Digital Transformations Risks of Digital Transformation Technology Trends Data and Business Analytics Other Major Trends Preview of Coming Attractions Pathway to Digital Transformation

Risk Management for IT Projects IT projects may have direct bottom-line impact on the organization, cost millions of dollars, cause organizational change and change the way the organization is perceived by clients. Many IT projects are notoriously hard to predict and are filled with risk. IT Risk Management takes a comprehensive look at IT project risk management using PMI's PMBOK® Guide Risk Management Model in the context of IT Project Life Cycle phases. The goal of this course is to arm the practitioner with a rigorous, common-sense approach to addressing uncertainty in projects. This approach includes the ability to influence project outcomes, avoid many potential project risks, and be ready to calmly and efficiently respond to unavoidable challenges. What you will Learn You'll learn how to: Describe the risk management process, using the PMBOK® Guide's standard models and terminology Discuss the potential barriers to managing risk effectively in IT project organizations Develop an effective risk management plan for IT projects Identify project risks using IT-specific, practical tools Analyze individual risk events and overall project risk using IT-specific, practical approaches Plan effective responses to IT-specific risk based on the results of risk analysis and integrate risk responses into project schedules and cost estimates Manage and control risk throughout the IT project life cycle Implement selected elements of IT project risk management on your next project Foundation Concepts Basic concepts and purpose Risk and project constraints Risk and corporate cultures Risk management and IT PLC standards Plan Risk Management for IT Projects Plan Risk management process Plan Risk management activities Design a standard template Assess the project-specific needs Tailor the template Produce a project-specific risk management plan Gain consensus and submit as part of overall project plan A risk management plan of IT projects Identify Risks for IT Projects Identify risk process overview Risk categories and examples Risk identification tools Risk events by project life-cycle phases Perform Risk Analysis for IT Projects Perform qualitative risk analysis overview Core qualitative tools for IT projects Auxiliary qualitative tools for cost and schedule estimates When to use quantitative analysis for IT projects Plan Risk Response for IT Projects Plan risk response overview Active risk response strategies for IT projects (Threat and Opportunity) Acceptance and contingency reserves Contingency planning for IT projects Plan risk responses for IT projects Implement Risk Response for IT Projects Implement Risk Responses Executing Risk Response Plans Techniques and Tools Used Continuous Risk Management Monitor Risks for IT Projects Monitor risks overview Monitor risks tips for IT projects Technical performance measurement systems Risk management implementation for IT projects

Risk Management for IT Projects: In-House Training IT projects may have direct bottom-line impact on the organization, cost millions of dollars, cause organizational change and change the way the organization is perceived by clients. Many IT projects are notoriously hard to predict and are filled with risk. IT Risk Management takes a comprehensive look at IT project risk management using PMI's PMBOK® Guide Risk Management Model in the context of IT Project Life Cycle phases. The goal of this course is to arm the practitioner with a rigorous, common-sense approach to addressing uncertainty in projects. This approach includes the ability to influence project outcomes, avoid many potential project risks, and be ready to calmly and efficiently respond to unavoidable challenges. What you will Learn You'll learn how to: Describe the risk management process, using the PMBOK® Guide's standard models and terminology Discuss the potential barriers to managing risk effectively in IT project organizations Develop an effective risk management plan for IT projects Identify project risks using IT-specific, practical tools Analyze individual risk events and overall project risk using IT-specific, practical approaches Plan effective responses to IT-specific risk based on the results of risk analysis and integrate risk responses into project schedules and cost estimates Manage and control risk throughout the IT project life cycle Implement selected elements of IT project risk management on your next project Foundation Concepts Basic concepts and purpose Risk and project constraints Risk and corporate cultures Risk management and IT PLC standards Plan Risk Management for IT Projects Plan Risk management process Plan Risk management activities Design a standard template Assess the project-specific needs Tailor the template Produce a project-specific risk management plan Gain consensus and submit as part of overall project plan A risk management plan of IT projects Identify Risks for IT Projects Identify risk process overview Risk categories and examples Risk identification tools Risk events by project life-cycle phases Perform Risk Analysis for IT Projects Perform qualitative risk analysis overview Core qualitative tools for IT projects Auxiliary qualitative tools for cost and schedule estimates When to use quantitative analysis for IT projects Plan Risk Response for IT Projects Plan risk response overview Active risk response strategies for IT projects (Threat and Opportunity) Acceptance and contingency reserves Contingency planning for IT projects Plan risk responses for IT projects Implement Risk Response for IT Projects Implement Risk Responses Executing Risk Response Plans Techniques and Tools Used Continuous Risk Management Monitor Risks for IT Projects Monitor risks overview Monitor risks tips for IT projects Technical performance measurement systems Risk management implementation for IT projects

Use Cases for Business Analysis The use case is a method for documenting the interactions between the user of a system and the system itself. Use cases have been in the software development lexicon for over twenty years, ever since it was introduced by Ivar Jacobson in the late 1980s. They were originally intended as aids to software design in object-oriented approaches. However, the method is now used throughout the Solution Development Life Cycle from elicitation through to specifying test cases, and is even applied to software development that is not object oriented. This course identifies how business analysts can apply use cases to the processes of defining the problem domain through elicitation, analyzing the problem, defining the solution, and confirming the validity and usability of the solution. What you will Learn You'll learn how to: Apply the use case method to define the problem domain and discover the conditions that need improvement in a business process Employ use cases in the analysis of requirements and information to create a solution to the business problem Translate use cases into requirements Getting Started Introductions Course structure Course goals and objectives Foundation Concepts Overview of use case modeling What is a use case model? The 'how and why' of use cases When to perform use case modeling Where use cases fit into the solution life cycle Use cases in the problem domain Use cases in the solution domain Use case strengths and weaknesses Use case variations Use case driven development Use case lexicon Use cases Actors and roles Associations Goals Boundaries Use cases though the life cycle Use cases in the life cycle Managing requirements with use cases The life cycle is use case driven Elicitation with Use Cases Overview of the basic mechanics and vocabulary of use cases Apply methods of use case elicitation to define the problem domain, or 'as is' process Use case diagrams Why diagram? Partitioning the domain Use case diagramming guidelines How to employ use case diagrams in elicitation Guidelines for use case elicitation sessions Eliciting the problem domain Use case descriptions Use case generic description template Alternative templates Elements Pre and post conditions Main Success Scenario The conversation Alternate paths Exception paths Writing good use case descriptions Eliciting the detailed workflow with use case descriptions Additional information about use cases Analyzing Requirements with Use Cases Use case analysis on existing requirements Confirming and validating requirements with use cases Confirming and validating information with use cases Defining the actors and use cases in a set of requirements Creating the scenarios Essential (requirements) use case Use case level of detail Use Case Analysis Techniques Generalization and Specialization When to use generalization or specialization Generalization and specialization of actors Generalization and specialization of use cases Examples Associating generalizations Subtleties and guidelines Use Case Extensions The <> association The <> association Applying the extensions Incorporating extension points into use case descriptions Why use these extensions? Extensions or separate use cases Guidelines for extensions Applying use case extensions Patterns and anomalies o Redundant actors Linking hierarchies Granularity issues Non-user interface use cases Quality considerations Use case modeling errors to avoid Evaluating use case descriptions Use case quality checklist Relationship between Use Cases and Business Requirements Creating a Requirements Specification from Use Cases Flowing the conversation into requirements Mapping to functional specifications Adding non-functional requirements Relating use cases to other artifacts Wire diagrams and user interface specifications Tying use cases to test cases and scenarios Project plans and project schedules Relationship between Use Cases and Functional Specifications System use cases Reviewing business use cases Balancing use cases Use case realizations Expanding and explaining complexity Activity diagrams State Machine diagrams Sequence diagrams Activity Diagrams Applying what we know Extension points Use case chaining Identifying decision points Use Case Good Practices The documentation trail for use cases Use case re-use Use case checklist Summary What did we learn, and how can we implement this in our work environment?

Use Cases for Business Analysis: In-House Training The use case is a method for documenting the interactions between the user of a system and the system itself. Use cases have been in the software development lexicon for over twenty years, ever since it was introduced by Ivar Jacobson in the late 1980s. They were originally intended as aids to software design in object-oriented approaches. However, the method is now used throughout the Solution Development Life Cycle from elicitation through to specifying test cases, and is even applied to software development that is not object oriented. This course identifies how business analysts can apply use cases to the processes of defining the problem domain through elicitation, analyzing the problem, defining the solution, and confirming the validity and usability of the solution. What you will Learn You'll learn how to: Apply the use case method to define the problem domain and discover the conditions that need improvement in a business process Employ use cases in the analysis of requirements and information to create a solution to the business problem Translate use cases into requirements Getting Started Introductions Course structure Course goals and objectives Foundation Concepts Overview of use case modeling What is a use case model? The 'how and why' of use cases When to perform use case modeling Where use cases fit into the solution life cycle Use cases in the problem domain Use cases in the solution domain Use case strengths and weaknesses Use case variations Use case driven development Use case lexicon Use cases Actors and roles Associations Goals Boundaries Use cases though the life cycle Use cases in the life cycle Managing requirements with use cases The life cycle is use case driven Elicitation with Use Cases Overview of the basic mechanics and vocabulary of use cases Apply methods of use case elicitation to define the problem domain, or 'as is' process Use case diagrams Why diagram? Partitioning the domain Use case diagramming guidelines How to employ use case diagrams in elicitation Guidelines for use case elicitation sessions Eliciting the problem domain Use case descriptions Use case generic description template Alternative templates Elements Pre and post conditions Main Success Scenario The conversation Alternate paths Exception paths Writing good use case descriptions Eliciting the detailed workflow with use case descriptions Additional information about use cases Analyzing Requirements with Use Cases Use case analysis on existing requirements Confirming and validating requirements with use cases Confirming and validating information with use cases Defining the actors and use cases in a set of requirements Creating the scenarios Essential (requirements) use case Use case level of detail Use Case Analysis Techniques Generalization and Specialization When to use generalization or specialization Generalization and specialization of actors Generalization and specialization of use cases Examples Associating generalizations Subtleties and guidelines Use Case Extensions The <> association The <> association Applying the extensions Incorporating extension points into use case descriptions Why use these extensions? Extensions or separate use cases Guidelines for extensions Applying use case extensions Patterns and anomalies o Redundant actors Linking hierarchies Granularity issues Non-user interface use cases Quality considerations Use case modeling errors to avoid Evaluating use case descriptions Use case quality checklist Relationship between Use Cases and Business Requirements Creating a Requirements Specification from Use Cases Flowing the conversation into requirements Mapping to functional specifications Adding non-functional requirements Relating use cases to other artifacts Wire diagrams and user interface specifications Tying use cases to test cases and scenarios Project plans and project schedules Relationship between Use Cases and Functional Specifications System use cases Reviewing business use cases Balancing use cases Use case realizations Expanding and explaining complexity Activity diagrams State Machine diagrams Sequence diagrams Activity Diagrams Applying what we know Extension points Use case chaining Identifying decision points Use Case Good Practices The documentation trail for use cases Use case re-use Use case checklist Summary What did we learn, and how can we implement this in our work environment?

About this Virtual instructor Led Training (VILT)  The Subsea Production Engineering Virtual instructor Led Training (VILT) course provides an overview of all of the functionalities and key interfaces of subsea equipment. The VILT course will refer to relevant industry engineering standards for subsea equipment, subsea tie-backs and critical operational requirements. The sessions will cover challenges associated with equipment design and installability, as well as a new module on subsea tie-backs. The primary learning objectives for this VILT course are met through a combination of interactive presentations, discussion and exercises. Training Objectives By the end of this VILT course, participants will be able to: Apply the requirements of related industry standards (API 6A/ 17D, API 17A etc.) engineering standards Understand the barrier and qualification requirements Identify the barriers in place given a specific mode of operation Evaluate and select which tree alternatives are valid based on the key design drivers Identify and describe the key design drivers Explain the importance of well kill rate Describe which tree alternatives are valid for certain scenarios based on an evaluation of the key tree design requirements Examine what effects subsurface requirements may have on tree design Understand the challenges associated with designing equipment for manufacturability and installability Recognise the implications of design changes to specific components and the effects on transportation and installation (such as what type of vessels, lifting equipment, and tools to use and the logistical requirements) Recognise the implication of design changes on manufacturability of subsea equipment Target Audience This VILT course provides a comprehensive understanding of the equipment used in subsea production systems. It is designed for petroleum engineers, production engineers, subsea project engineers and is also highly suitable for cost, planning, offshore installation and offshore operations engineers. Anyone directly or indirectly involved with subsea equipment will benefit from attending this VILT course - from engineers installing the equipment to procurement staff looking to understand more. Training Methods The VILT course will be delivered online in 4 half-day sessions comprising 4 hours per day, with 2 breaks of 10 minutes per day. Course Duration: 4 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (16 hours in total). Trainer Most of his working life, your expert course leader has been in a role that has enabled him to pass on skills and knowledge to others. A full-time role in Training and Development came about in 1996 with the offer to take up a full-time teaching post at Aberdeen College. In 1998, he was recruited by Kvaerner Oilfield Products, an Oil & Gas industry company, specialising in Subsea Control Systems, to develop and implement a Training & Competence program acceptable for its staff of over 600 and their client companies - a challenge he could not resist. In 2003, he broadened his horizons and became an independent Training & Development consultant. Building a reputation for delivering training and development to the Oil & Gas industry to the highest standards, he later joined Jee Ltd, a leading subsea engineering and training company based in Aberdeen. He was tasked with a wide portfolio of training, coaching & mentoring to achieve high levels of competence for the client's staff and customers. He is also a Science and Engineering Ambassador (Scotland), promoting the need for engineers and technicians for Scotland's industries, a frequent consultant to the European Economic & Social Committee for standardising Vocational Skills training and competence throughout the EU. He holds memberships in the Society of Operations Engineers, Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development and Society of Underwater Technologies. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

This course is for you if you have previously passed the Site Management Safety Training Scheme...

About this Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) This Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) course presents advanced methodologies that implement demand response and energy conservation programs in light of the integration of new technologies, regulatory changes and the accelerated penetration of renewable energy resources. This VILT course provides examples and case studies from North American and European jurisdictions covering the operational flexibilities on the demand side including requirements for new building codes to achieve zero net energy. The course describes a public agency's goals and objectives for conserving and otherwise reducing energy consumption and managing its demand for energy. This course presents the demand response implemented for economics and system security such as system balancing and relieving transmission congestion, or for system adequacy. The course also presents the principal attributes of conservation programs and the associated success criteria. In a system with increased penetration of renewable resources, demand response provides flexibility to system operators, helping them to maintain the reliability and the security of supply. Demand response is presented as a competitive alternative to additional power sources, enhancing competition and liquidity in electricity markets. The unique characteristics are discussed from a local, consumer centric and also from a system perspective bringing to life the ever changing paradigm for delivery energy to customers. Interoperability aspects and standards are discussed, as well as the consumer centric paradigm of Transactive Energy with IOT enabled flexibilities at system level, distribution networks and microgrids. The VILT course introduces the blockchain as a new line of defense against cyber threats and its increasing application in P2P transactions and renewable certificates. Our trainer's industry experience spans three decades with one of the largest Canadian utilities where she led or contributed to large operational studies and energy policies and decades of work with IEEE, NSERC and CIGRE. Our key expert also approaches to the cross sectional, interdisciplinary state of the art methodologies brings real life experience of recent industry developments. Training Objectives Innovative Digital Technologies How systems Facilitate Operational Flexibility on the Demand Side The Ecosystem of Demand Side Management Programs Advanced Machine Learning techniques with examples from CAISO Regulatory Policy Context and how to reduce regulatory barriers Industry Examples from NERC and ENTSO Relevant Industry standards: IEEE and IEC Manage Congestion with Distributed Operational Flexibilities: Grid to Distribution Controls; examples from NERC (NA) and ENTSO (Europe) Grid solutions with IEC 61850 communication protocols Decentralized grid controls The New Grid with accelerated V2G and Microgrids How DSM is and will be applied in Your System: Examples and discussions Target Audience Regulators and government agencies advising on public energy conservation programs All professionals interested in expanding their expertise, or advancing their career, or take on management and leadership roles in the rapidly evolving energy sector Energy professionals implementing demand side management, particularly in power systems with increased renewable penetration, to allow the much needed operational flexibility paramount to maintaining the reliability and stability of the power system and in the same time offering all classes of customers flexible and economical choices Any utility professional interested in understanding the new developments in the power industry Course Level Basic or Foundation Training Methods The VILT course will be delivered online in 5 half-day sessions comprising 4 hours per day, with 2 x 10 minutes break per day, including time for lectures, discussion, quizzes and short classroom exercises. Course Duration: 5 half-day sessions, 4 hours per session (20 hours in total). Trainer Your first expert course leader is a Utility Executive with extensive global experience in power system operation and planning, energy markets, enterprise risk and regulatory oversight. She consults on energy markets integrating renewable resources from planning to operation. She led complex projects in operations and conducted long term planning studies to support planning and operational reliability standards. Specializing in Smart Grids, Operational flexibilities, Renewable generation, Reliability, Financial Engineering, Energy Markets and Power System Integration, she was recently engaged by the Inter-American Development Bank/MHI in Guyana. She was the Operations Expert in the regulatory assessment in Oman. She is a registered member of the Professional Engineers of Ontario, Canada. She is also a contributing member to the IEEE Standards Association, WG Blockchain P2418.5. With over 25 years with Ontario Power Generation (Revenue $1.2 Billion CAD, I/S 16 GW), she served as Canadian representative in CIGRE, committee member in NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada), and Senior Member IEEE and Elsevier since the 90ties. Our key expert chaired international conferences, lectured on several continents, published a book on Reliability and Security of Nuclear Power Plants, contributed to IEEE and PMAPS and published in the Ontario Journal for Public Policy, Canada. She delivered seminars organized by the Power Engineering Society, IEEE plus seminars to power companies worldwide, including Oman, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Portugal, South Africa, Japan, Romania, and Guyana. Your second expert course leader is the co-founder and Director of Research at Xesto Inc. Xesto is a spatial computing AI startup based in Toronto, Canada and it has been voted as Toronto's Best Tech Startup 2019 and was named one of the top 10 'Canadian AI Startups to Watch' as well as one of 6th International finalists for the VW Siemens Startup Challenge, resulting in a partnership. His latest app Xesto-Fit demonstrates how advanced AI and machine learning is applied to the e-commerce industry, as a result of which Xesto has been recently featured in TechCrunch. He specializes in both applied and theoretical machine learning and has extensive experience in both industrial and academic research. He is specialized in Artificial Intelligence with multiple industrial applications. At Xesto, he leads projects that focus on applying cutting edge research at the intersection of spatial analysis, differential geometry, optimization of deep neural networks, and statistics to build scalable rigorous and real time performing systems that will change the way humans interact with technology. In addition, he is a Ph.D candidate in the Mathematics department at UofT, focusing on applied mathematics. His academic research interests are in applying advanced mathematical methods to the computational and statistical sciences. He earned a Bachelor's and MSc in Mathematics, both at the University of Toronto. Having presented at research seminars as well as instructing engineers on various levels, he has the ability to distill advanced theoretical concept to diverse audiences on all levels. In addition to research, our key expert is also an avid traveler and plays the violin. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations

DWDM training course description A concise overview of Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) with both Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) and Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) being covered. The course starts with a review of the relevant elements of fibre transmission and multiplexing before then studying WDM components and architectures. Reliability, resilience and management are then followed by WDM services and futures. What will you learn Explain the benefits of WDM. Describe Dispersion and four way mixing. Describe the different WDM equipment components. Describe different WDM architectures. Explain How DWDM works. DWDM training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with CWDM/DWDM. Prerequisites: Telecommunications Introduction Duration 2 days DWDM training course contents Fibre communications review Optical transmission, Fibre characteristics, Fibre component parts. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF). Single Mode Fibre (SMF). Fibre connections. Lasers. Attenuations, dispersion, optical signal noise ratios (OSNR) and their effects. Channel Spacing and Signal Direction. Limiting factors to single wavelength. WDM overview Multiplexing, TDM, WDM benefits. WDM standards. CWDM vs. DWDM. Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Impact and countermeasures to FWM on WDM. CWDM ITU G.694.2, channels, channel spacing. DWDM ITU G.694.1, channels, channel spacing. WDM Equipment Components Equipment components and building blocks. Optical Terminal Multiplexers (OTM). Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM). Adding versus dropping. Optical Amplifiers. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA). Transponders and Combiners. WDM/DWDM Hubs. Optical and Electrical Cross Connects (OXCs/DXCs). Types of Cross Connects (Transparent/Opaque). Advantages and disadvantages of various Optical cross connects. WDM Architectures WDM network sections. Point-to-Point, Optical switches, mesh, ring and star topology. Example of combined WDM and other technology network. Wavelength converting transponders, 1R, 2R, 3R. Protection for WDM Sub 50ms failover. Equipment protection. Card protection. Y cable, Splitter protection. Far end laser control. Line protection. OMSP 1+1, OMSP 1:1, OMSP 1: N. Self healing optical ring. Sub Network Connection Protection (SNCP). Automatically Switched Optical Networks (ASON). WDM Management Options In band management. Out of band management. The Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC). OSC capabilities. WDM services WDM Access. Bit rates, Transparent Networks. Modulation, DQPSK. SDH over WDM. Migrating from SDH to DWDM. Ethernet over WDM, IP over WDM. Optical Transport Networks G.709, 'digital wrapper', Optical Channel Payload Unit (OPU), Optical Channel Transport Unit ( OTU), Optical Channel Data Unit (ODU). OTU1, OTU2, OTU3, OTU4. WDM Futures All optical amplification, Raman amplification, distributed, lumped. Bit rates. Solitons. Coherent technologies.