151 Courses in Leicester

LINX II training course description An intensive hands on IP routing course leading to LINX Accredited Internet Technician stage 2 focusing on routing in an IP environment. The course concentrates on OSPF and IS-IS but also covers BGP and MPLS. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. A multiple choice exam, leading to the LAIT II certification, is available after the course. The exam consists of 60 questions and lasts 2.0 hours. What will you learn Calculate subnet numbers in seconds. Configure and troubleshoot static routes Explain how OSPF works. Build resilient networks with VRRP and OSPF. Implement and troubleshoot OSPF, IS-IS, simple BGP and simple MPLS. Evaluate and choose appropriate routing protocols for particular scenarios. LINX II training course details Who will benefit: Network engineers. Prerequisites: LAIT I attendance and 55%+ exam score OR LAIT I exam only and pass (70%+) OR CCNA and take LAIT I exam on this course. Duration 5 days LINX II training course contents Basic routing Review of LAIT I routing, reading routing tables. Hands on Setting up a routed network. Static routes Why use static routes? Default routes. Hands on Configuring static routes. First hop redundancy Default gateways, VRRP/HSRP/GLBP. Load sharing, critical IP addresses. Hands on VRRP. Basic OSPF What is OSPF? Process IDs, passive interfaces. Hands on Simple OSPF. Subnetting Bit boundary subnetting, calculating network numbers. Exercise: Subnetting. OSPF overview Metrics, convergence, DV vs. Link state, IGPs, classless, OSPF features, load sharing, OSPF authentication. Hands on OSPF features. OSPF within an area How OSPF works, LSAs, LSDB, router IDs, hellos, configuring hellos, exchange protocol. Hands on Investigating OSPF structures. OSPF areas Scalability, why areas? Area IDs, area 0, ABRs, ABR resilience, areas & LSDBs & LSAs, virtual links. Hands on Multi area OSPF. Redistribution Multiple routing protocols, common scenarios, routing distance, External LSAs, E1 and E2. Type 4 LSAs. OSPF and default routes. Hands on Configuring static route redistribution. Route aggregation Route summarisation. How to aggregate, CIDR, ASBR summarisation. Hands on OSPF address summarisation. OSPF packet formats OSPF packets, protocol stack, packet flows, OSPF headers, neighbours, neighbour states, DRs, adjacencies, BDRs, DR election. Hands on Analysing OSPF packets, troubleshooting. OSPF OSPF stub areas LSA types, area types, area architecture, stub areas, default routes, benefits & disadvantages of stub areas, TSSAs, NSSAs, Type 7 LSAs. Hands on Stub and TSSA configuration. IS-IS End systems, Intermediate systems, how IS-IS works, IS-IS router ID, Level 1, Level 2, IS-IS hierarchy. Hands on Configuring IS-IS, troubleshooting IS-IS. The Internet Autonomous systems, Peering, transit, looking glasses. Hands on Internet routing tables. Basic BGP IGPs, EGPs, What's BGP? BGP RIB, in/out process, tables peers, adding routes. Hands on Simple configuration and troubleshooting. Routing IPv6 Multi protocol routing, IPv6 addressing, IPv6 routing tables, IPv6 static routes, OSPFv3, IS-IS and IPv6. Hands on Routing IPv6. STP and L2 routing STP, RSTP, L2 IS-IS, Multi system link aggregation. Hands on RSTP. MPLS Core MPLS, MPLS and the 7 layer model, MPLS protocol, MPLS standard, MPLS runs on routers, MPLS history, Why MPLS?, LSRs, PE and P router roles, FEC, swapping labels, MPLS packet format. Hands on Enabling MPLS. Testing and troubleshooting of MPLS. Appendix EIGRP: How EIGRP works, DUAL.

Definitive IP routing training course description An intensive hands on IP routing course leading to LINX Accredited Internet Technician stage 2 focusing on routing in an IP environment. The course concentrates on OSPF and IS-IS but also covers BGP and MPLS. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. A multiple choice exam, leading to the LAIT II certification, is available after the course. The exam consists of 60 questions and lasts 2.0 hours. What will you learn Calculate subnet numbers in seconds. Configure and troubleshoot static routes. Explain how OSPF works. Build resilient networks with VRRP and OSPF. Implement and troubleshoot OSPF, IS-IS and VLANS. Evaluate and choose appropriate routing protocols for particular scenarios. An optional multiple choice exam, leading to the LAIT II certification, is included at the end of the course. The exam consists of 60 questions and lasts 2.0 hours. Definitive IP routing training course details Who will benefit: Network engineers Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Duration 5 days Definitive IP routing training course contents Basic routing Review of LAIT I routing, reading routing tables. Hands on Setting up a routed network. Static routes Why use static routes? Default routes. Hands on Configuring static routes. First hop redundancy Default gateways, VRRP/HSRP/GLBP. Load sharing, critical IP addresses. Hands on VRRP. Basic OSPF What is OSPF? Process IDs, passive interfaces. Hands on Simple OSPF. Subnetting Bit boundary subnetting, calculating network numbers. Exercise: Subnetting. OSPF overview Metrics, convergence, DV vs. Link state, IGPs, classless, OSPF features, load sharing, OSPF authentication. Hands on OSPF features. OSPF within an area How OSPF works, LSAs, LSDB, router IDs, hellos, configuring hellos, exchange protocol. Hands on Investigating OSPF structures. OSPF areas Scalability, why areas? Area IDs, area 0, ABRs, ABR resilience, areas & LSDBs & LSAs, virtual links. Hands on Multi area OSPF. Redistribution Multiple routing protocols, common scenarios, routing distance, External LSAs, E1 and E2. Type 4 LSAs. OSPF and default routes. Hands on Configuring static route redistribution. Route aggregation Route summarisation. How to aggregate, CIDR, ASBR summarisation. Hands on OSPF address summarisation. OSPF packet formats OSPF packets, protocol stack, packet flows, OSPF headers, neighbours, neighbour states, DRs, adjacencies, BDRs, DR election. Hands on Analysing OSPF packets, troubleshooting. OSPF OSPF stub areas LSA types, area types, area architecture, stub areas, default routes, benefits & disadvantages of stub areas, TSSAs, NSSAs, Type 7 LSAs. Hands on Stub and TSSA configuration. IS-IS End systems, Intermediate systems, how IS-IS works, IS-IS router ID, Level 1, Level 2, IS-IS hierarchy. Hands on Configuring IS-IS, troubleshooting IS-IS. The Internet Autonomous systems, Peering, transit, looking glasses. Hands on Internet routing tables. Basic BGP IGPs, EGPs, What's BGP? BGP RIB, in/out process, tables peers, adding routes. Hands on Simple configuration and troubleshooting. Routing IPv6 Multi protocol routing, IPv6 addressing, IPv6 routing tables, IPv6 static routes, OSPFv3, IS-IS and IPv6. Hands on Routing IPv6. STP and L2 routing STP, RSTP, L2 IS-IS, Multi system link aggregation. Hands on RSTP. MPLS Core MPLS, MPLS and the 7 layer model, MPLS protocol, MPLS standard, MPLS runs on routers, MPLS history, Why MPLS?, LSRs, PE and P router roles, FEC, swapping labels, MPLS packet format. Hands on Enabling MPLS. Testing and troubleshooting of MPLS. Appendix EIGRP: How EIGRP works, DUAL.

Total H.248 training course description A course focusing purely on the H.248 protocol. Anyone working through the ITU standards documents can testify to the need of a training course to explain how H.248 really works. This course already assumes knowledge of other VoIP protocols and starts by positioning H.248 in relation to the other protocols. The course then looks at H.248 architectures and concepts before analysing H.248 messages and call flows. What will you learn Describe what H.248 is Recognise where H.248 fits in relation to other VoIP protocols. Explain how H.248 works. Analyse H.248 packets Total H.248 training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with H.248 Prerequisites: Voice Over IP. Duration 2 days Total H.248 training course contents What is H.248? Review of VoIP protocols: RTP, RTCP, SIP, SDP, H.323. The PSTN and SS7. Where H.248 fits into the picture. H.248 history. MGCP. The IETF. Megaco. ITU standards. H.248v1, v2, v3. H.248 architectures Media Gateways, Media Gateway Controllers, Gateway Control functions, Signalling Gateways. Reference architectures: IMS/TISPAN: IBCF, IWF, I-BGF, SPDF. MSF: S-SBG-NC, D-SBG-NC. GSMA: IPX Proxy. Softswitches. H.248 concepts The connection model, terminations, streams, contexts. Termination properties: descriptors, context properties. Events, signals, packages. H.248 messages Protocol stack, UDP, TCP. Message structure. Transactions, actions, commands. Requests, replies, acknowledgements. Sample message flows. Binary encoding, ASN syntax, Text encoding. H.248 commands Termination manipulation: Add, Subtract, Move, Modify. Event reporting: Notify. Management: AuditCapability, AuditValue, ServiceChange. H.248 Descriptors What are descriptors? Relationship with messages and commands. Basic descriptors, Descriptors composed of other descriptors. The 19 descriptors. Defaults. H.248 Transactions Groups of commands, transaction Ids, relationship with actions and commands. Requests and replies. H.248 wrap up What is a package? Basic packages. H.248 security. H.248 - SIP interoperation. H.248 interoperation with other protocols.

LTE Architecture and Protocols course description This course provides a comprehensive tour of the LTE architecture along with services provided and the protocols used. What will you learn Describe the overall architecture of LTE. Explain the information flows through LTE. Describe the LTE security. Describe LTE mobility management. Recognise the next steps for LTE. LTE Architecture and Protocols course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 3 days LTE Architecture and Protocols course contents Introduction History, LTE key features. The 4G ITU process. The LTE 3GPP specifications. Specifications. System Architecture LTE hardware architecture. UE architecture and capabilities. E-UTRAN and eNB. EPC, MME functions, SGW, PGW and PCRF. System interfaces and protocol stacks. Example information flows. Dedicated and default bearers. EMM, ECM, RRC state diagrams. Radio transmission and reception OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO antennas. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and signals. Cell acquisition, data transmission and random access. MAC, RLC, PDCP protocols. LTE spectrum allocation. Power-on procedures Network and cell selection. RRC connection establishment. Attach procedure, including IP address allocation and default bearer activation. LTE detach procedure. Security in LTE networks LTE security features, identity confidentiality, ciphering and integrity protection. Architecture of network access security in LTE. Secure key hierarchy. Authentication and key agreement procedure. Security mode command procedure. Network domain security architecture. Security associations using IKE and IPSec. Mobility management RRC_IDLE, RRC_CONNECTED. Cell reselection, tracking area updates. Measurement reporting. X2 and S1 based handovers. Interoperation with UMTS, GSM and non-3GPP technologies such as cdma2000. QoS, policy control and charging QoS in LTE, EPS bearers, service data flows and packet flows. The architecture and signalling procedures for policy and charging control. Data transport using GPRS, differentiated services and MPLS. Offline and online charging in LTE. Delivery of voice and text messages over LTE Difficulties and solutions for Voice over LTE. Architecture and call setup procedures for circuit switched fallback. Architecture, protocols and call setup procedures in IP multimedia subsystem. Enhancements in release 9 LTE location services. Multimedia broadcast / multicast service and MBSFN. Cell selection, commercial mobile alert service. LTE Advanced and release 10 Impact of carrier aggregation on LTE air interface. Enhanced MIMO processing on uplink and downlink. Relaying. Release 11 and beyond. OAM and self organising networks Operation, administration, maintenance and provisioning for LTE. Self-configuration of base station parameters. Fractional frequency re-use, inter-cell interference co-ordination. Self-optimisation of base station procedures. Self-healing to detect and recover from faults.

SIP training course description A hands on course covering IP telephony with SIP. The course starts with a brief review of knowledge students should already possess including RTP and RTCP. The main focus is on SIP though, progressing from what SIP is through SIP signalling, call processing and architectures, moving onto more advanced issues including security, multimedia, and interoperability. Hands-on practicals follow each major theory session. What will you learn Explain how SIP works. Analyse SIP packets. Deploy SIP IP telephony solutions. Integrate SIP with other telephony solutions. SIP training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with SIP. Prerequisites: Definitive VoIP for engineers Duration 3 days SIP training course contents VoIP review What is VoIP? Brief review of IP, Brief review of telephones and voice. RTP, RTCP, mixers and translators. Hands on Analysing RTP packets. What is SIP? Why SIP? SIP history, SIP standards, SIP capabilities, key services, how SIP works, and a basic SIP call. Hands on Peer to peer SIP. SIP messages SIP sessions, SIP flows, Message structure, INVITE, ACK, BYE, CANCEL, OPTIONS, REGISTER. Extension methods. Response codes. SIP call flows. Hands on Analysing SIP packets. SIP architectures UA client, UA server, Proxy servers, Redirect servers, registrars. SIP phones, gateways, application servers, and other products. Stateful and stateless servers. Various call scenarios. Hands on SIP proxies. SIP addressing URLs, SIP addresses, registration, Location and Directory servers. Address tracking. Hands on SIP and DNS. Supplementary services SIP signalling, signalling compression, Call hold, Call forwarding, Home and away scenarios, transfers, conferences, call control. Hands on Analysing SIP supplementary services. SDP What is SDP? Multimedia, multimedia session announcement, invitation and others. Relationship with SIP. Hands on Video conferencing with SIP. SIP security Access control, Authentication, encryption, firewalls. Hands on SIP authentication. Interoperability Inter working with PSTN, ISUP to SIP mapping, SIP and 3G, SIP-T, SIP and SIGTRAN. SIP and H323. Hands on SIP and gateways. SIP mobility Terminal mobility, service mobility, personal mobility, Mobile IP, SIP signalling flows in 3G.

4G training course description This course is designed to give the delegate an understanding of the technologies used within a 3G UMTS mobile network. During the course we will investigate the UMTS air interface and the use of Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) to facilitate high speed data access, together with HSPA to offer mobile broadband services. We will describe the use of soft handover rather than hard handover procedures and soft capacity sharing. The course includes a brief exploration of the UMTS protocol stack and the use of PDP Context and QoS support features. What will you learn Explain the 3G UMTS architecture. Describe the role of a Drifting & Serving RNC. Explain the use of ARQ & HARQ for mobile broadband. Describe how IMS integrates into the architecture. Describe the use of Media Gateway Controllers. Identify the temporary identities used within 3G UMTS. 4G training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working within the telecommunications area, especially within the mobile environment. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Telecommunications Introduction Duration 2 days 4G training course contents LTE Introduction The path to LTE, 3GPP. LTE to LTE advanced. LTE Architecture The core, Access, roaming. Protocols: User plane, Control plane. Example information flows. Bearer management. Spectrum allocation. LTE technologies Transmission, reception, OFDMA, multiple antenna, MIMO. LTE Air interface Air interface protocol stack. Channels, Resource Grid, cell acquisition. Up and downlink controls. Layer 2 protocols. Cell acquisition Power on, selecting networks and cells. RRC connection. Attach procedure. Mobility management Roaming, RRC_IDLE, RRC_CONNECTED, cell reselection, handover, interoperation with UMTS and GSM networks. Voice and text IMS, QoS, policy and charging.

LTE Backhaul training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE backhaul. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the transport of messages and the S1 and X2 protocols. What will you learn Describe the overall architecture of LTE. Explain how data and signalling messages are transported in LTE. Describe the S1 protocol. Describe the X2 protocol. LTE Backhaul training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Mobile communications demystified Duration 2 days LTE Backhaul training course contents Introduction In the first section of the course, we review LTE and its hardware and software architecture. Requirements and key features of LTE. LTE Architecture and capabilities of the UE. Architecture of the E-UTRAN, functions of the eNB. EPC architecture, and functions of the MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. System interfaces and protocol stacks. Example information flows. Dedicated and default bearers. EMM, ECM and RRC state diagrams. Architecture of the radio access network In this section, we look in more detail at the architecture of the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). Logical and physical architecture of the E-UTRAN. Numbering, addressing and identification. E-UTRAN functions. E-UTRAN protocol stacks. Timing and frequency synchronisation in LTE. Transport of data and signalling in LTE Here, we look in more detail at the techniques and protocols that are used to transport data and signalling messages across the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network and the evolved packet core. Quality of service in LTE. The GPRS tunnelling protocol. Differentiated services Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS). The stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). The S1 application protocol This section gives a detailed account of the signalling procedures in the S1 application protocol, which the MME uses to control the operation of the eNB. The material looks at the procedures, messages and information elements, and relates them to the system-level procedures in which they are used. S1 setup procedure. UE context management procedures. Non access stratum information transport. Procedures for managing the evolved radio access bearer (E-RAB). Paging procedures. Mobility management procedures for S1-based handovers. Procedures in support of self-optimising networks. The X2 application protocol This section gives a detailed account of the signalling procedures in the X2 application protocol, which is used for peer-to-peer communication between eNBs. The material looks at the procedures, messages and information elements, and relates them to the system-level procedures in which they are used. X2 setup procedure. Mobility management procedures for X2-based handovers Procedures in support of self-optimising networks. High level system operation In the final section, we bring our discussions of the S1 and X2 application protocols together by reviewing the system-level operation of LTE. Attach procedure. Transitions between the states of RRC Idle and RRC Connected. Tracking area updates in RRC Idle. Handover procedures in RRC Connected.

LTE Airside training course description This course provides a concise insight into the LTE airside. Key parts of the course are detailed looks at the air interface protocol stack, cell acquisition, transmission and reception of data and of he layer 1 procedures along with layer 2 procedures. What will you learn Explain the RF optimisation flowchart. Describe the importance of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). List many of the 3GPP recommended KPIs. Describe the concept of APN AMBR and UE AMBR within LTE. Describe the use of planning and optimisation computer tools. LTE Airside training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with LTE. Prerequisites: Essential LTE Duration 2 days LTE Airside training course contents Introduction and review of LTE This section describes the requirements of LTE and key technical features, and reviews the system architecture. LTE Architecture, UE, E-UTRAN and EPC. Specifications. OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO antennas This section describes the techniques used in the LTE air interface, notably orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas. Communication techniques for fading multipath channels. OFDMA, FFT processing and cyclic prefix insertion. SC-FDMA in the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna techniques including transmit & receive diversity and spatial multiplexing. Introduction to the air interface This section covers the operation of the air interface, the channels that it uses, and the mapping to the time and frequency domains of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Air interface protocol stack. Logical, transport and physical channels. Frame and slot structure, the resource grid. Resource element mapping of the physical channels and physical signals. LTE spectrum allocation. Cell acquisition This is the first of three sections covering the air interface physical layer. Here, we cover mobile procedures to start low-level communications with the cell, and base station transmission of the corresponding information. Primary/secondary synchronisation signals. Downlink reference signals. The master information block. Physical control format indicator channel. Organisation and transmission of the system information. Data transmission and reception In this section, we cover procedures used for data transmission and reception on the shared channels, and describe in detail the individual steps. Data transmission and reception on the uplink and downlink. Scheduling commands and grants on the PDCCH. DL-SCH and UL-SCH. Physical channel processing of the PDSCH and PUSCH. Hybrid ARQ indicators on the PHICH. Uplink control information on the PUCCH. Uplink demodulation and sounding reference signals. Additional physical layer procedure This section concludes our discussion of the air interface physical layer, by discussing a number of procedures that support its operation. Transmission of the physical random access channel. Contention and non-contention based random access procedures. Discontinuous transmission in idle and connected modes. Uplink power control and timing advance. Air interface layer 2 This section describes the architecture and operation of layer 2 of the air interface protocol stack. MAC protocol, interactions with the physical layer, use for scheduling. RLC protocol, transparent, unacknowledged and acknowledged modes. PDCP, including header compression, security functions and recovery from handover.

About this Course Batteries are going to play an increasingly important role in the energy grid. An increasing number of developers are looking to add battery storage systems (BESS) into their existing projects. However future cash flows are highly uncertain and they are often unsure exactly how battery technology can be monetised. A strong revenue model requires stacking of different revenue sources. As the share of variable renewable sources in electricity systems further increase, battery systems are expected to play a growing role by providing frequency control and operational reserves as well as for wholesale arbitrage, while helping reduce grid integration costs. The more volatile electricity prices are, the greater the earning potential of batteries trading electricity on various electricity markets. BESS can generate revenue streams in several different ways; through a frequency response contract with the TSO, by providing grid services in other ways or by arbitrage through buying cheap power and selling power for a higher price in a liquid wholesale market. Because batteries are efficient, the round trip efficiency is also high. They can spread arbitrage trading much better than other storage types and in many cases, other asset classes. For companies that combine a battery with other tasks, for example to store power from their own panels, or to avoid a costly heavy power connection, the investment is less risky than for those that purely focus on arbitrage trading. It is uncertain whether electricity prices will fluctuate more violently in the coming years, or whether the peaks will actually level off. During this highly interactive training, the trainer will provide you with the latest insights and best practices on how to obtain the maximum economic benefits when participating with BESS in the electricity market. Training Objectives By the end of this course, the participants will be able to: Discover the different BESS battery technologies and their impact on the grid Understand the role of storage in providing flexibility to the power system Examine the potential revenue streams from BESS models Learn how profit can generated with BESS trading strategies Determine how to optimize the value from BESS projects Find out how to combine BESS with renewable PPAs Target Audience Professionals and executives from Power Utilities, Energy Companies, Financial & Investment Banks, Renewable Power Project Developers, Transmission System Operators and Energy Industry Regulators will find this training course useful. Electricity Marketing and Traders New Venture or Business Development Executives Corporate Finance and Treasury Executives Audit and Risk Management Executives Power or Utility Market Research Analysts Investment Managers for Renewable Power Projects Origination Professionals Regulation, Compliance and Documentation Officers Lawyers and Accountants Power Transmission and Distributions Engineers Trainer Our key expert is a skilled and accomplished professional with over 25 years' of extensive senior management / board level experience in the energy markets worldwide. Next to advising energy companies, banks, consultants and regulators regarding PPAs, our key expert has also conducted several highly successful training courses about Power Purchase Agreements, Power Project Finance, IPPs, and Project Risk Management to over 1,000 high level participants from Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East. He was a member of the expert commission of the Dutch Government for 2 offshore wind parks, Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Zone Sites 3 and 4 that advised on which of the 5 applicants did provide the best security and solutions associated with the electricity and green certificate prices, the construction and operational risks of the project. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

OSPF training course description A detailed hands on examination of OSPF. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. The course starts with a recap of reading routing tables and then jumps straight in with simple OSPF configuration. OSPF features are then studied and configured before moving onto how OSPF works within an area. Multi area OSPF is then studied before looking at OSPF operation in detail by analysing OSPF packets. Finally areas are covered again in more detail followed by troubleshooting. What will you learn Design OSPF networks. Design IP addressing schemes suitable for route summarisation. Troubleshoot OSPF networks. Describe the operation of OSPF. OSPF training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with OSPF. Prerequisites: TCP/IP Foundation for engineers Duration 3 days OSPF training course contents Basic routing and OSPF Reading routing tables, routing protocols, What is OSPF? Process IDs, passive interfaces. Hands on Simple OSPF configuration. OSPF History of OSPF, metrics, costs, convergence, Distance Vector vs. Link state routing protocols, IGPs, classless, OSPF features, load sharing, per packet/destination, OSPF authentication. Hands on Configuring OSPF features. OSPF within an area How OSPF works, LSDB, LSDB benefits and disadvantages, LSA types, Type 1 and 2, LSA propagation, router IDs, hellos, configuring hellos, the exchange protocol. Hands on Investigating OSPF structures. Areas Scalability, why areas? Area IDs, area 0, ABRs, ABR resilience, areas & LSDBs, areas & LSAs, Type 3 LSAs, virtual links. Hands on Multi area OSPF. Redistribution Multiple routing protocols, common scenarios, routing distance, External LSAs, E1 and E2. Type 4 LSAs. OSPF and default routes. Hands on Configuring static route redistribution. Route aggregation Route summarisation. How to aggregate, ABR summarisation, ASBR summarisation. Hands on OSPF address summarisation. OSPF packet formats OSPF packets, protocol stack, OSPF stages, packet flows, packet types, the OSPF header, multicasts, Hello, DDB, LS request, LS update, LS ACK, LSA header, LSA formats, neighbours, neighbour states, DRs, adjacencies, BDRs, DR election. Hands on Analysing OSPF packets, troubleshooting. OSPF network types BMA, NBMA, Point to point links. Hands on Configuring OSPF over Frame Relay. OSPF stub areas LSA types, area types, area architecture, stub areas, default routes, benefits and disadvantages of stub areas, TSSAs, NSSAs, Type 7 LSAs. Hands on Stub and TSSA configuration. The OSPF MIB SNMP overview, MIB 2, the OSPF MIB, OSPF MIB groups, useful objects, OSPF traps. Hands on the OSPF MIB. troubleshooting. Summary RFCs, OSPF design guidelines. OSPF variants (appendix) OSPF on demand, MOSPF, multicast overview, Type 6 LSAs, OSPF for IPv6 (OSPFv3).