2412 Courses

Transmission demystified training course description Transmission is the process of sending information along a medium of, copper, fibre or wireless. This course looks at transmission techniques for both telecommunications and data communications with a particular focus on Microwave, SDH, DWDM transmission. The course aims to demystify these technologies by explaining all the buzzwords used in transmission. What will you learn Describe various transmission technologies such as multiplexing and demultiplexing. Explain how Microwave works. Explain how SDH works. Explain how DWDM works. Transmission demystified training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working in telecommunications. Prerequisites: None. Duration 2 days Transmission demystified training course contents Transmission basics Systems, media, signals. Signal degradation, noise, distortion, attenuation. Digital, analogue. Modulation, encoding. RF Frequency, wavelength. Distance / range issues, interference, Antenna, power, dB, RF propagation, testing. Microwave transmission What is microwave transmission, point to point communications, line of sight, parabolic antenna, relays, planning considerations, rain and other issues Wired transmissions Copper, Fibre, optical transmission, fibre characteristics, fibre component parts. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF). Single Mode Fibre (SMF). Fibre connections. Lasers. Attenuations, dispersion, optical signal noise ratios (OSNR) and their effects. Channel Spacing and Signal Direction. Limiting factors to single wavelength. Introduction to SDH Timing and synchronisation of digital signals, the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), service protection with SDH. TDM. SDH6 Standards, basic units, frames, STM1 frame, bit rates, STM0, STM1, STM4, STM16, STM64, STM256, SDH architecture, rings, Add drop multiplexors. SDH network topologies, structure of SDH equipment, SDH synchronisation, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, Ethernet over SDH. WDM overview Multiplexing, TDM, WDM benefits. WDM standards. CWDM vs. DWDM. Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Impact and countermeasures to FWM on WDM.tructure of SDH equipment, SDH synchronisation, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, Ethernet over SDH. DWDM ITU G.694.1, channel and spacing. Optical Terminal Multiplexers (OTM). Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM). Adding versus dropping. Optical Amplifiers. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA). Transponders and Combiners. Optical and Electrical Cross Connects (OXCs/DXCs). Cross Connect types (Transparent/Opaque). Advantages and disadvantages of various Optical cross connects. IP transmission Telecommunications versus data communications, IP transmission, VoIP, MPLS.

Signalling training course description An intensive course that defines and explores the signalling methods that are to be found in today's telecommunications services. What will you learn Describe the Functionality and Features of Signalling. Describe the Functionality of Analogue & Digital Subscriber Signalling. Describe the various types of signalling used on different network types. Describe the Functionality of Private Network Signalling. Describe the Functionality of Public Network Signalling. Signalling training course details Who will benefit: Personnel involved with systems design, implementation and support. Prerequisites: Telecommunications Introduction Duration 2 days Signalling training course contents Introduction What is Signalling?, Standards, ITU-T Recommendations, Signalling Categories - Supervisory Addressing, E.164, Call Information, Network Management, Network Components, Inband/Outband Switch Signalling, Analogue Vs Digital Signalling. Analogue Subscriber Signalling Analogue Local Loops/Switches/Trunks, Digital Switches/Local Loops, Telephone Handset, Accessing the Local Exchange, Pulse/Tone Dialling. Digital Subscriber Signalling Integrated Digital Access, DASS2 & DPNSS, DASS2 - Call, IMUX, Euro ISDN, Q.931 Call Control, Message Identification, Message Types, Call Establishment Messages, Call Clearing. Network Types Service Types, Circuit Switched, Packet Switched, Signalling Terminology, In-Channel Signalling, G.704, Performance and Quality, Digital Signalling, CAS, CAS Applications, Foreign Exchange, CCS, Break-In/Out Private Network Signalling Types Networking PABXs, Inter PABX Analogue Signalling Methods, E & M, Tone-On-Idle, Inter PABX Digital Signalling Methods, DPNSS, DPNSS Deployment, PABX Support for DPNSS, DPNSS Call, Q.Sig, Q.Sig support/functionality/protocol, Message Overview, Call Establishment. Public Network Signalling SS7, SS7 Operations, SS7 Topology, SSP, STP, SCP, Database Types - CMSDB NP LIDB HLR VLR, Signalling Modes, Link Types, Further Redundancy, Linksets, SS7 addressing, Point Codes, Sub-System, Global Title Addressing and Translation, ANSI PCs, ITU-T PCs, SS7 Protocol Stack, MTP Level 1, MTP Level 2, Flow Control, FISU, LSSU, MSU, MSU SIF, MTP Level 3, SCCP, TCAP, TUP, Facility Format, Main Facilities, Flow Control Negotiation, Closed User Groups, Reverse Charging, Fast Select Facility, Throughput Class Negotiation, Call Barring, On-Line Facility Registration. BTUP, ISDN ISUP, Supplementary Services, ISUP Call - IAM, Progress/Answer/Suspend/ Resume/Release Messages, Intelligent Network (IN) Introduction, IN Evolution, IN Conceptual Model, IN Target Services & Service Features, Service Independent Building Blocks

Data comms training course description A hands on training course introducing the concepts of data communications, moving on to covering both LAN and WAN technology. Quizzes are used extensively to ensure material has sunk in and to maximise learning time. Hands on sessions ensure that by the end of the course delegates have made cables, built LANS and WANS, configured TCP/IP, switches and routers. What will you learn Use the seven layer model to classify networking buzzwords. Build and troubleshoot Ethernet, LAN/WAN and WiFi networks Explain the difference between switches and routers. Connect networks with routers. Data comms training course details Who will benefit: Anyone who requires a technical introduction to networks. Prerequisites: None. Duration 3 days Data comms training course contents What are networks? What is data communications? What are networks? Types of network, LANs, LAN choices, WANs, WAN choices, PANs, SANs, MANs, connecting networks. Internetworks, the internet, clouds. Networks and standards Standards bodies, ISO, ITU, IEEE, IETF, OSI 7 layer reference model, TCP/IP and OSI, ping and the 7 layer model, encapsulation, fragmentation. The physical layer Transmission media: Copper, Fibre, RF, UTP, Cat 5/5e/6/7..., RJ45, straight and cross over cables. Coax, Fibre cable & connectors, SFP, MMF, SMF, radio spectrum, frequencies, ranges, noise and electrical distortion, repeaters. Hands on Cabling, ping. Bandwidth Definition, Bits, bytes, speeds, simplex, half/full duplex, a/symmetrical, aggregation, latency. Calculating bandwidth requirements. The Data Link layer Frames, classifications, standards, LAN/WAN layer 2 technologies (Point to point, virtual circuits). Ethernet What is Ethernet? 802.3, evolution from CSMA/CD, choosing cables, topologies, NICs, MAC addresses. Ethernet frame format. Hands on Analysing Ethernet frames. Ethernet switches Connecting multiple devices, switches work at layer 2, Switches vs. hubs, simultaneous conversations, full duplex, MAC address database, how switches work, switch benefits, loops, STP. Console ports. Hands on Switches and WireShark, configuring switches, broadcast storms, STP. VLANS What are VLANs, why have VLANs. Hands on The effect of VLANs on network traffic. Wireless LANs Type of wireless network. WiFi, 802.11b/g/n/ac, WiFi6, antennae, interference, 802.11 frame format, CSMA/CA, half duplex, Wireless Access Points, security. Hands on Building a WiFi network. WANS WAN architecture, WAN types, service providers, access equipment, DTE, DCE, core equipment, WANs and the 7 layer model, choosing a WAN. WAN access Point to point, multi access, Internet, phone lines, leased lines, xDSL, broadband architecture. DOCSIS, FTTH, PON, SD-WAN. Older technologies (if required): Modems, ISDN, 64k, E1, TDM. Packet switched networks Packet switching, virtual circuits, Hub & spoke, partial & full mesh, MPLS, MPLS and routers, Why MPLS? MPLS -TE, MPLS VPN, Internet VPN. Older technologies (if required). Service provider technologies Transport plane, SDH, SONET, WDM, CWDM, DWDM, DWDM architectures, OTN. TCP/IP Definition, protocols, services, internetworking, the Internet, intranets, IAB, RFCs, IP header, IP addressing, subnet masks, IPv6, TCP, UDP. Hands on IP address and subnet mask configuration. Routers What are routers? Routers vs switches, when to route and when to switch, default gateways, routing tables, static routes, routing protocols. Firewalls, how firewalls work. Hands on Router configuration, tracert. Applications Clients, servers, web, HTTP, Email, resource sharing, IM, VoIP, Video over IP, terminal emulation, ftp, ssh. Hands on telnet

SDH training course description Our SDH training course is designed for those with a basic knowledge of the principles of telecommunication digital transmission techniques. An overview of the existing transmission hierarchies and their limitations is provided with an introduction to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The advantages of SDH are explained fully. What will you learn Identify the major limitations of the PDH network. Outline the advantages of using the SDH. Illustrate the various SDH equipment and network topologies. Describe the principles of the SDH multiplexing structure. SDH training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with SDH. Prerequisites: It should be noted that this course will assume some basic telecommunication transmission knowledge from the delegates attending. This may be accomplished by attending the Introduction to Telecommunications course. Duration 2 days SDH training course contents Introduction to SDH Timing and synchronisation of digital signals, the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), service protection with SDH SDH Multiplexing Techniques The multiplexing principles of SDH, mapping and aligning a 2Mbit/s tributary into a TU-12, aligning the VC-12 in a TU-12, multiplexing TU-12's into a TUG-2, multiplexing TUG-2's into a TUG-3, multiplexing TUG-3's into a VC-4, the VC-4 path overhead, the STM-1 frame, the AU-4 pointer, the STM-1 section overheads, multiplexer section protection, transmission at rates higher than STM-1, concatenation line transmission functions in SDH SONET Multiplexing Techniques Mapping a DS1 tributary into a virtual tributary, aligning the VT-SPE into a VT frame, mapping the VTGs into a STS-1 SPE, the STS-1 synchronous payload envelope, the STS-1 frame SONET network sections and lines transmissions at higher rates than STS-1 SDH Functions and Facilities SDH network topologies, structure of SDH equipment, synchronisation of SDH networks, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, SDH performance monitoring, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, network management and SDH, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), future services and technologies OSI Telecommunications Network Management Definition of network management, managing telecom equipment, the managed object library, the management information base, the telecommunications management network (TMN), the Q3 protocol.

About this training course Business Impact: The main aim is to provide insight and understanding of data analytics and machine learning principles through applications. Field data is used to explain data-analysis workflows. Using easy to follow solution scripts, the participants will assess and extract value from the data sets. Hands-on solution approach will give them confidence to try out applicable techniques on data from their field assets. Data analysis means cleaning, inspecting, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering new, useful information and supporting decision-making. In this hands-on 2-day training course, the participants learn some data analysis and data science techniques and workflows applied to petroleum production (specifically artificial lift) while reviewing code and practicing. The focus is on developing data-driven models while keeping our feet closer to the underlying oil and gas production principles. Unique Features: Eight business use cases covering their business impact, code walkthroughs for most all and solution approach. Industry data sets for participants to practice on and take home. No software or complicated Python frameworks required. Training Objectives After the completion of this training course, participants will be able to: Understand digital oil field transformation and its impact on business Examine machine learning methods Review workflows and code implementations After completing the course, participants will have a set of tools and some pathways to model and analyze their data in the cloud, find trends, and develop data-driven models Target Audience This training course is suitable and will greatly benefit the following specific groups: Artificial lift, production and facilities engineers and students to enhance their knowledge base, increase technology awareness, and improve the facility with different data analysis techniques applied on large data sets Course Level Intermediate Advanced Training Methods The course discusses several business use-cases that are amenable to data-driven workflows. For each use case, the instructor will show the solution using a data analysis technique with Python code deployed in the Google cloud. Trainees will solve a problem and tweak their solution. Course Duration: 2 days in total (14 hours). Training Schedule 0830 - Registration 0900 - Start of training 1030 - Morning Break 1045 - Training recommences 1230 - Lunch Break 1330 - Training recommences 1515 - Evening break 1530 - Training recommences 1700 - End of Training The maximum number of participants allowed for this training course is 20. This course is also available through our Virtual Instructor Led Training (VILT) format. Prerequisites: Understanding of petroleum production concepts Knowledge of Python is not a must but preferred to get the full benefit. The training will use the Google Collaboratory environment available in Google-Cloud for hands-on exercises Trainees will need to bring a computer with a Google Chrome browser and a Google email account (available for free) Trainer Your expert course leader has over 35 years' work-experience in multiphase flow, artificial lift, real-time production optimization and software development/management. His current work is focused on a variety of use cases like failure prediction, virtual flow rate determination, wellhead integrity surveillance, corrosion, equipment maintenance, DTS/DAS interpretation. He has worked for national oil companies, majors, independents, and service providers globally. He has multiple patents and has delivered a multitude of industry presentations. Twice selected as an SPE distinguished lecturer, he also volunteers on SPE committees. He holds a Bachelor's and Master's in chemical engineering from the Gujarat University and IIT-Kanpur, India; and a Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Tulsa, USA. Highlighted Work Experience: At Weatherford, consulted with clients as well as directed teams on digital oilfield solutions including LOWIS - a solution that was underneath the production operations of Chevron and Occidental Petroleum across the globe. Worked with and consulted on equipment's like field controllers, VSDs, downhole permanent gauges, multiphase flow meters, fibre optics-based measurements. Shepherded an enterprise-class solution that is being deployed at a major oil and gas producer for production management including artificial lift optimization using real time data and deep-learning data analytics. Developed a workshop on digital oilfield approaches for production engineers. Patents: Principal inventor: 'Smarter Slug Flow Conditioning and Control' Co-inventor: 'Technique for Production Enhancement with Downhole Monitoring of Artificially Lifted Wells' Co-inventor: 'Wellbore real-time monitoring and analysis of fracture contribution' Worldwide Experience in Training / Seminar / Workshop Deliveries: Besides delivering several SPE webinars, ALRDC and SPE trainings globally, he has taught artificial lift at Texas Tech, Missouri S&T, Louisiana State, U of Southern California, and U of Houston. He has conducted seminars, bespoke trainings / workshops globally for practicing professionals: Companies: Basra Oil Company, ConocoPhillips, Chevron, EcoPetrol, Equinor, KOC, ONGC, LukOil, PDO, PDVSA, PEMEX, Petronas, Repsol, , Saudi Aramco, Shell, Sonatrech, QP, Tatneft, YPF, and others. Countries: USA, Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, China, Croatia, Congo, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Oman, Mexico, Norway, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Saudi Arabia, S Korea, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, UAE, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela. Virtual training provided for PetroEdge, ALRDC, School of Mines, Repsol, UEP-Pakistan, and others since pandemic. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

This course is intended for delegates who are now doing dermal fillers or whom are advanced injectors. The Brazilian Butt Lift training includes improving shape, volumizing and sculpting the area with dermal filler. We use Hyacorp MFL 2 or Genefill Products  MASTERCLASS GROUP 8 CPD POINTS 1 DAY COURSE  ONLINE During the HANDS_ training day you will learn the following: Anatomy and Physiology Consultation for patients Consent forms Treatment information After care Disinfection & Safety Indications and Contra-indications Risks, side effects Dealing with complications Marketing tips Certificate upon completion CPD All under the supervision of our fully trained aesthetics practitioners, with Medical background. You will practice on real models and optional extra Mentoring date can be provided if required! BBL is the newest of the body augmentation treatments in the cosmetic/aesthetic industry Masterclass. HANDS-ON BBL TRAINING COURSE IN LONDON Practice in 1-day Course ONE-TO-ONE Training Non-Surgical Liquid Brazilian Butt Lift with Hyaluronic Acid ( difference Fillers )Hayacorp MFL 2 ,Genefill contour using cannulas. Brazilian Butt lift with Fillers also called Liquid BBL has become one of the most popular non-surgical cosmetic procedures. Client’s are more than ever looking for non-surgical alternatives to the most popular cosmetic procedures. Take advantage of this ever-growing market with our one-day intensive course, extend you level of injectable procedure. Our Buttock Augmentation training course you will learn how to safely administrate the HA and effectively carry out these procedures to help your clients achieve a firmer, rounder buttock whilst saving your clients thousands on undergoing invasive surgery.  The Brazilian Buttock Lift, training course consists in learning Master class injection techniques and application for the most frequently requested areas of the body under professional supervise with some of the best experts of Academy on central London. You can extend the training with Legs, Arms and Calves. With Harley Elite Academy you can learn to practice in cosmetic medicine what the most celebrities want! We will cover pertinent information including mechanism of action technique of safety, dealing with complications, dilution guidelines, and more., providing injectable protocol for the products. Contraindications Complications Management Post treatment advice You need to be medically qualified as a doctor, dentist, nurse, pharmacist or paramedic with full governing body registration and have completed a Foundation Filler Course and to have administered a number of cases.

Gain expertise in IFRS accounting for the oil and gas sector with our industry-focused training course. Enroll today with EnergyEdge.

Frame Relay training course description A comprehensive look at Frame Relay, particularly with reference to a IP routed environment. Note this course is run as a workshop and therefore the contents are flexible. What will you learn Recognise the issues of using Frame Relay Describe Frame Relay. Configure a Cisco router to use Frame relay. Frame Relay training course details Who will benefit: Anyone working with Frame Relay. Prerequisites: Intro to data communications & networking Duration 1 day Frame Relay training course contents Introduction Packet switched networks, PVCs, SVCs. Topologies, Full mesh, partial mesh, Hub and spoke. Basics DLCI, CIR, LMI, the local loop. Configuring routers for Frame Relay Inverse ARP, static mappings, subinterfaces More Frame Relay Burst rates, FECN, BECN, the DE bit, Traffic shaping. Voice Over Frame Relay

About this Training Course This 5 full-day training course looks at the setup of economic analysis cases, including the estimation of recoverable reserves, production profiles, commodity prices, and project costs - CAPEX, OPEX, taxes, royalties, transportation, depreciation, before-tax (BTAX) cash-flow, after-tax (ATAX) cash-flow and international fiscal regimes (production sharing agreement and concessionary system). The course begins from the basic required parameters of inflation, interest and time value of money. These concepts are then transformed into profitability indicators. Last but not the least, the profitability indicators are then used to make investment decisions. The emphasis of this course is to bridge the gap between theoretical concepts and their practical limitations. The participants will be able to appreciate the amount of information that they never thought of. Another emphasis of this course is also on the use of Excel's financial functions. This understanding is very critical when it comes to building economic cash-flow models. Over the years, we have seen that participants really struggle with using the Excel functions correctly and this leads to mistakes that can be easily avoided. In each session, multiple choice problems are provided to participants to reinforce their understanding of the concepts covered in the course. Many quick or tips not widely known, are also shared with the participants. The concepts covered in this course are not restricted to downstream, upstream or petrochemical projects. These concepts can be used to evaluate any type of investment under consideration. Participants will require access to computers/laptops with Excel to solve problems during the course. Training Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to fully understand the gas market dynamics and Investment Evaluation. They will be able to: Learn how to reduce exposure and mitigate risks in projects by handling uncertainty Clarify concepts such as time value of money, cash-flow models, capital budgeting, IRR, NPV, income producing investments Maximise the return on investments through good decision-making processes based on the commercial viability of projects Improve their decision process, investment and opportunity analysis Acquire the hands-on experience in building their own economic evaluation models and solving case study-based examples   Target Audience The following oil & gas company personnel will benefit from the knowledge shared in this course: Facilities and Planning engineers Project and procurement personnel Oil & gas engineers Geologists Financial Analysts Commercial managers Economists Government officials Business advisors Asset managers E&P managers Product and business development personnel   Course Level Basic or Foundation Training Methods     Organisational Impact     Trainer Your expert course leader is a globally recognised subject matter expert in petroleum/project economics and international gas market analysis. He is a recipient of the 2021 Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) International Management Award, an award that recognises individuals who make significant technical and professional contributions to the petroleum engineering profession and to the worldwide oil and gas industry. He has 40 years of diversified experience in petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering, project economics and decision analysis. He had been involved in evaluating multi-billion-dollar oil and gas field development, NGL, LNG, GTL, Aluminum smelter, refinery, petrochemical, power and production sharing projects. He has worked with major oil companies such as Saudi Aramco, ZADCO, Qatar Petroleum and companies in USA. He is a registered professional Engineer in the state of Colorado, USA. He is the author of six books: Petroleum Engineering Handbook for the Practicing Engineer, Vol. I and Vol. II, published by PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. Project Economics and Decision Analysis, Vol. I and Vol. II, published by PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. These books are used as textbooks in universities worldwide to teach petroleum economics to undergraduates and graduate students. Tip & Tricks in Excel based Financial Modeling, Vol. 1 & 2, published by Business Expert Press, New York, USA. He has also authored several papers in the Oil & Gas Journal, The Log Analyst, World Oil, SPE Journals, and Oil & Gas Financial Journal. He has delivered lectures in more than 25 countries around the globe. He has always received excellent feedback, as an expert presenter, from the participants of his courses. Daily daily_agenda     POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

Microsoft Access training course description A hands on course providing a solid grounding in Microsoft Access. What will you learn Use and customise the Microsoft Access environment. Select, use and customise queries. Define tables. Design forms and reports. Recognise the use of macros. Microsoft Access training course details Who will benefit: Anyone wishing to work with Microsoft Access. Prerequisites: Database fundamentals Duration 3 days Microsoft Access training course contents Introducing databases Flat file databases, Relational databases, the objects defined in an Access database, planning a simple relational database. Open Access and create a database The database wizards, tables, creating and amending tables, using field properties to improve the quality of data entry and system performance, the primary key. Working in datasheet view View, add, modify and delete records, find records. Advantages and disadvantages of entering data directly into a table. Queries Sort and select records form a single table, advantages and disadvantages of entering data via a query, define simple calculated expressions, use 'Totals' queries. Forms Use the form wizards, basic editing of objects created using the form wizards, Data-entry in form view. Reports Use the report wizard, basic editing of objects created using the report wizard, print reports. The multi table environment Plan and create a related table, define a one-to-many relationship, write multi-table queries and use the 'AutoLookup' feature, use the form wizard to create a subform and carry out data-entry in a main/subform, print and amend reports, use the report wizard to create reports based on multi-table. Relationships Working with one-to-one and one-to-many relationships, recognising and handling many-to-many relationships, referential integrity. Select queries Select queries based on related tables, parameter queries, Crosstab, find unmatched queries and Find Duplicate, the implications of the Join properties in a relational query, conditional expressions, and working with the expression builder. Action queries Make table queries, append queries, update queries, delete queries. Customising forms. Using the Toolbox, calculated controls, Combo and List boxes, query by form, working with form and control properties, domain aggregate functions. Reports Report and control properties, customising sorting and grouping, calculated controls on reports, Sub-reports, editing and altering a report's source. Macros Introduction to macros.