IP CCTV training course description This hands on course covers the technologies used in IP CCTV systems. The focus is not on operating or cabling but more advanced configuration and troubleshooting. Hands on sessions are used to reinforce the theory rather than teach specific manufacturer equipment. What will you learn Install IP CCTV. Configure IP CCTV. Explain how IP CCTV protocols work. Troubleshoot IP CCTV. IP CCTV training course details Who will benefit: Technical staff working with IP CCTV. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days IP CCTV training course contents Introduction What is IP CCTV? Camera types, Video, Audio, two way audio, IP CCTV software. Hands on Installing IP CCTV. CCTV architecture Components, servers, storage, LANs, WANs. Centralised versus decentralised. Hands on Using IP CCTV. Ethernet What is Ethernet? Ethernet cabling, Inside versus outside, hubs, switches, PoE, VLANs. Hands on Ethernet connectivity. Wireless WiFi, other wireless solutions, 802.11, variations, frequencies, Access Points, bridges, repeaters. WEP, WPA, WPA2, Hands on WiFi Configuration Ways to configure, IP addresses, subnet mask, default gateway, DHCP, NAT, access from the Internet. Hands on CCTV configuration. How IP CCTV works TCP, UDP, IP, RTP, RTSP, SIP, PTZ, NTP, Wireshark. Port numbers. Hands on Using Wireshark to troubleshoot IP CCTV. Network issues with IP CCTV Bandwidth, video resolution, compressions, codecs, frame rates, audio. QoS. One way versus two way traffic. Hands on Analysing CCTV traffic. Security VPNs, Firewalls. Hands on CCTV through a firewall. Troubleshooting ping, tracert, arp, ipconfig, pathping, tracert. Cable issues, switch issues, WiFi issues.CCTV issues. Hands on CCTV troubleshooting. Miscellaneous Design issues, multicasting, gateways. DVR technology. Calculating storage requirements.
AutoCAD-Mac Introduction to Advanced Training Course This project-based course is tailored for AutoCAD Mac users, architecture and interior design students and professionals. Click here for more info: Website When Can I Book This Training Course? Personalized experience with 1-on-1 sessions designed to fit your unique needs. Available from Monday to Saturday, 9 am to 7 am Or Call to Book 02077202581. Duration of Training: 16 hours. Training Method: 1-on-1, providing the option for in-person sessions or live online training. Course Content Section 1: Introduction Course Overview Section 2: Basic Concepts Status Bar and The Units Drawing Commands Control Points - Vertex or Verteces Modifying Commands Snap Settings Drawing An Outline Section 3: Dimensions and Customization Adding Dimensions and Dimension Style Manager Importing Dimension Styles Customizing Shortcuts Section 4: Advanced Techniques Adding Walls Thickness with Offset Command Adding interior layout Cleaning Layout lines with Trim Section 5: Text and Styling Text Editing and Importing Text Styles Main File Formats in AutoCAD Section 6: Design Elements Creating Openings in the Floor Plan Adding Openings - Part 2 Adding Openings - Part 3 Drawing Doors & Windows Using Line Types & Linetype Scale Group and Ungroup Commands Using Blocks Using Blocks Library & Dynamic Blocks Section 7: Layers and Furnishing Layers - Part 2 Layers - Part 3 Furnishing Bedrooms & Bathrooms - Part 1 Adding Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipments | part 2 Adding Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipments | part 3 Drawing the Kitchen Drawing the Living Room Drawing Dining Room & Adding Casework Adding Steps and Railings Using Stretch Command Finishing Steps and patio areas Hatch command Hatch Customization Adding Plants & Finishing Floor Plan Section 8: Layout and Printing Paper Space & Page Setup Manager Working with Viewport & Using Print Command Scale & Using Multiple Viewports Locking Viewport Scale Drawing A Titleblock - Part 1 Drawing A Titleblock - Part 2 Copying the Titleblock Using Titleblock with Attributes Section 9: Roof Plan and Organization Drawing The Roof Plan Placing Roof Plan on Sheet Organizing Project Drawings & Using Layer Freeze AutoCAD Crashing And What To Do Section 10: Elevations Exterior elevations - Drawing the Outline Exterior elevations - Drawing the Openings Elevations - Detailing - Part 1 Elevations - Detailing - Part 2 Elevations - Repeating the workflow Elevations - Finishing 3rd Elevation Elevations - Drawing the final elevation Section 11: Sections Sections: Drawing Cut Lines & the Outline Sections: Placing 1st Section on Sheet Sections: Drawing Section #2 - Different Technique Sections: Adding Final Detail Section 12: Interior Elevations Interior Elevations: Drawing the Outline Interior Elevations: Placing on Sheet Interior Elevations: Using Block Clip Interior Elevations: Final Drawing Section 13: Conclusion Putting the Final Set Together Proficient AutoCAD Skills: Master essential tools for efficient drawing creation and manipulation. Accurate 2D Designs: Create precise and high-quality layouts with attention to detail. Effective Object Handling: Excel in selecting, moving, copying, and scaling objects. File Management: Organize drawings efficiently and understand different file formats. Precise Measurements: Utilize inquiry commands for accurate design analysis. Annotations and Hatching: Apply text, dimensions, and hatching to enhance drawings. Object Organization: Manage layers and object properties for organized designs. Reusable Content: Efficiently use blocks, tool palettes, and groups for productivity. Layout Optimization: Create layouts with viewports for optimal design presentation. Professional Output: Generate professional plots and PDF output for polished results. Enhanced Productivity: Explore AutoCAD toolsets and web/mobile apps for streamlined workflow. Course Overview: Learn versatile AutoCAD for Mac drawing techniques, applicable across all industries, enabling you to excel in the application. Our trainers incorporate exercises from various disciplines. Who Should Attend: Ideal for newcomers to AutoCAD for Mac, self-taught users seeking correct techniques, and those transitioning from other CAD tools. Requirements: A solid Mac OS understanding is essential, while prior CAD knowledge is not required. Pre-course preparation guidance is provided for new AutoCAD users. Highlights: Perfect for AutoCAD for Mac beginners. Gain skills for precise 2D layouts and designs. Versatile drawing techniques for all industries. Choose between in-class or live online training. Autodesk Certified Tutors: AutoCAD 1-2-1 courses. Hands-on learning with expert trainers. Lifetime post-course email support. Tailored on-request training available. Certificate: Digital certificate included. Tailored Mac Training: Excel in AutoCAD with specialized Mac training, leveraging its distinct features and interface for heightened efficiency. Comprehensive Skill Enhancement: Advance from fundamental to intermediate AutoCAD Mac proficiency, creating precise and professional 2D drawings. Industry-Relevant Expertise: Attain in-demand skills valued by employers in architecture, engineering, and design sectors. Hands-On Project Exposure: Immerse yourself in practical exercises mirroring real-world design scenarios, fostering practical competence. Lesson Recordings for Review: Access recorded lessons for reinforcement and deeper AutoCAD Mac comprehension. Ongoing Email Support: Benefit from lifetime email support, ensuring assistance beyond course completion."
Duration 5 Days 30 CPD hours This course is intended for Microsoft Dynamics 365 Finance and Operations Apps Developers Overview By the end of this course, you will learn to develop fully realized solutions by using standardized application coding patterns. In this course, you will learn the tasks needed to fulfill the role of developer in Dynamics 365 Finance and Operations Apps. The Dynamics 365 for Finance and Operations (FO) developer is a key technical resource that implements and extends the application to meet the requirements of the business. Module 1: Overview & Architecturen Explore the ecosystem and main components Explore the technical architecture Explore design and deployment considerations Module 2: Developer Tools Manage implementations by using Lifecycle Services Manage source code by using version control Customize by using Visual Studio Module 3: Solution Design Implement application lifecycle management Module 4: AOT Elements Build extended data types and enumerations Build tables Build forms and optimize form performance Create classes Create other user interface elements Module 5: Code Development & Testing Explore the test framework and use tools Get started with development using X++ Develop object-oriented code Use RSAT tool Module 6: Data Migration Prepare data for migration Module 7: Frameworks Introduction Explore extensions and the extension framework Extend elements SysOperationSandbox framework Summary Module 8: Integration Identify data integration patterns and scenarios Implement data integration concepts and solutions Implement the data management package API Data integrations Integrate with Microsoft Azure Connecting to Power Platform services Consume business events Integrate Finance and Operations apps with Microsoft Dataverse Module 9: Reporting Explore the reporting tools Build reports Build workspaces Manage data sources with external data stores Module 10: Security & Performance Work with performance and monitoring tools Implement role-based security Apply basic performance optimization techniques Additional course details: Nexus Humans MB-500T00 Dynamics 365 - Finance and Operations Apps Developer training program is a workshop that presents an invigorating mix of sessions, lessons, and masterclasses meticulously crafted to propel your learning expedition forward. This immersive bootcamp-style experience boasts interactive lectures, hands-on labs, and collaborative hackathons, all strategically designed to fortify fundamental concepts. Guided by seasoned coaches, each session offers priceless insights and practical skills crucial for honing your expertise. Whether you're stepping into the realm of professional skills or a seasoned professional, this comprehensive course ensures you're equipped with the knowledge and prowess necessary for success. While we feel this is the best course for the MB-500T00 Dynamics 365 - Finance and Operations Apps Developer course and one of our Top 10 we encourage you to read the course outline to make sure it is the right content for you. Additionally, private sessions, closed classes or dedicated events are available both live online and at our training centres in Dublin and London, as well as at your offices anywhere in the UK, Ireland or across EMEA.
About this Training Course This 3 full-day course provides a sound review of Pipeline Integrity Management strategies, in compliance with regulatory requirements, including self-assessment. The course is highly interactive and takes the form of lectures and case studies. On completion of the course, the participants will have a solid understanding of the procedures, strengths, limitations, and applicability of the main issues that comprise a Pipeline Integrity Management Program. The course incorporates API 1160 / 1173 and ASME B31.8S, and explains in detail the pipeline integrity requirements described in these standards. This course can also be offered through Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) format. Training Objectives Objectives of this course: Explore the latest techniques used to develop a comprehensive integrity management program covering both pipelines and their associated facilities Determine the necessary elements of such a program described in detail with examples of typical program content including an overarching view of where detailed risk analysis and defect assessment fits in the program Understand the scopes and contents of pipeline integrity standards i.e. API 1160 / 1173 and ASME B31.8S On completion of this course, the participants will be able to understand: Codes used in developing Integrity Management Plans, API 1160 / 1173 and ASME B31.8S, others The elements of an Integrity Management Plan Threat assessment Critical aspects of risk assessment Prevention and mitigation measures Characteristics and limitations of different inspection methods A risk-based approach to maintenance Target Audience The course is intended for supervisors, engineers and technicians responsible for ensuring the adequate protection of pipeline assets. In addition, maintenance planners, regulators and service providers to the pipeline industry will also benefit from attending this course. Course Level Basic or Foundation Trainer Your expert course leader is a Ph.D. Metallurgical Engineer with advanced expertise in asset integrity management of oil & gas production facilities, corrosion control, materials selection, chemical treatments, pipeline pigging, inspections, fitness-for-service evaluations, failure analysis and related consulting. He has 40 years of experience working for BP in Asia and South America, Amoco in the US, Intertek, and four years with Applus-Velosi in Southeast Asia. Practical Work Experience: AIM consultant with focus on Southeast Asia operations and clients Direct technical interface with clients on Velosi services Technical consultant for ongoing regional contracts and lead roles as auditor, instructor or facilitator Main clients have included the following organisations: BP and Vico Indonesia, Pertamina Offshore Northwest Java and West Madura Offshore (Indonesia), NCSP (Vietnam), ADCO-OPCO (Abu Dhabi), Thang Long (Vietnam), Exxon-Mobil (Malaysia) and Mubadala Petroleum (Indonesia). POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable
HSPA and HSPA+ training course description HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) provide speeds of upto 14Mbps downlink and 5Mbps uplink. This theory-based course provides an overview of the 3GPP R5 and R6 HSDPA/HSUPA standards and the technologies which are involved. The HSPA+ R7 enhancements are also covered. What will you learn Explain the relationship between HSPA and UMTS. Describe the benefits of HSPA/HSPA+ Explain the HSPA/HSPA+ technical enhancements. Explain packet flows in HSPA/HSPA+. Recognise the migration issues involved with HSPA/HSPA+ HSPA and HSPA+ training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with HSPA. Prerequisites: Essential UMTS Duration 2 days HSPA and HSPA+ training course contents UMTS review UMTS architecture, components, interfaces, protocols, W-CDMA, standards, 3GPPr5, 3GPPr6, evolution to HSDPA and HSPA. HSPA basics What is HSDPA, what is HSUPA, key features, system capacities, data rates, delays. Key concepts: Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), QPSK, 16QAM, HARQ, MAC-hs, multiplexing, subframes. HSPA channels Logical, transport, physical channels, dedicated vs. shared channels, HS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH, code multiplexing, E-DCH, Enhanced DPCCH. MAC-architecture Controlling HS-DSCH, flow control, buffering, priority queues, packet scheduling, fast packet scheduling, Selecting modulation and coding. HARQ: Packet retransmissions, Incremental redundancy, comparison with ARQ, TFRC. MAC-d, MAC-c/sh, MAC-hs, MAC-es, MAC-e. HSPA migration HSDPA in the Radio Access Network (RAN), reuse of existing UMTS components, changes required, Impact on Iub/Iur interfaces, new and modified NBAP procedures, backwards compatibility. Packet flows Packet data session setup, simultaneous voice and data, QoS, TCP flow control, WCDMA packet scheduler, mobility procedures. HSPA phase 2 (3GPP r6) What is evolved HSPA? Speeds. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). Optional all IP architecture. R8 and LTE.
Total GPRS training course description GPRS is a packet switched access mode for GSM systems, which will enable more efficient use of the radio resources leading to increased data speeds and capacity. It is an important migration step toward 3G networks. This course provides a detailed analysis of the workings and implications of GPRS. What will you learn Explain what GPRS is. Describe the GPRS protocol stack. Describe the GPRS architecture Total GPRS training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who needs to know more about GPRS. Prerequisites: Total GSM Duration 2 days Total GPRS training course contents GPRS network architecture Review of GSM architecture, the new network entities required for GPRS. How the existing GSM network entities needs to be upgraded. How GPRS roaming will work. How intra and inter PLMNs work together. How billing works in the GPRS network. IP over GPRS Brief review of IP, IP stack over GPRS, IP addressing in GPRS, DHCP, GPRS configuration for IP. IP packet flows. WAP and GPRS. GPRS interfaces Messaging scenarios used over the GPRS Gb, Gs and Gp Interfaces. How the handset performs a GPRS attach and detach. GPRS roaming and how it works. Links used between GPRS Roaming Exchanges (GRX). GPRS terminal attach message flow in the NSS, PDP context message flow in the NSS, GPRS paging message flow, GPRS terminal detach message flow. GPRS protocol stack The components of the protocol stack. How each component works. How encapsulated packets are sent. How each component links to the next component. GPRS air interface The new GPRS channels required. How the new channels work. How to map GPRS logical channels onto physical channels. How they enable session activation. The difference between master PDCHs and slave PDCHs. GPRS terminals The 3 classes of terminal available. How the handset performs a GPRS attach and detach.
Broadband access training course description ADSL is a broadband technology providing fast Internet access (amongst other applications) over existing telephone lines. This course covers an overview of the DSL family, what ADSL is through to how ADSL works. What will you learn Describe what ADSL is. Describe how ADSL works. Describe the ADSL architecture. Recognise the limitations of ADSL. List the elements required for an ADSL installation. Broadband access training course details Who will benefit: Network engineers and anyone who will be working with ADSL. Prerequisites: Intro to data communications & networking Duration 2 days Broadband access training course contents What is ADSL? Broadband definitions, OSI layer 1, ADSL services, WANS. ADSL features: always on, point to point, Asymmetric, speeds. ADSL benefits, xDSL family, standards, history, example DSL forum documents. ADSL architecture The big picture, The PSTN and telephones, Digital and analogue, PSTN and modems, ADSL vs. modem speeds, Block 1: Customer premises, Block 2: The last mile, Block 3: The exchange, Block 4: the core network. Customer premises Splitters, micro filters, splitter architectures, Splitterless ADSL, ADSL modems, USB, ADSL routers. The local loop ADSL PHY, Some basics, ADSL margins, speed implications, distances, RADSL, Line testing, whoosh tests, line coding, multiple channels, FDM, echo cancellation, Modulation: AM, FM, PM, QAM, QAM constellations, DMT, CAP, Framing, Superframes, fast data mode, interleaved mode, RADSL revisited. The exchange Local exchange ADSL items, DSLAMs, ADSL racks, Contention. The core network The role of the core network, ATM, ATM VPI/VCI, ATM cells, ATM layers, AAL5, RAS, Home gateways. ADSL and the higher layers Layer 2 choices, PPPoA, PPP, CHAP, Layer 4 and above, ADSL and ATM. Installing and configuring ADSL Choosing providers, line activation, hardware requirements, Configuring layer 1 and layer 2, Configuring IP. Summary ITU ADSL standards
Why Learn Autodesk AutoCAD | 3ds Max Training Course? Course Link 3ds Max serves as a powerful tool in architectural modeling, product design, games and films. Engaging with 3ds Max tutorials proves invaluable, particularly for game designers, as it can significantly enhance their professional growth and career prospects. Duration: 16 hrs Method: 1-on-1, Personalized attention. Schedule: Tailor your own schedule by pre-booking a convenient hour of your choice, available from Mon to Sat between 9 am and 7 pm. AutoCAD and 3ds Max Training Course: Tailored Learning Experience: Benefit from personalized, one-on-one training tailored to your individual needs and learning pace. Flexibility in Learning: Choose between attending in-person sessions or participating in live online classes, granting you the flexibility to learn from anywhere at your convenience. Accessible Lesson Recordings: Access recorded lessons to revisit concepts, practice techniques, and reinforce your understanding whenever you need. Ongoing Email Support: Receive continuous assistance and expert guidance through lifetime email support, ensuring you never feel left behind in your learning journey. Learn from Certified Tutors and Industry Experts: Be educated by experienced professionals proficient in both Autodesk AutoCAD and 3ds Max, providing valuable insights into industry best practices. Complimentary Career Advice: Take advantage of our career advisory services to receive valuable guidance in navigating your professional path and making informed decisions. Download Autodesk Autocad and 3ds max AutoCAD and 3ds Max Training Course. Course Duration: 16 hours Course Overview: Join our training program to master AutoCAD and 3ds Max. Suitable for beginners and experienced 2D/3D modelers, this course equips you with essential skills to create stunning designs in both 2D and 3D. Course Outline: Part 1: Introduction to AutoCAD Familiarizing with the AutoCAD interface Understanding the drawing environment Mastering basic 2D geometry creation Exploring essential drawing tools and commands Introduction to blocks and symbols for efficient design Part 2: Advanced AutoCAD Techniques Delving into advanced drawing techniques Manipulating and editing 2D geometry like a pro Creating custom symbols and blocks for enhanced productivity Working with text and annotations for clear communication Utilizing layers and line types for organized design Part 3: Plans sections and Elevations Entering the realm of Plans sections and Elevations Crafting Plans and 2D construction detailing precision Modifying and manipulating 2D seamlessly Crafting custom materials and textures for realistic designs Part 4: Introduction to 3ds Max Embracing the 3ds Max interface and workspace setup Mastering navigation within 3ds Max Understanding the viewport for optimized design Exploring basic 3D modeling techniques in 3ds Max Part 5: Materials and Textures in 3ds Max Applying and modifying textures to elevate designs Unraveling the art of UVW mapping for precise texturing Utilizing the material editor for creative freedom Crafting custom materials to suit your design vision Harnessing the power of Vray materials for realistic renders Part 6: Lighting in 3ds Max Introducing various lighting techniques Understanding light properties for impactful designs Setting up lights strategically to enhance scenes Illuminating scenes using Vray lights Part 7: Cameras in 3ds Max Mastering camera systems in 3ds Max Exploring camera properties for cinematic effects Creating animation with cameras for dynamic scenes Utilizing Vray cameras to achieve stunning renders Part 8: Rendering in 3ds Max Unveiling the art of rendering Utilizing Vray Global Illumination for realistic lighting Leveraging Vray Physical Cameras for precise control Enhancing scenes with Vray HDRI Lighting Following a Vray Rendering Workflow for professional results Part 9: Advanced Modeling Techniques Crafting complex geometry with finesse Utilizing modifiers for intricate designs Exploring polygonal modeling for versatile creations Creating organic and inorganic models with expertise Unleashing the potential of advanced modeling techniques Part 10: Projects Applying all learned skills to create real-world scenes Designing a simple interior scene with attention to detail Crafting a captivating exterior scene for visual impact Creating a complex scene with multiple objects and materials Course Requirements: A computer with AutoCAD and 3ds Max installed Basic knowledge of computer operations An interest in 2D and 3D modeling and design
Designed to help individuals and their organisations develop new products, services and ways of working to create sustainable value. The EFQM Innovation Leader Training is designed to help individuals and their organisations understand what innovation means for them and challenge them to focus on developing new products, services and ways of working to add new value. The training will focus on how to: Develop your understanding of innovation and how it can be successfully implemented using a structured innovation management approach Demonstrate the ability to effectively manage innovation activities to achieve the intended outcomes Course Content Overview of the EFQM Lens Concept Introduction to Innovation Lens Groupwork – Megatrends and how they impact on you Innovation Lens Framework – Structure and Content Groupwork – Completion of Innovation Questionnaire Discussion – Feedback on the Questionnaire and Outcomes How to manage the Innovation process Using Assess Base to baseline performance/conduct a gap analysis Pre-course Work Pre-reading on the new EFQM Model. Delivery The course is delivered through virtual trainer led live workshop. Upon registration, you will receive a link to the workshop. Cost £450 + VAT which includes the training course, the Innovation Lens e-book and your EFQM Innovation Leader Certificate. If you are not yet a member but are already thinking about joining CforC, you can find more information on how to become a member and the benefits by clicking here.
ADSL training course description An introduction to ATM. What will you learn Recognise the benefits of ADSL. Describe what ADSL is. Describe how ADSL works. Describe the ADSL architecture Recognise the limitations of ADSL. List the elements required for an ADSL installation. ADSL training course details Who will benefit: Network engineers and anyone who will be working with ADSL. Prerequisites: Intro to data comms & networking Duration 2 days ADSL training course contents What is ADSL? Broadband definitions, OSI layer 1, ADSL services, WANS. ADSL features: always on, point to point, Asymmetric, speeds. ADSL benefits, xDSL family, standards, history, example DSL forum documents. ADSL architecture The big picture, The PSTN and telephones, Digital and analogue, PSTN and modems, ADSL vs. modem speeds, Block 1: Customer premises, Block 2: The last mile, Block 3: The exchange, Block 4: the core network. Customer premises Splitters, micro filters, splitter architectures, Splitterless ADSL, ADSL modems, USB, ADSL routers. The local loop ADSL PHY, Some basics, ADSL margins, speed implications, distances, RADSL, Line testing, whoosh tests, line coding, multiple channels, FDM, echo cancellation, Modulation: AM, FM, PM, QAM, QAM constellations, DMT, CAP, Framing, Superframes, fast data mode, interleaved mode, RADSL revisited. The local loop ADSL PHY, Some basics, ADSL margins, speed implications, distances, RADSL, Line testing, whoosh tests, line coding, multiple channels, FDM, echo cancellation, Modulation: AM, FM, PM, QAM, QAM constellations, DMT, CAP, Framing, Superframes, fast data mode, interleaved mode, RADSL revisited. The exchange Local exchange ADSL items, DSLAMs, ADSL racks, Contention. The core network The role of the core network, ATM, ATM VPI/VCI, ATM cells, ATM layers, AAL5, RAS, Home gateways. ADSL and the higher layers Layer 2 choices, PPPoA, PPP, CHAP, layer 4 and above, ADSL and IP, ADSL and ATM. Installing and configuring ADSL Choosing providers, line activation, hardware requirements, Configuring layer 1 and layer 2, Configuring IP. Summary ITU ADSL standards.